42-720: The Broxbourne Mill Stream which diverges from the River Lee Navigation just south of Dobbs Weir , is one of the few remaining 'old river' loops of the River Lea , with a relatively natural channel form and a diverse range of habitats. Broxbourne developed as a small settlement for milling at a river crossing point at Broxbourne Mill . Spital Brook empties into the Mill Stream by Nazeing New Road. 51°44′36″N 0°00′51″W / 51.7433°N 0.0142°W / 51.7433; -0.0142 This article related to
84-557: A dugout canoe from the Bronze Age and parts of a Saxon barge. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , the river was used by Viking raiders, and King Alfred changed the level of the river to strand Guthrum and his fleet. In more peaceful times, it became important for the transport of grain from Hertfordshire , but navigation of its southernmost tidal reaches of Bow Creek were difficult due to its tortuous meanders. There
126-592: A loan, and advertisements appeared in the London Gazette and other newspapers, indicating that they wished to raise £35,000. The response was huge, with £161,500 being offered, and subscribers were chosen by ballot. Yeoman was overworked, and Edward Rubie was appointed to assist him in February 1769. New cuts and pound locks were opened at Waltham Abbey , Edmonton and Hackney in 1769. In total, 11 miles (18 km) of new cuts were constructed, with 12 new locks. Some on
168-746: A new lock at Amwell Marsh and the removal of Stanstead Lock . Edmonton Lock was to be removed and Pickett's Lock rebuilt. In 1868 the Lee Conservancy Act 1868 ( 31 & 32 Vict. c. cliv) formed the Lee Conservancy Board to take over control of the river from the former trustees. They established the Lee Conservancy Police , who policed the Lee until merged with the British Transport Police in 1948. The Lee Navigation bought
210-602: A result of the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board Act 1936 ( 26 Geo. 5 & 1 Edw. 8 . c. lxviii). Further change occurred on 1 January 1948, as a result of the Transport Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo. 6 . c. 49). Some of the functions of the conservancy board were taken over by the British Transport Commission , when most of the operational canals and waterways were nationalised, and the board
252-558: A river in England is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . River Lee Navigation The Lee Navigation is a canalised river incorporating the River Lea (also called the River Lee along the sections that are navigable). It flows from Hertford Castle Weir to the River Thames at Bow Creek ; its first lock is Hertford Lock and its last Bow Locks . The Lee Navigation
294-468: A single gate, known as a flash lock or staunch lock . The earliest European references to what were clearly flash locks were in Roman times. In England the "gate" was similar to a temporary needle dam : a set of boards, called paddles , supported against the current by upright timbers called rymers which normally kept the level of water above it to navigable levels. Boats moving downstream would wait above
336-636: A solution. A petition was presented to Parliament resulting in the River Lee Navigation Act 1738 ( 12 Geo. 2 . c. 32). While recognising the right of the New River Company to extract water, it also enshrined the rights of the millers and bargemen. To resolve a problem where the New River works had blocked the Manifold Ditch, and boats had been forced to use the mill stream to Ware Mill,
378-619: Is documentary evidence that the river was altered by the Abbot of Waltham to improve navigation in 1190, and in 1221, a pipe was laid across the river, which had to be protected from "the oars or poles of the watermen." The first Act of Parliament for improvement of the river, the River Lee Navigation Act 1425 } ( 3 Hen. 6 . c. 5), was granted in 1425, this also being the first act granted for navigational improvement in England . A second act
420-427: Is named by Acts of Parliament and is so marked on Ordnance Survey maps. Constructed elements and human features are spelled Lee, such as the canal system and Lee Valley Park . The un-canalized river is spelled Lea, along with other natural features such as Lower Lea Valley . The River Lea is a major tributary of the River Thames . It has a long association with navigation, as the marshes of Walthamstow have produced
462-587: The River Lee Navigation Act 1767 ( 7 Geo. 3 . c. 51), on 29 June and appointed Thomas Yeoman to oversee the work at their first meeting held two days later. The act authorised the construction of several new stretches of canal, including the Edmonton Cut from Flanders Weir at Chingford to the mill stream at Walthamstow , the Hackney Cut from Lea Bridge to Old Ford , and the Limehouse Cut to bypass
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#1733202715551504-675: The Edmonton Incinerator . With the passing of the Land Drainage Act 1930 ( 20 & 21 Geo. 5 . c. 44), the Lee Conservancy area was treated as a special case, with details laid out in section 80 of that act. The Lee Conservancy Catchment Board was created, which inherited some of the powers conferred by the Lee Conservancy Acts, dating from 1870 to 1921, and gave it additional powers in common with other catchment boards,
546-512: The Enfield Rolling Mills at Brimsdown , with just one tug, the Vassal , regularly at work on the river. Powered by a 120 hp Gardner diesel engine , she would typically tow a train of two lighters loaded with timber from Bow to Hahn's Wharf at Edmonton . There are efforts currently underway to revive commercial traffic on the canal with a plan to transport rubbish for incineration at
588-626: The Netherlands from 1065 and in Britain from the 1560s. Nevertheless, a few flash locks remained after the introduction of pound locks. Flash locks on the Nene continued to be used until they were replaced in a programme of modernisation, which included building new locks, carried out between 1936 and 1941. The last flash lock on the Thames was Hart's Lock (also known as Eaton Lock ), which lasted until 1937, while on
630-570: The River Nene and some of the tributaries of the River Great Ouse , a design using a guillotine gate in a wooden frame was used from the early seventeenth century onwards. The gate was opened by operating a large spoked wheel, connected by chains to a toothed drum. The pound lock holds water between two gates, and is considerably easier to navigate. Pound locks have been built in China since 983, in
672-534: The River Thames though they are not used any more for navigation as regular pound locks were introduced in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the last flash lock removed in 1937. The Environment Agency is now involved in a programme of replacing these, as their manual operation is considered to be dangerous, and involves lifting weights which exceed those recommended by the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992. Most weirs on
714-475: The Stort Navigation in 1911, and instituted further improvements, including reconstruction of the locks between Enfield and Hertford, the width being increased from 13 to 16 feet (4.0 to 4.9 m): by the 1930s, 130-ton barges could reach Enfield , and 100-ton barges to Ware and Hertford . The navigation was nationalised in 1948, and control passed to the British Transport Commission . Where possible
756-405: The cill to work through the lock. It continued in use until 1969, to enable grain barges to use the lock, and although grain traffic stopped in that year, it recommenced in 1981, when the gate was again used. The gate is still used at the lock-keeper's discretion for boats which have a draught exceeding 1.75 feet (0.53 m). The weirs which are the remnants of flash locks can still be seen on
798-412: The 1st century BCE and on the Thames since at least 1295. Flash locks were commonly built into small dams or weirs where a head of water was used for powering a mill. The lock allowed boats to pass the weir while still allowing the mill to operate when the gate was closed. However it could take up to a day or even more to restore the water levels after a boat had passed, so their use was unpopular with
840-553: The Lower Avon, the structure of Cropthorne Water Gate lasted until the reopening of the river to navigation in 1961, although it had not been used for navigation for many years before that. Although slightly different in concept, Thames Lock at Weybridge on the Wey Navigation had an additional single gate some 100 yards (91 m) below the lock, which when closed raises the water level above it, allowing boats which would normally foul
882-483: The River Thames in the present day are operated with the aid of hydraulics and other less-dangerous manual modes of operation. Two or three paddles are stacked between each of the rymers, which slot into a beam placed on the bottom of the river. The paddles are of differing lengths allowing a very fine adjustment of the amount of water flowing through the weir. Four of these weirs were replaced in 2009. Three were on
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#1733202715551924-591: The canals in Lee Valley Park. The Lea Valley Walk , a 50-mile (80 km) long-distance public walking path and bicycle trail from the headwaters to the Thames confluence , follows the canal towpaths in the Lee Navigation section. 51°37′33″N 0°01′57″W / 51.6258°N 0.0325°W / 51.6258; -0.0325 Flash lock A flash lock is a type of lock for river or canal transport. Early locks were designed with
966-459: The current. The New River was an attempt to supply clean water from near Ware to the citizens of London, which was completed in 1633. However, the springs at Great Amwell soon proved to be inadequate, and water was drawn from the Lea. The increased extraction of water had a detrimental effect on milling and navigation, and by the early 1700s it had become clear that major work would be needed to produce
1008-728: The environmental management of river systems including the Lee to the National Rivers Authority . The final change was a result of the Environment Act 1995 (c. 25), which abolished the National Rivers Authority and replaced it by the Environment Agency . Much of the Lee Navigation is within Lee Valley Park , a multi-county regional park and open space preserve . Local jurisdictions also maintain parks on
1050-563: The environmental management of the waterway. The Water Act 1973 (c. 37) abolished river authorities, and created ten regional water authorities . The Lee Conservancy was no longer a special case, and became part of the Thames Water Authority. This structure lasted until the passing of the Water Act 1989 (c. 15), which split the water authorities apart, privatising the water supply, sewerage and sewage disposal functions, and transferring
1092-613: The formation of river boards to replace catchment boards throughout England and Wales, but the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board, together with the Thames Conservancy Catchment Board, were excluded from this. River boards were replaced by river authorities as a result of the Water Resources Act 1963 (c. 38), but again the Lee Conservancy was treated as a special case. It made provision that
1134-475: The lock until the paddles (and their rymers) were removed, which would allow a "flash" of water to pass through, carrying the boats with it. Boats moving upstream would be winched or towed through the lock with the paddles removed. Considerable skill was involved both in removing the paddles in a timely manner and navigating the boat through the lock. Flash locks of this type have been documented in China since at least
1176-497: The locks from Bow Locks through to Ponder's End Lock were duplicated and mechanised - the only exception being Pickett's Lock . In 1962, the British Transport Commission was wound up, and control passed to the British Waterways Board . Commercial traffic effectively ended in the 1980s. During the 1950s horse-drawn lighters were still journeying as far as Hertford . By 1980 commercial traffic extended no higher than
1218-886: The locks, such as Homerton Lock and Pickett's Lock , were built on new sections, while others, such as Stanstead Lock , replaced an existing flash-lock. The works were completed to a tight schedule, and with most of it finished, Yeoman resigned in July 1771, although the reasons for his resignation were not recorded. There were further improvements throughout the 19th century, including the Lee Navigation Improvement Act 1850 ( 13 & 14 Vict. c. cix) to authorise new lock cuts at Hoddesdon , Carthagena Lock ( Broxbourne ), Waltham Marsh, Tottenham , Walthamstow , Hackney , Leyton and Bromley-by-Bow and new locks at Hunter's Gate (Bow Bridge) and Old Ford. The River Lee Water Act 1855 ( 18 & 19 Vict. c. cxcvi) authorised
1260-417: The mill was bought by the company, and the associated lock became an official right of way. The previous administration by commissioners was replaced by a body of trustees, which it was hoped would be better able to manage the navigation. Although at least two flash locks were built, including one to assist passage past the mill at Broxbourne, there was still friction between the bargemen and the millers, since
1302-520: The millers. As navigation increased in importance, improvements were made to the basic design, and they came to be known by various names according to where they were located. Thus on the Thames they were called navigation weirs, on the East Anglian rivers they were called staunches, those on the River Avon, Warwickshire were called water gates, and in a number of instances they were called half locks. On
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1344-399: The most important of which was that they could levy rates on county councils and county borough councils throughout their catchment area, to fund drainage works. The members of the catchment board consisted of all the members of the Lee Conservancy Board, together with six additional members. The board were given additional powers, enabling them to hold land without a licence in mortmain , as
1386-563: The responsibilities for water conservation outlined in that act could be given to the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board by the joint decision of the Minister of Housing and Local Government , the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food , and the Minister of Transport . Those provisions, somewhat modified for the special circumstances of the catchment area, were conferred by the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board (New Functions of River Authorities) Order 1965 ( SI 1965 /701). The transport functions of
1428-407: The river. Shoals were removed, and a cut, probably the section which is now called Bow River from Old Ford Locks to Bow Locks , was excavated, which was not subject to any tolls. The plan for a branch from the river to the north of London was not implemented. One innovation was the construction of a pound lock at Waltham Abbey , Essex, in 1577. This had mitred gates at each end, and was probably
1470-425: The second lock to be built in England, although it was the first to be built on a river. It inspired Vallens to write a poem entitled "A tale of Two Swannes" about it in 1590. It was 70 by 24 feet (21.3 by 7.3 m), with wooden sides. The remainder of the control of levels was carried out by " staunches " or "turnpikes", consisting of a single vertically lifting gate in a weir, through which boats were pulled against
1512-592: The staunches should be replaced by pound locks, and that several new cuts should be made. These recommendations formed the basis for a Parliamentary bill , which was opposed by the owners of the Shoreditch to Enfield turnpike road, the West Ham waterworks and the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills , who were all concerned that their rights would be affected. However, the trustees were granted an act,
1554-520: The tight bends of Bow Creek near the River Thames . Yeoman was also responsible for setting out towing paths, designing 35 roving bridges, and construction of lock gates. For the Limehouse Cut, Yeoman proposed a cut from Bow tidal gates to Dingley's Wharf at Limehouse , which would shorten the distance to London considerably, since it would avoid the long passage around the Isle of Dogs . Mr Dingley, owner of
1596-417: The use of a flash lock tended to lower the water level above it, to the detriment of the mill. In 1765, the trustees therefore asked John Smeaton to assess the navigation and make recommendations for its improvement. Smeaton made a survey of the river and produced a report in 1766, in which he recorded that there were 18 staunches at the time, with a lock at Ware and tidal gates at Bow . He recommended that
1638-602: The waterway were transferred to the British Waterways Board, subsequently known as British Waterways , from 1 January 1963, as part of the breakup of the British Transport Commission authorised by the Transport Act 1962 . These functions are now managed by the Canal and River Trust , a charitable organisation that took over the role of British Waterways from 2 July 2012. There have been three further changes in
1680-459: The wharf and a trustee, was awarded part of the contract, and the cut was expected to open on 2 July 1770, but some brickwork failed and had to be repaired. A bridge collapsed in December, but traffic soon developed, and the cut had to be widened to allow barges to pass one another along its entire length. The widening was completed on 1 September 1777. The trustees decided to finance the work with
1722-602: Was passed in 1430, River Lee Navigation Act 1430 ( 9 Hen. 6 . c. 9), and both authorised local landowners to act as commissioners, who could make improvements to the river including scouring or dredging, and could recoup the cost of the work by levying tolls. By 1571, the river was an important route for the carriage of grain to London, and the City of London obtained another act, the River Lee Navigation Act 1571 ( 13 Eliz. 1 . c. 18) to authorise improvements. This included making new cuts, and creating towpaths on both sides of
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1764-399: Was then disbanded. However, where the board had responsibilities for water supply, fisheries, the control of pollution and land drainage, these functions were transferred to the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board. This was authorised by the Lee Conservancy Catchment Board (Additional Functions) Regulations 1947 ( SR&O 1947 /2797). The River Boards Act 1948 ( 11 & 12 Geo. 6 . c. 32) saw
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