123-681: The first Brooklyn Chinatown ( simplified Chinese : 布鲁克林华埠 ; traditional Chinese : 布魯克林華埠 ), was originally established in the Sunset Park area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . It is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia , as well as within New York City itself. Because this Chinatown is rapidly evolving into an enclave predominantly of Fuzhou immigrants from Fujian Province in China , it
246-699: A Chinese topolect not mutually intelligible with other Chinese immigrants, arrived and settled in Lower Manhattan , around East Broadway and Eldridge Street. However, in the 2000s, due to gentrification and housing shortages, the Fuzhou influx shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown in much greater numbers, supplanting the Cantonese at a significantly higher rate than in Manhattan. Sunset Park's Chinatown, Brooklyn's largest, now mostly populated by Fuzhou immigrants has been far surpassing
369-489: A Chinese topolect not mutually intelligible with other Chinese immigrants, arrived and settled in Lower Manhattan , around East Broadway and Eldridge Street. However, in the 2000s, due to gentrification and housing shortages, the Fuzhou influx shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown in much greater numbers, supplanting the Cantonese at a significantly higher rate than in Manhattan. Sunset Park's Chinatown, Brooklyn's largest, now mostly populated by Fuzhou immigrants has been far surpassing
492-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
615-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
738-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
861-468: A large Cantonese population and retain the large Cantonese community established decades ago in the western section of Manhattan's Chinatown, where Cantonese residents have a communal gathering venue to shop, work, and socialize, Brooklyn's Chinatown is now very quickly losing its Cantonese community identity. Since the 1980s, the neighborhood has attracted many Mainland Chinese immigrants, along Eighth Avenue Avenue from 42nd to 68th Street. Some claim
984-465: A large Cantonese population and retain the large Cantonese community established decades ago in the western section of Manhattan's Chinatown, where Cantonese residents have a communal gathering venue to shop, work, and socialize, Brooklyn's Chinatown is now very quickly losing its Cantonese community identity. Since the 1980s, the neighborhood has attracted many Mainland Chinese immigrants, along Eighth Avenue Avenue from 42nd to 68th Street. Some claim
1107-599: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
1230-568: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
1353-462: A second extension of Brooklyn's 8th Avenue Chinatown, since transfers between D and N trains are easy. On 86th Street, it is home to growing Chinese restaurants including the 86 Wong Chinese Restaurant, which is one of the earliest Chinese restaurants and businesses to be established on this street. Chinese grocery stores, salons, bakeries, and other types of Chinese businesses are also expanding swiftly on this street. There
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#17328443580151476-459: A second extension of Brooklyn's 8th Avenue Chinatown, since transfers between D and N trains are easy. On 86th Street, it is home to growing Chinese restaurants including the 86 Wong Chinese Restaurant, which is one of the earliest Chinese restaurants and businesses to be established on this street. Chinese grocery stores, salons, bakeries, and other types of Chinese businesses are also expanding swiftly on this street. There
1599-624: A sixteen-year period, the Chinese population multiplied by an estimated fourteenfold in the Avenue U Chinatown, which is now in expansion mode. The increasing property values and congestion in Brooklyn's first established Chinatown on 8th Avenue in Sunset Park led to the still increasing Chinese population in Brooklyn pouring into the Sheepshead Bay and Homecrest sections, which in the late 1990s resulted in
1722-412: A sixteen-year period, the Chinese population multiplied by an estimated fourteenfold in the Avenue U Chinatown, which is now in expansion mode. The increasing property values and congestion in Brooklyn's first established Chinatown on 8th Avenue in Sunset Park led to the still increasing Chinese population in Brooklyn pouring into the Sheepshead Bay and Homecrest sections, which in the late 1990s resulted in
1845-537: Is a possibility that the increased Asian population could be more than what the census represents and causing stressors on the growing Asian population in Brooklyn. According to the 2020 census data from NYC Dept. Of City Planning , Bensonhurst overtook Sunset Park as the Brooklyn neighborhood with the largest Asian population. The 2020 census data showed that Bensonhurst had 46,000 Asian residents meanwhile Sunset Park had 31,400 Asian residents. The adjacent neighborhoods of Bensonhurst and Bath Beach collectively have
1968-534: Is a possibility that the increased Asian population could be more than what the census represents and causing stressors on the growing Asian population in Brooklyn. According to the 2020 census data from NYC Dept. Of City Planning , Bensonhurst overtook Sunset Park as the Brooklyn neighborhood with the largest Asian population. The 2020 census data showed that Bensonhurst had 46,000 Asian residents meanwhile Sunset Park had 31,400 Asian residents. The adjacent neighborhoods of Bensonhurst and Bath Beach collectively have
2091-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
2214-624: Is beginning to resemble more and more of The New Chinatown of Manhattan , which is the newer portion of Manhattan's Chinatown established by the Fuzhou immigrants primarily concentrated on the East Broadway and Eldridge Street portion. An influx of Fuzhou immigrants caused the price of real estate to increase. More recently, Wenzhounese immigrants from China's Zhejiang Province arrived in Brooklyn Chinatown. Also in contrast to Manhattan's Chinatown, which still successfully continues to carry
2337-506: Is beginning to resemble more and more of The New Chinatown of Manhattan , which is the newer portion of Manhattan's Chinatown established by the Fuzhou immigrants primarily concentrated on the East Broadway and Eldridge Street portion. An influx of Fuzhou immigrants caused the price of real estate to increase. More recently, Wenzhounese immigrants from China's Zhejiang Province arrived in Brooklyn Chinatown. Also in contrast to Manhattan's Chinatown, which still successfully continues to carry
2460-414: Is called 八大道. The Cantonese pronunciation for 8th Avenue is Baat Daaih Douh . 8th Avenue, which has a subway station , is lined with Chinese businesses, including grocery stores, restaurants , Buddhist temples , video stores, bakeries , and community organizations , and even a Hong Kong Supermarket . This Chinatown is considered to be an extension of the original Chinatown in Manhattan. In 2017, it
2583-412: Is called 八大道. The Cantonese pronunciation for 8th Avenue is Baat Daaih Douh . 8th Avenue, which has a subway station , is lined with Chinese businesses, including grocery stores, restaurants , Buddhist temples , video stores, bakeries , and community organizations , and even a Hong Kong Supermarket . This Chinatown is considered to be an extension of the original Chinatown in Manhattan. In 2017, it
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#17328443580152706-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
2829-809: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
2952-657: Is now increasingly common to refer to it as the Little Fuzhou or Fuzhou Town of the Western Hemisphere ; as well as the largest Fuzhou enclave of New York City. Brooklyn's Chinese population has grown larger than the original Chinatown area, forming three larger Chinatowns between Sunset Park , Bensonhurst , and Avenue U in Sheepshead Bay . While the foreign-born Chinese population in New York City jumped 35 percent between 2000 and 2013, to 353,000 from about 262,000,
3075-686: Is primarily Chinese-speaking. The New York metropolitan area contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia , comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017, including at least 12 Chinatowns – six (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in Corona and Whitestone , Queens , and East Harlem, Manhattan ) in New York City proper, and one each in Nassau County , Long Island ; Cherry Hill , Edison , New Jersey ; and Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey , not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout
3198-574: Is primarily Chinese-speaking. The New York metropolitan area contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia , comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017, including at least 12 Chinatowns – six (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in Corona and Whitestone , Queens , and East Harlem, Manhattan ) in New York City proper, and one each in Nassau County , Long Island ; Cherry Hill , Edison , New Jersey ; and Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey , not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout
3321-471: Is rapidly evolving into an enclave predominantly of Fuzhou immigrants from Fujian Province in China , it is now increasingly common to refer to it as the Little Fuzhou or Fuzhou Town of the Western Hemisphere ; as well as the largest Fuzhou enclave of New York City. Brooklyn's Chinese population has grown larger than the original Chinatown area, forming three larger Chinatowns between Sunset Park , Bensonhurst , and Avenue U in Sheepshead Bay . While
3444-609: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
3567-552: Is still currently a mixture of different ethnic businesses and people, especially with many Italians and Russians still in the Bensonhurst neighborhood. However, with the highly rapid rate of growth of Chinese businesses and people in the area, the proportion of the Chinese population is increasing; and these several Chinatowns of Bensonhurst together has far surpassed the size of the Avenue U Chinatown. In addition, Bensonhurst has slowly been surpassing Manhattan's Chinatown as carrying
3690-498: Is still currently a mixture of different ethnic businesses and people, especially with many Italians and Russians still in the Bensonhurst neighborhood. However, with the highly rapid rate of growth of Chinese businesses and people in the area, the proportion of the Chinese population is increasing; and these several Chinatowns of Bensonhurst together has far surpassed the size of the Avenue U Chinatown. In addition, Bensonhurst has slowly been surpassing Manhattan's Chinatown as carrying
3813-566: Is undergoing gentrification. Therefore, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay are now increasingly becoming New York City's main attractions for newly arriving Cantonese immigrants. As the Cantonese dissipate from the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park, the Avenue U Chinatown and the Bensonhurst Chinatown now carry the majority of the established Cantonese population and continuing to quickly grow in Brooklyn along with new and growing Chinese immigrant population. The second Chinatown and
Chinatowns in Brooklyn - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-498: Is undergoing gentrification. Therefore, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay are now increasingly becoming New York City's main attractions for newly arriving Cantonese immigrants. As the Cantonese dissipate from the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park, the Avenue U Chinatown and the Bensonhurst Chinatown now carry the majority of the established Cantonese population and continuing to quickly grow in Brooklyn along with new and growing Chinese immigrant population. The second Chinatown and
4059-540: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
4182-545: The D train has been directly connected 24/7 from the Grand Street station in Manhattan's Chinatown to the rapidly growing Chinese enclave between 18th Avenue and 25th Avenue, and Bensonhurst Chinatowns have become a third extension of Manhattan's Chinatown. (Previously, the B and later the W went to both Bensonhurst and Chinatown, but only during the daytime; this was changed to full-time D service due to residents' demands. ) They are also in some way becoming
4305-489: The D train has been directly connected 24/7 from the Grand Street station in Manhattan's Chinatown to the rapidly growing Chinese enclave between 18th Avenue and 25th Avenue, and Bensonhurst Chinatowns have become a third extension of Manhattan's Chinatown. (Previously, the B and later the W went to both Bensonhurst and Chinatown, but only during the daytime; this was changed to full-time D service due to residents' demands.) They are also in some way becoming
4428-656: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
4551-402: The Little Fuzhou within Manhattan's Chinatown, which further developed the newer portion of Manhattan's Chinatown rather than settling in the center of the Cantonese community of Manhattan's Chinatown and still remains surrounded by areas which continue to house significant populations of Cantonese, all of Brooklyn's Chinatown is swiftly consolidating into New York City's new Little Fuzhou and
4674-401: The Little Fuzhou within Manhattan's Chinatown, which further developed the newer portion of Manhattan's Chinatown rather than settling in the center of the Cantonese community of Manhattan's Chinatown and still remains surrounded by areas which continue to house significant populations of Cantonese, all of Brooklyn's Chinatown is swiftly consolidating into New York City's new Little Fuzhou and
4797-569: The Q train on the BMT Brighton Line goes to Canal Street in the Manhattan Chinatown to Brooklyn's Avenue U Chinatown directly. The area was formerly served by M , and D trains, both of which went to Manhattan's Chinatown, at Canal Street and Grand Street stations, respectively. This Chinatown is actually a second extension of Manhattan's Chinatown, after the original Brooklyn Chinatown which had developed in Sunset Park. Within
4920-447: The Q train on the BMT Brighton Line goes to Canal Street in the Manhattan Chinatown to Brooklyn's Avenue U Chinatown directly. The area was formerly served by M , and D trains, both of which went to Manhattan's Chinatown, at Canal Street and Grand Street stations, respectively. This Chinatown is actually a second extension of Manhattan's Chinatown, after the original Brooklyn Chinatown which had developed in Sunset Park. Within
5043-644: The foreign-born Chinese population in New York City jumped 35 percent between 2000 and 2013, to 353,000 from about 262,000, the foreign-born Chinese population in Brooklyn increased from 86,000 to 128,000. The newer Brooklyn Chinatowns that evolved are mostly Cantonese speaking and therefore they are sometimes regarded as a Little Hong Kong/Guangdong or Cantonese Town . The 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning indicated that Bensonhurst had Brooklyn's largest number of Asian residents, with 46,000, with Central Sunset Park containing 31,400 Asian residents. The Asian population in southern Brooklyn
Chinatowns in Brooklyn - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-518: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Chinatown, Brooklyn The first Brooklyn Chinatown ( simplified Chinese : 布鲁克林华埠 ; traditional Chinese : 布魯克林華埠 ), was originally established in the Sunset Park area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . It is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia , as well as within New York City itself. Because this Chinatown
5289-456: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
5412-476: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
5535-508: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
5658-825: The Asian populations in these other southern Brooklyn neighborhoods all together have overwhelmingly outnumbered the Asian population in Sunset Park. Bensonhurst alone already surpassed Sunset Park as having the largest concentration of Asian residents of Brooklyn. Bensonhurst has 46,000 Asian residents along with the nearby neighborhoods of western Gravesend having 26,700 Asian Residents and Dyker Heights having between 20,000 and 29,999 Asian residents, meanwhile Sunset Park has 31,400 Asian Residents. The Asian Residents in southern Brooklyn neighborhoods are still overwhelmingly Chinese residents. The Brooklyn satellite Chinatowns also have small significant amounts of Vietnamese Chinese residents integrated into these communities with Sheepshead Bay having
5781-774: The Asian populations in these other southern Brooklyn neighborhoods all together have overwhelmingly outnumbered the Asian population in Sunset Park. Bensonhurst alone already surpassed Sunset Park as having the largest concentration of Asian residents of Brooklyn. Bensonhurst has 46,000 Asian residents along with the nearby neighborhoods of western Gravesend having 26,700 Asian Residents and Dyker Heights having between 20,000 and 29,999 Asian residents, meanwhile Sunset Park has 31,400 Asian Residents. The Asian Residents in southern Brooklyn neighborhoods are still overwhelmingly Chinese residents. The Brooklyn satellite Chinatowns also have small significant amounts of Vietnamese Chinese residents integrated into these communities with Sheepshead Bay having
5904-725: The Brooklyn Chinatown becoming the new nexus for new arriving Fuzhou immigrants to New York City, to seek landlords of Fuzhou descent and to be able rent an apartment at a lower price in better conditions than in Manhattan's Chinatown with less housing discrimination and barriers imposed on them, in contrast to Cantonese landlords that are more likely to discriminate against Fuzhou immigrants and not wanting them to be tenants in their properties, however there are Fuzhou landlords that can sometimes still discriminate Fuzhou tenants by imposing high rent prices. Many Fuzhou immigrants in Brooklyn's Chinatown have also illegally subdivided apartments into small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants. Unlike
6027-722: The Brooklyn Chinatown becoming the new nexus for new arriving Fuzhou immigrants to New York City, to seek landlords of Fuzhou descent and to be able rent an apartment at a lower price in better conditions than in Manhattan's Chinatown with less housing discrimination and barriers imposed on them, in contrast to Cantonese landlords that are more likely to discriminate against Fuzhou immigrants and not wanting them to be tenants in their properties, however there are Fuzhou landlords that can sometimes still discriminate Fuzhou tenants by imposing high rent prices. Many Fuzhou immigrants in Brooklyn's Chinatown have also illegally subdivided apartments into small spaces to rent to other Fuzhou immigrants. Unlike
6150-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
6273-507: The Fuzhou residents also flooded in the segment of 50th to 65th Streets of 8th Avenue, which is the original core of the Brooklyn Chinatown. By 2009 many Mandarin -speaking people had moved to Sunset Park. By the late 1990s, the growing Cantonese population in Brooklyn had begun to dramatically shift into Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay instead of settling into Sunset Park including many of the Cantonese already living in Sunset Park also began migrating into Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay starting in
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#17328443580156396-507: The Fuzhou residents also flooded in the segment of 50th to 65th Streets of 8th Avenue, which is the original core of the Brooklyn Chinatown. By 2009 many Mandarin -speaking people had moved to Sunset Park. By the late 1990s, the growing Cantonese population in Brooklyn had begun to dramatically shift into Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay instead of settling into Sunset Park including many of the Cantonese already living in Sunset Park also began migrating into Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay starting in
6519-521: The New York City metropolitan area. Chinese Americans , as a whole, have had a (relatively) long tenure in New York City. The first Chinese immigrants came to Lower Manhattan around 1870, looking for the "golden" opportunities America had to offer. By 1880, the enclave around Five Points was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members. However, the Chinese Exclusion Act , which went into effect in 1882, caused an abrupt decline in
6642-456: The New York City metropolitan area. Chinese Americans , as a whole, have had a (relatively) long tenure in New York City. The first Chinese immigrants came to Lower Manhattan around 1870, looking for the "golden" opportunities America had to offer. By 1880, the enclave around Five Points was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members. However, the Chinese Exclusion Act , which went into effect in 1882, caused an abrupt decline in
6765-462: The area of Brooklyn's second Chinatown in Homecrest and opened a smaller office in Brooklyn's third Chinatown in Bensonhurst. This emerging massive Chinese presence in Brooklyn has poured especially into Sheepshead Bay, Homecrest, and Bensonhurst, due to the overcrowding and rising property values in the original Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park. In the 2020 census data by NYC Dept. Of City Planning ,
6888-409: The area of Brooklyn's second Chinatown in Homecrest and opened a smaller office in Brooklyn's third Chinatown in Bensonhurst. This emerging massive Chinese presence in Brooklyn has poured especially into Sheepshead Bay, Homecrest, and Bensonhurst, due to the overcrowding and rising property values in the original Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park. In the 2020 census data by NYC Dept. Of City Planning ,
7011-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
7134-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
7257-465: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
7380-472: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
7503-451: The eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown as NYC's primary Fuzhou cultural center. As a result, Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown is now increasingly becoming the main attraction for newly arrived Fuzhou immigrants into New York City. Hakka has also emerged as another rapidly emerging language in the neighborhood. During the 1980s and 1990s, the majority of newly arriving Fuzhou immigrants were settling within Manhattan's Chinatown, and
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#17328443580157626-449: The eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown as NYC's primary Fuzhou cultural center. As a result, Brooklyn's Sunset Park Chinatown is now increasingly becoming the main attraction for newly arrived Fuzhou immigrants into New York City. Hakka has also emerged as another rapidly emerging language in the neighborhood. During the 1980s and 1990s, the majority of newly arriving Fuzhou immigrants were settling within Manhattan's Chinatown, and
7749-561: The entire Eighth Avenue and 90% of the original storefronts on Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park were abandoned. From 1984 to the present, Eighth Avenue has developed from a declining commercial area to an unlimited economic development potential with a thousand small businesses hub. By 1988, 90% of the original storefronts on Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park were abandoned, but Winley Supermarket prevailed and continued to draw in more Asian visitors. Chinese immigrants then moved into this area – not only new arrivals from China , but also residents escaping
7872-561: The entire Eighth Avenue and 90% of the original storefronts on Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park were abandoned. From 1984 to the present, Eighth Avenue has developed from a declining commercial area to an unlimited economic development potential with a thousand small businesses hub. By 1988, 90% of the original storefronts on Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park were abandoned, but Winley Supermarket prevailed and continued to draw in more Asian visitors. Chinese immigrants then moved into this area – not only new arrivals from China , but also residents escaping
7995-706: The establishment of a second Chinatown on Avenue U between the Homecrest and Sheepshead Bay sections. Nearby in southern Brooklyn in Bensonhurst , several new Chinatowns have emerged on 18th Avenue near the 18th Avenue station between 60th to 78th Street to approximately the Bay Parkway station (both served by the N and W trains) and below the elevated D service structure along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Stillwell Avenue. Within recent years, most new businesses opening within these portions of Bensonhurst have been Chinese. Since 2004,
8118-597: The establishment of a second Chinatown on Avenue U between the Homecrest and Sheepshead Bay sections. Nearby in southern Brooklyn in Bensonhurst , several new Chinatowns have emerged on 18th Avenue near the 18th Avenue station between 60th to 78th Street to approximately the Bay Parkway station (both served by the N and W trains) and below the elevated D service structure along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Stillwell Avenue. Within recent years, most new businesses opening within these portions of Bensonhurst have been Chinese. Since 2004,
8241-600: The fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. In the earlier part of the 20th century, Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park was primarily home to Norwegian immigrants, and it was known as "Little Norway", or " Lapskaus Boulevard ", as the Norwegians termed it. Later on, as Norwegians left,
8364-439: The fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. In the earlier part of the 20th century, Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park was primarily home to Norwegian immigrants, and it was known as "Little Norway", or " Lapskaus Boulevard ", as the Norwegians termed it. Later on, as Norwegians left,
8487-438: The first Little Fuzhou community emerged in New York City within Manhattan's Chinatown; by the 2000s, however, the center of the massive Fuzhou influx had shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown, which is now home to the fastest growing and largest Fuzhou population in New York City as well as causing the ethnic enclave to develop more fully and expand much further. Since the 2000s, gentrification in Manhattan's Chinatown has pushed back
8610-438: The first Little Fuzhou community emerged in New York City within Manhattan's Chinatown; by the 2000s, however, the center of the massive Fuzhou influx had shifted to Brooklyn's Chinatown, which is now home to the fastest growing and largest Fuzhou population in New York City as well as causing the ethnic enclave to develop more fully and expand much further. Since the 2000s, gentrification in Manhattan's Chinatown has pushed back
8733-616: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
8856-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
8979-465: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
9102-515: The foreign-born Chinese population in Brooklyn increased from 86,000 to 128,000. The newer Brooklyn Chinatowns that evolved are mostly Cantonese speaking and therefore they are sometimes regarded as a Little Hong Kong/Guangdong or Cantonese Town . The 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning indicated that Bensonhurst had Brooklyn's largest number of Asian residents, with 46,000, with Central Sunset Park containing 31,400 Asian residents. The Asian population in southern Brooklyn
9225-503: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
9348-558: The growth of Fuzhou immigrants and growth of Chinese immigrants in general, resulting in a growing Chinese population primarily centered in Queens and Brooklyn. With the rapidly growing influx of Fuzhou homeownership in Brooklyn's Chinatown and like many other Chinese immigrants and other ethnic immigrants in general who have become successful homeowners, the Fuzhou homeowners subdivide single-family houses into multiple apartments to rent to tenants. This has opened opportunities as well as led to
9471-508: The growth of Fuzhou immigrants and growth of Chinese immigrants in general, resulting in a growing Chinese population primarily centered in Queens and Brooklyn. With the rapidly growing influx of Fuzhou homeownership in Brooklyn's Chinatown and like many other Chinese immigrants and other ethnic immigrants in general who have become successful homeowners, the Fuzhou homeowners subdivide single-family houses into multiple apartments to rent to tenants. This has opened opportunities as well as led to
9594-405: The heart of the entrenched Cantonese community that continues to thrive in the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown. Although large numbers of non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants, often speaking Mandarin arrived in New York City, they could not relate to the Cantonese populations, which largely do not speak Mandarin or use it only to communicate with other non-Cantonese Chinese people. As a result,
9717-405: The heart of the entrenched Cantonese community that continues to thrive in the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown. Although large numbers of non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants, often speaking Mandarin arrived in New York City, they could not relate to the Cantonese populations, which largely do not speak Mandarin or use it only to communicate with other non-Cantonese Chinese people. As a result,
9840-500: The higher rents of the Manhattan Chinatown, fleeing to the lower property costs and rents of Sunset Park and forming the Brooklyn Chinatown. The relatively new but rapidly growing Chinatown located in Sunset Park was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants as had been Manhattan's Chinatown. In the past, Sunset Park had the highest Cantonese population in Brooklyn and strongly resembled Mott Street in Manhattan's Chinatown,
9963-436: The higher rents of the Manhattan Chinatown, fleeing to the lower property costs and rents of Sunset Park and forming the Brooklyn Chinatown. The relatively new but rapidly growing Chinatown located in Sunset Park was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants as had been Manhattan's Chinatown. In the past, Sunset Park had the highest Cantonese population in Brooklyn and strongly resembled Mott Street in Manhattan's Chinatown,
10086-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
10209-498: The largest Cantonese cultural center of NYC. According to the Daily News , Brooklyn's Asian population, mainly Chinese, has grown tremendously not only in the Sunset Park area, but also in Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights , and Borough Park . In Bensonhurst alone, from 2000 to 2010, the Asian population increased by 57%. The study also shows that Asians very often live in houses that are divided into studio apartments, which means there
10332-440: The largest Cantonese cultural center of NYC. According to the Daily News , Brooklyn's Asian population, mainly Chinese, has grown tremendously not only in the Sunset Park area, but also in Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights , and Borough Park . In Bensonhurst alone, from 2000 to 2010, the Asian population increased by 57%. The study also shows that Asians very often live in houses that are divided into studio apartments, which means there
10455-449: The largest concentration of Hong Kong immigrants in New York City. The 2010 census information shows that Bensonhurst has 3,723 Hong Kong residents, while Bath Beach has 1,049 Hong Kong residents. 40°38′08″N 74°00′34″W / 40.6355°N 74.0095°W / 40.6355; -74.0095 Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write
10578-428: The largest concentrations. The emerging Brooklyn satellite Chinatowns are primarily dominated by Cantonese populations, but as of the 2010s these enclaves are more scattered and rather mixed in with other ethnic populations. They are extensions of Manhattan's Western Cantonese Chinatown or Little Hong Kong/Guangdong or Cantonese Town, but at the same time similarly resemble the 1970s–80s of Manhattan's Chinatown when it
10701-426: The largest concentrations. The emerging Brooklyn satellite Chinatowns are primarily dominated by Cantonese populations, but as of the 2010s these enclaves are more scattered and rather mixed in with other ethnic populations. They are extensions of Manhattan's Western Cantonese Chinatown or Little Hong Kong/Guangdong or Cantonese Town, but at the same time similarly resemble the 1970s–80s of Manhattan's Chinatown when it
10824-616: The late 1990s and especially in the early 2000s and with the large influx of Fuzhou immigrants coming, only a handful of Cantonese residents still remain often longer time and older generation residents in the now heavily Fuzhou dominated Chinatown of Sunset Park. Since Brooklyn's Chinatown emergence on 8th Avenue in Sunset Park, the Chinese population has over the years expanded further into Brooklyn's Sheepshead Bay , Homecrest , Bensonhurst , Dyker Heights, Bath Beach, and Gravesend neighborhoods. Homecrest Community Services, which serves Brooklyn's Chinese population, opened in Sheepshead Bay in
10947-613: The late 1990s and especially in the early 2000s and with the large influx of Fuzhou immigrants coming, only a handful of Cantonese residents still remain often longer time and older generation residents in the now heavily Fuzhou dominated Chinatown of Sunset Park. Since Brooklyn's Chinatown emergence on 8th Avenue in Sunset Park, the Chinese population has over the years expanded further into Brooklyn's Sheepshead Bay , Homecrest , Bensonhurst , Dyker Heights, Bath Beach, and Gravesend neighborhoods. Homecrest Community Services, which serves Brooklyn's Chinese population, opened in Sheepshead Bay in
11070-459: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
11193-420: The main gathering center for Fuzhou residents in Manhattan. The Fuzhou population has also spread into 7th and 9th Avenues and north onto 50th through 42nd Streets; this segment is also where many Fuzhou businesses are concentrated along 8th Avenue as well as on 7th Avenue, causing the overall Chinese community to expand even further, however in recent years a large growing influx of the Fuzhou businesses, including
11316-420: The main gathering center for Fuzhou residents in Manhattan. The Fuzhou population has also spread into 7th and 9th Avenues and north onto 50th through 42nd Streets; this segment is also where many Fuzhou businesses are concentrated along 8th Avenue as well as on 7th Avenue, causing the overall Chinese community to expand even further, however in recent years a large growing influx of the Fuzhou businesses, including
11439-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
11562-494: The national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants . As the city proper with the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia by a wide margin, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017, and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants , New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs , which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens , adjacently located on Long Island , leading
11685-491: The national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants . As the city proper with the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia by a wide margin, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017, and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants , New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs , which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens , adjacently located on Long Island , leading
11808-421: The neighborhood increasingly became abandoned by the 1950s. - In 1983, the first Chinese-American grocery store in Brooklyn (Store name: Choi Yung Grocery) was opened on 5517 Fort Hamilton Parkway Selling both Asian and American products and in year 1985 first Cantonese style seafood restaurant opened on 8th avenue in between 55 and 56 street (Store name: Canton house restaurant) and in year 1986 Winley Supermarket
11931-421: The neighborhood increasingly became abandoned by the 1950s. - In 1983, the first Chinese-American grocery store in Brooklyn (Store name: Choi Yung Grocery) was opened on 5517 Fort Hamilton Parkway Selling both Asian and American products and in year 1985 first Cantonese style seafood restaurant opened on 8th avenue in between 55 and 56 street (Store name: Canton house restaurant) and in year 1986 Winley Supermarket
12054-652: The non-Cantonese Chinese populations created their own Mandarin-speaking Chinatowns in Queens , or "Mandarin Town" ( 國語埠 ) in Flushing , and a smaller one in Elmhurst as well. This allowed Manhattan's and Brooklyn's Chinatowns to continue retaining its almost exclusive Cantonese-speaking society and nearly were successful at keeping its Cantonese dominance. In the 1980s and 1990s, an influx of Fuzhou immigrants , who largely speak Fuzhounese,
12177-455: The non-Cantonese Chinese populations created their own Mandarin-speaking Chinatowns in Queens , or "Mandarin Town" ( 國語埠 ) in Flushing , and a smaller one in Elmhurst as well. This allowed Manhattan's and Brooklyn's Chinatowns to continue retaining its almost exclusive Cantonese-speaking society and nearly were successful at keeping its Cantonese dominance. In the 1980s and 1990s, an influx of Fuzhou immigrants , who largely speak Fuzhounese,
12300-521: The number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States. Later, in 1943, the Chinese were given a small quota, and the community's population gradually increased until 1968, when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed. In the past few years, Cantonese , which dominated the Chinatowns for decades, is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese ,
12423-407: The number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States. Later, in 1943, the Chinese were given a small quota, and the community's population gradually increased until 1968, when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed. In the past few years, Cantonese , which dominated the Chinatowns for decades, is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese ,
12546-608: The other side would read "Brooklyn–Beijing Chaoyang" in English. Initially, this Chinatown was a small Cantonese enclave when it first emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, but in the 2000s, the Sunset Park Chinatown's demographics changed very quickly. A large Fuzhouese population moved in, and the Sunset Park's Chinatown started to resemble parts of Little Fuzhou in Manhattan—particularly East Broadway ,
12669-413: The other side would read "Brooklyn–Beijing Chaoyang" in English. Initially, this Chinatown was a small Cantonese enclave when it first emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, but in the 2000s, the Sunset Park Chinatown's demographics changed very quickly. A large Fuzhouese population moved in, and the Sunset Park's Chinatown started to resemble parts of Little Fuzhou in Manhattan—particularly East Broadway ,
12792-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
12915-575: The reason the Chinese settled on 8th Avenue is because in Chinese folklore , the number eight is lucky for financial matters, and "8th Avenue" can be loosely interpreted as "road to wealth". Another explanation is the direct subway ride to Manhattan's Chinatown on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway ( D , N , R , and W services). In written Chinese translation, 8th Avenue
13038-448: The reason the Chinese settled on 8th Avenue is because in Chinese folklore , the number eight is lucky for financial matters, and "8th Avenue" can be loosely interpreted as "road to wealth". Another explanation is the direct subway ride to Manhattan's Chinatown on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway ( D , N , R , and W services). In written Chinese translation, 8th Avenue
13161-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
13284-476: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
13407-524: The same way that the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park is quickly becoming a gathering center and central business district for the Fuzhou residents in Brooklyn, resembling East Broadway in Manhattan's Chinatown. Avenue U in Homecrest now supports southern Brooklyn's second Chinatown, as evidenced by the rapidly growing number of Chinese food markets, bakeries, restaurants, beauty and nail salons, and computer and consumer electronics dealers between Coney Island Avenue and Ocean Avenue . Since 2004,
13530-521: The same way that the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park is quickly becoming a gathering center and central business district for the Fuzhou residents in Brooklyn, resembling East Broadway in Manhattan's Chinatown. Avenue U in Homecrest now supports southern Brooklyn's second Chinatown, as evidenced by the rapidly growing number of Chinese food markets, bakeries, restaurants, beauty and nail salons, and computer and consumer electronics dealers between Coney Island Avenue and Ocean Avenue . Since 2004,
13653-461: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
13776-427: The third Chinatown of Brooklyn, along with other emerging clusters of Chinese businesses and people in other parts of Bensonhurst particularly on 18th Avenue and Bay Parkway around the N and W services, could possibly in the future become the new gathering centers and central business districts for the Cantonese residents in Brooklyn, resembling the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown in
13899-425: The third Chinatown of Brooklyn, along with other emerging clusters of Chinese businesses and people in other parts of Bensonhurst particularly on 18th Avenue and Bay Parkway around the N and W services, could possibly in the future become the new gathering centers and central business districts for the Cantonese residents in Brooklyn, resembling the western portion of Manhattan's Chinatown in
14022-488: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
14145-817: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
14268-516: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
14391-461: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
14514-413: Was announced that Chaoyang District, Beijing , would sponsor a 40-foot-tall (12 m), 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) "friendship archway" to be erected on Eighth Avenue between 60th and 61st Streets. The arch, which was based on the design of Beijing's Temple of Heaven , was unanimously approved by Brooklyn Community Board 7 in 2015. One side of the arch would read "One Family over Four Seas" in Chinese and
14637-413: Was announced that Chaoyang District, Beijing , would sponsor a 40-foot-tall (12 m), 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) "friendship archway" to be erected on Eighth Avenue between 60th and 61st Streets. The arch, which was based on the design of Beijing's Temple of Heaven , was unanimously approved by Brooklyn Community Board 7 in 2015. One side of the arch would read "One Family over Four Seas" in Chinese and
14760-508: Was opened on the corner of 8th Avenue (5523 8th Avenue). Those unprecedented supermarket and first Chinese seafood restaurant served the predominantly local residents of the area and attracted Chinese immigrants from all areas of Brooklyn. - In 1988, the first Chinese Community nonprofit organization opened on Eighth Avenue to serving Sunset park area Chinese immigrants, the organization's name call Brooklyn Chinese America Association (BCA). - Before 1984, there were only about thirty small shops on
14883-508: Was opened on the corner of 8th Avenue (5523 8th Avenue). Those unprecedented supermarket and first Chinese seafood restaurant served the predominantly local residents of the area and attracted Chinese immigrants from all areas of Brooklyn. - In 1988, the first Chinese Community nonprofit organization opened on Eighth Avenue to serving Sunset park area Chinese immigrants, the organization's name call Brooklyn Chinese America Association (BCA). - Before 1984, there were only about thirty small shops on
15006-446: Was still in expansion mode overlapping into other ethnic enclaves. However, the Cantonese population growth in these areas have surpassed Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese speaking population and with Bensonhurst carrying Brooklyn's largest Cantonese population with several of their enclaves on 18th Avenue, Bay Parkway and 86th Street, it is slowly taking over as NYC's largest primary Cantonese cultural center meanwhile Manhattan's Chinatown
15129-446: Was still in expansion mode overlapping into other ethnic enclaves. However, the Cantonese population growth in these areas have surpassed Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese speaking population and with Bensonhurst carrying Brooklyn's largest Cantonese population with several of their enclaves on 18th Avenue, Bay Parkway and 86th Street, it is slowly taking over as NYC's largest primary Cantonese cultural center meanwhile Manhattan's Chinatown
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