95-586: Broadwater Farm , often referred to simply as "The Farm", is an area in Tottenham , North London , straddling the River Moselle . The eastern half of the area is dominated by the Broadwater Farm Estate ("BWFE"), an experiment in high-density social housing , loosely based on Corbusian ideas, dominated by concrete towers connected by walkways (the controversial, so-called " Streets in the sky "), built in
190-564: A panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete , such as those extant in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and elsewhere in the world. Large housing estates of concrete panel buildings (paneláks) now dominate the streets of Prague , Bratislava and other towns. The largest housing estate in Central Europe and Slovakia can be found in Petržalka (population about 130,000),
285-563: A 17-year-old boy travelling on a bus on Higham Road was found to have been stabbed. Officers responded with London's Air Ambulance and the boy survived The Met Violence Suppression Unit, formed in 2020 to target violence and gang-related crime, is active in Broadwater Farm. At the time of writing (October 2022), the most recent month where crime data is provided is July 2022 during which 44 crimes were reported in Broadwater Farm, including 11 violent and sexual offences. Bruce Castle , once
380-556: A borough, the Tottenham name is used by some to this day to describe the whole of the area formerly covered by the old borough, incorporating the N17 postcode area and part of N15. However, there are differing views as to what constitutes the Tottenham neighbourhood in the present day. Many think of Tottenham today as most of the area covered by the N17 post code, sometimes using the phrase 'Tottenham Proper' to describe it and to distinguish it from
475-537: A branch of Allied Carpets also destroyed by fire, and widespread looting in nearby Wood Green shopping centre and the retail park at Tottenham Hale. Several flats above shops on Tottenham High Road collapsed due to the fires. 26 shared ownership flats in the Union Point development above the Carpetright store – built in the landmark Cooperative department store building – were also destroyed by fire. The triggering event
570-789: A cluster of high-rise buildings, often with its own shopping centre or market in the case of larger developments. Mei Foo Sun Chuen , built by Mobil , is the earliest (1965) and largest (99 blocks) example of its kind. Since the mid-1990s, private developers have been incorporating leisure facilities including clubhouse facilities, namely swimming pools, tennis courts and function rooms in their more up-market developments. The most recent examples would also have cinemas, dance studios, cigar-rooms. Uniform high-rise developments may form 'wall effect ( Chinese : 屏風效應 )', adversely affecting air circulation, causing some controversy. In-fill developments will tend to be done by smaller developers with less capital. These will be smaller in scale, and less prone to
665-505: A deliberately low cost to entice firms to open in the area, but these have proved hard to fill. However, Broadwater Farm is only 400m from the shops and supermarkets of Tottenham High Road , and approximately 2 km from the Shopping City supermall at Wood Green . Due to the waterlogged ground and lack of population prior to the containment of the Moselle, Broadwater Farm was bypassed by
760-400: A different World War II RAF aerodrome . The most conspicuous buildings are the very tall Northolt and Kenley towers, and the large ziggurat -shaped Tangmere block. By 1973, problems with the estate were becoming apparent; the walkways of the deck level created dangerously isolated areas which became hotspots for crime and robbery, and provided easy escape routes for criminals. The housing
855-448: A formal notice of the killing. The circumstances surrounding Duggan's death were not entirely clear at the time of the riot. On 17 August 2011, the Prince of Wales and his wife Duchess of Cornwall visited an emergency center to meet victims of the riots. Tottenham is the biggest part of the parliamentary constituency of Tottenham . The constituency was created in 1885 when the first MP
950-514: A means of producing public housing leading to monotenure estates full of council houses often known as "council estates". The latter can refer to higher end tract housing for the middle class and even upper middle class . The problems incurred by the early attempts at high density tower-block housing turned people away from this style of living. The resulting demand for land has seen many towns and cities increase in size for relatively moderate increases in population. This has been largely at
1045-561: A part of the Slovak capital of Bratislava. In Britain and Ireland , housing estates have become prevalent since the Second World War , as a more affluent population demanded larger and more widely spaced houses coupled with the increase of car usage for which terraced streets were unsuitable. Housing estates were produced by either local authorities (more recently, housing associations ) or by private developers. The former tended to be
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#17328439134421140-502: A period of rising racial tension, during which some police methods such as raids, saturation policing and stop and search tactics increased the frustration of some members of the black community. Floyd Jarrett, whose home was about a mile from the Farm, was arrested by police on 5 October 1985, having given false details when stopped in a car with an allegedly false tax disc . While he was in custody, four officers attended his home to conduct
1235-401: A search. During the search, his mother Cynthia Jarrett collapsed and died. It has never been satisfactorily concluded how and why Cynthia Jarrett died, and whether it was a heart attack or due to police actions. The next day, 6 October 1985, saw a small demonstration outside Tottenham police station, which initially passed off relatively peacefully other than a bottle being thrown through one of
1330-499: A semi-rural and upper middle class area until the 1870s. In late 1870s, the Great Eastern Railway introduced special workman's trains and fares on its newly opened Enfield and Walthamstow branch lines. Tottenham's low-lying fields and market gardens were then rapidly transformed into cheap housing for the lower middle and working classes, who were able to commute cheaply to inner London. The workman's fare policy stimulated
1425-566: A separate authority. In 1894, Tottenham was reconstituted first as an urban district , based at Tottenham Town Hall , then as a municipal borough in 1934. Under the Local Government Act 1963 , it became part of the larger London Borough of Haringey . The Tottenham neighbourhood is now one of twenty neighbourhoods in Haringey . Its elevation is approximately 33 ft (10 m) above sea level. Because of Tottenham's long history as
1520-418: A series of riots precipitated by the fatal shooting of Mark Duggan , a 29-year-old man in Tottenham, by police officers on 4 August 2011. Attacks were carried out on two police cars, a bus, a Post Office and several local shops from 8:00 pm onwards on 6 August 2011. Riot police vans attended the scene of disturbances on Tottenham High Road. Later in the evening, the riot spread, with an Aldi supermarket and
1615-561: A settlement at Tottenham for over a thousand years. It grew up along the old Roman road , Ermine Street (some of which is part of the present A10 road ), and between High Cross and Tottenham Hale , the present Monument Way. When the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086, about 70 families lived within the area of the manor, mostly labourers working for the Lord of the Manor . A humorous poem entitled
1710-462: A tract of land by one builder and controlled by one management." In the United Kingdom , the term is quite broad and can include anything from high-rise government-subsidised housing right through to more upmarket, developer-led suburban tract housing . Such estates are usually designed to minimise through-traffic flows and provide recreational space in the form of parks and greens. The use of
1805-534: A working farm. Following construction of the railways to Tottenham and Wood Green , suburban residential development in the surrounding area took place rapidly. However, due to waterlogging and flooding caused by the River Moselle , Broadwater Farm was considered unsuitable for development and remained as farmland. By 1920, Broadwater Farm was the last remaining agricultural land on Lordship Lane , surrounded by housing on all sides. In 1932 Tottenham Urban District Council purchased Broadwater Farm. The western half
1900-470: Is a local newspaper published by Newsquest . Tottenham cake is a sponge cake baked in large metal trays, covered either in pink icing or jam (and occasionally decorated with shredded desiccated coconut). Tottenham cake's origins are unclear. There is reference to "tottenham cakes" as early as 1891 when the Far Famed Cake Company are credited as the originators of the confection. Singer Adele
1995-513: Is believed to have been named after Tota, a farmer, whose hamlet was mentioned in the Domesday Book . 'Tota's hamlet', it is thought, developed into 'Tottenham'. The settlement was recorded in the Domesday Book as Toteham , in the ancient hundred of Edmonton . It is not related to Tottenham Court Road in Central London, though the two names share a similar-sounding root. There has been
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#17328439134422090-568: Is one of the most ethnically diverse locations in London; in 2005 its official population of 3,800 included residents of 39 different nationalities. Broadwater Farm was completed in the early 1970s and built using the same Taylor Woodrow-Anglian system of prefabricated panels as Ronan Point . In June 2018, following tests conducted after the Grenfell Tower fire, Haringey Council announced hundreds of families would have to be evacuated because eleven of
2185-416: Is provided by nearby Woodside High School , formerly named White Hart Lane School, approximately 200m outside the Broadwater Farm area. Following the riots, many shops in Broadwater Farm withdrew from the area, and those that remained closed following the demolition of the deck level. Broadwater Farm is consequently extremely poorly served by shops. Haringey Council has provided 21 small "enterprise units" at
2280-521: Is renowned for its multicultural , ethnically diverse population. Following an influx of an Afro-Caribbean population during the Windrush era in the mid-20th century, it became one of the most ethnically diverse areas in Britain. It has more recently become home to an increased population from Africa, Asia, South America and Eastern Europe. At the 2011 census, the population of Tottenham was 129,237. Tottenham
2375-501: Is well served by many London Bus routes, including: 41, 76, 123, 149 , 192 , 230, 243, 259, 279, 318, 341, 349, 476, W3 and W4 The area is connected to both London and National cycle networks, with provisions for recreational and commuter cycling across Tottenham. The River Lea towpath is a shared-use path maintained by the Canal and River Trust . Cycling infrastructure in maintained primarily by Transport for London (TfL) and
2470-539: The London Borough of Haringey . Tottenham is the home of Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur . From 1899 until 2017, the club's home ground was White Hart Lane . In 2017, White Hart Lane ground closed and demolition commenced to make way for a new stadium on the same site, known as the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium , as part of a wider project for the redevelopment of the area . The new stadium
2565-462: The Thatcher government. Although the book focused on Tower Hamlets and Southwark and did not discuss Broadwater Farm, by the time it was published, the estate was becoming synonymous with this type of housing. The government began to put pressure on Haringey London Borough Council to improve the area. Although the demographics of Broadwater Farm at the time were roughly 50% black and 50% white ,
2660-570: The Tournament of Tottenham , written around 1400, describes a mock-battle between peasants vying for the reeve 's daughter. The River Lea (or Lee ) was the eastern boundary between the Municipal Boroughs of Tottenham and Walthamstow . It is the ancient boundary between Middlesex and Essex and also formed the western boundary of the Viking controlled Danelaw . Today it is the boundary between
2755-520: The Underground . Bruce Grove railway station , 400m east of the estate, connects the area to central London. Because of the narrow streets, double-decker and bendy buses are unable to serve the area. From 11 February 2006 the W4 route, which utilises Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart to navigate the narrow streets and sharp bends, was diverted to run into the estate, providing direct public transport links for
2850-625: The United States and the United Kingdom , they often consist of single family detached , semi-detached ("duplex") or terraced homes, with separate ownership of each dwelling unit . Building density depends on local planning norms. In major Asian cities, such as Hong Kong , Kuala Lumpur , Shanghai , Shenzhen , Singapore , Seoul , Taipei , and Tokyo , an estate may range from detached houses to high-density tower blocks with or without commercial facilities; in Europe and America, these may take
2945-412: The communist era because the construction of large housing estates was an important part of building plans in communist countries in Europe. They can be located in suburban and urban areas . Accordingly, a housing estate is usually built by a single contractor, with only a few styles of house or building design, so they tend to be uniform in appearance. A housing development is "often erected on
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3040-438: The Broadwater Farm Estate began on the site of the allotments. An area of the southeastern part of the park was used to replace the allotments destroyed by the new construction. As initially built, the estate contained 1,063 flats, providing homes for 3,000–4,000 people. The design of the estate was loosely inspired by Le Corbusier , and characterised by large concrete blocks and tall towers. [REDACTED] Because of
3135-552: The Broadwater Farm Estate on 6 October 1985 following the death of Cynthia Jarrett. Jarrett was a resident of Tottenham who lived about one mile (two kilometres) from the estate, who died of heart failure during a police search of her home. The tension between local black youths and the largely white Metropolitan Police had been high due to a combination of local issues and the aftermath of riots in Brixton which had occurred in
3230-943: The London Boroughs of Haringey and Waltham Forest . A major tributary of the Lea , the River Moselle , also crosses the borough from west to east, and often caused serious flooding until it was mostly covered in the 19th century. From the Tudor period onwards, Tottenham became a popular recreation and leisure destination for wealthy Londoners. Henry VIII is known to have visited Bruce Castle and also hunted in Tottenham Wood. A rural Tottenham also featured in Izaak Walton 's book The Compleat Angler , published in 1653. The area became noted for its large Quaker population and its schools (including Rowland Hill at Bruce Castle ). Tottenham remained
3325-573: The Tenants' Association was all white. It was regarded with increasing distrust by black residents and those whites who were not connected with the Association. In 1981, residents set up the rival "Youth Association". It was praised by many members of the local black community for challenging the Special Patrol Group 's perceived harassment of local youths and of black residents of the estate. In 1983,
3420-640: The United Kingdom during the past three decades. This followed the rise of gangs and drug wars throughout the area, notably those involving the Tottenham Mandem gang and various gangs from Hackney and all of the areas surrounding Tottenham, and the emergence of an organised crime ring known as the Turkish mafia fought other London gangs to allegedly control more than 90% of the UK's heroin market . In 1999, Tottenham
3515-426: The aftermath of the events of 1985 with the intention of providing a focus for local youths, it has subsequently produced a number of professional footballers, including Jobi McAnuff , Lionel Morgan and Jude Stirling , son of the programme manager Clasford Stirling. In 2007 a new Children's Centre opened on the estate, with nursery places for 104 children. It is considered one of the best designed nursery schools in
3610-402: The authorities. A local management team was brought in to oversee improvements to the estate and to collect rents and enforce regulations, instead of continuing to attempt to run the estate centrally from Haringey Council's central offices. The deck level was dismantled and the overhead walkways demolished, with the shops and amenities relocated to a single ground-level strip of road to transform
3705-469: The base of the buildings. Tangmere House, a six-storey block, and Northholt, an 18-storey block, are those worst affected, and would be demolished. The blocks were built using the same large-panel system used on Ronan Point , where a gas explosion in 1968 caused progressive collapse, killing four people. Broadwater Farm was built using the same Taylor Woodrow-Anglian system of panels as Ronan Point . The domino-like system of large structural slabs speeded
3800-412: The building and allowed cheaper, less expert labour to be used to assemble the prefabricated panels. Even so, construction standards were ignored; mortar joints stuffed with newspaper reduced drying time and weakened the buildings. The blocks were inspected for safety in 1985 about the same time that gas was installed. Gaps, wide enough to see the flat below, were found between the external wall panels and
3895-481: The cake was later mass-produced by bakery chains such as Percy Ingle and Greggs . The cake featured on The Great British Bake Off TV programme broadcast Tuesday 17 September 2013 on BBC2. Housing estate A housing estate (or sometimes housing complex , housing development , subdivision or community ) is a group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development. The exact form may vary from country to country. Popular throughout
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3990-441: The centre of Tottenham , and 1.2 miles (2 km) from Wood Green . Until the opening of the nearby Bruce Grove railway station on 22 July 1872 the area was still rural, although close in proximity to London and the growing suburb of Tottenham . Aside from a small group of buildings clustered around neighbouring Bruce Castle , the only buildings in the area were the farmhouse and outbuildings of Broadwater Farm, then still
4085-442: The council gave the Tenants' Association an empty shop to use as an office and a vague authority to "deal with local problems". This apparent favoritism heightened antagonism between the Tenants' Association and Youth Association, which in turn set up its own youth club, advice centre, estate watchdog and local lobbying group. Despite a lack of funds and willingness on the part of the council to commit to regeneration, by 1985 progress
4180-515: The death spread, the rioting subsided. Local council leader Bernie Grant claims to have been misquoted as saying that "What the police got was a bloody good hiding". Three local residents, Mark Braithwaite, Engin Raghip and Winston Silcott , were convicted of PC Blakelock's murder. However, three years later their convictions were overturned when it was discovered that police notes of their interviews had been tampered with. The person or persons guilty of
4275-581: The deck level. At 9.30 pm fire broke out in a newsagent's shop on the deck level of the Tangmere block. Firefighters attempting to put out the fire came under attack, and police attended to assist them. As the situation escalated, police and firefighters withdrew. In the withdrawal, PCs Keith Blakelock and Richard Coombes became separated from other officers. A group of around 40 people attacked them with sticks, knives and machetes , leading to PC Blakelock's death and serious injuries to PC Coombes. As news of
4370-440: The different housing types will have their distinctive characteristics, density ranges, number of units, and floors. Due to dense population and government control of land use, Hong Kong 's most common residential housing form is the highrise housing estate, which may be publicly owned, privately owned, or semi-private. Due to the real-estate developers oligopoly (sometimes called real estate hegemony, Chinese : 地產霸權 ) in
4465-407: The earliest groups of immigrants to settle in the area, starting from the UK's Windrush era. The Seven Sisters ward has the largest proportion of Jewish residents among Haringey wards, at 18.1%. In the 2011 UK Census, the ethnic composition of the Tottenham constituency , of which Tottenham is a large part, was as follows: Tottenham has been one of the main hotspots for gangs and gun crime in
4560-406: The edge of the floor slabs. The gaps opened and closed depending on temperature. Fire could push them out of alignment and would cause the collapse of the building. After the regeneration, crime in and around Broadwater initially improved. In the first quarter of 2005, there were not any reported robberies or outdoor assaults on Broadwater Farm, and only a single burglary, from which all property
4655-400: The estate has slowed to a trickle, and there is now a lengthy waiting list for housing. Following tests conducted in the wake of the 2017 Grenfell Tower disaster , Haringey Council announced on 20 June 2018 the evacuation of two of the blocks. Eleven of the blocks were structurally unsafe and vulnerable to collapse if a gas pipe or gas canister were to explode or if vehicle were to strike
4750-403: The estate was of such poor quality that the only solution was demolition. While residents objected to conditions on the estate, some also opposed the demolition plan. Relations between the community and the local authority became increasingly confrontational. A process of redevelopment began in 1981, but was hampered by a lack of funds and an increasingly negative public perception of the area. By
4845-535: The estate, including: - On 30 August 2019, the murder of 15-year-old Perry Jordan Brammer on the estate. Romario Lindo stabbed him 10 times for intervening to attempt to prevent the theft of a £90 pair of trainers from a 14 year old - On 23 July 2020, two 15-year-old boys and a 19 year old man shot on the estate, believed to be gang related - On 1 August 2021, the murder of 16-year-old Stelios Averkiou in Lordship Recreation Ground - On 14 June 2022,
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#17328439134424940-474: The estate. In 2011, 13.4% of residents were White British, 11.9% were Asian and 36.1% were Black. Tottenham Tottenham ( / ˈ t ɒ t ən ə m / , TOT -ən-əm , / t ɒ t n ə m / , tot-nəm ) is a town in north London , England, within the London Borough of Haringey . It is located in the ceremonial county of Greater London . Tottenham is centred 6 mi (10 km) north-northeast of Charing Cross , bordering Edmonton to
5035-412: The estates. They may vary in scale, and are usually located in the remote or less accessible parts of the territory, but urban expansion has put some of them in the heart of the urban area. Although some units are destined exclusively for rental, some of the flats within each development are earmarked for sale at prices that are lower than for private developments. Private housing estates usually feature
5130-426: The expense of rural and greenfield land . Recently, there has been some effort to address this problem by banning the development of out-of-town commercial developments and encouraging the reuse of brownfield or previously developed sites for residential building. Nevertheless, the demand for housing continues to rise, and in the UK at least has precipitated a significant housing crisis. Forms of housing estates in
5225-622: The first time. A number of other bus routes run along Lordship Lane , immediately to the north and Philip Lane to the south. Turnpike Lane Underground station is within walking distance to the south west. There are currently between 3,800 and 4,000 residents of Broadwater Farm. Following the events of 1985 a number of local residents left and were replaced mainly by recent immigrants particularly Kurds , Somalis and Congolese , but still maintains its large Afro-Caribbean heritage. In 2005, approximately 70% of residents were from an ethnic minority background and 39 different languages were spoken on
5320-490: The form of town housing, high-rise housing projects, or the older-style rows of terraced houses associated with the Industrial Revolution , detached or semi-detached houses with small plots of land around them forming gardens, and are frequently without commercial facilities and such. In Central and Eastern Europe , living in housing estates is a common way of living. Most of these housing estates originated during
5415-546: The high water table and the flood risk caused by the Moselle , which flows through the site, no housing was built at ground level. Instead, the ground level was entirely occupied by car parks . The buildings were linked by a system of interconnected walkways - the "streets in the sky" - at first floor level known as the "deck level". Shops and amenities were also located on the deck level. While this reduced flood risk for residences and businesses, it resulted in there being no "eyes on
5510-499: The home of Rowland Hill , inventor of the postage stamp, is on the north side of Lordship Lane immediately opposite Broadwater Farm. It was built by William Compton in the 16th century, and has been a public museum since 1906. It houses the public archives of Haringey Council , as well as a large display on the history of the postal system. Broadwater Farm is home to the Broadwater United football coaching programme. Set up in
5605-467: The last of which occurred on 15 March 1945. Wartime shortages led to the creation of Tottenham Pudding, a mixture of household waste food which was converted into feeding stuff for pigs and poultry. The "pudding" was named by Queen Mary on a visit to Tottenham Refuse Works. Production continued into the post-war period, its demise coinciding with the merging of the borough into the new London Borough of Haringey. The Broadwater Farm riot occurred around
5700-417: The late 1960s using cheap but fire-vulnerable pre-fabricated concrete panels. The western half of the area is taken up by Lordship Recreation Ground , one of north London's largest parks. Broadwater Farm in 2011 had a population of 4,844. The estate is owned by Haringey London Borough Council . Following the publication of Alice Coleman 's Utopia on Trial in 1985, the area acquired a reputation as one of
5795-452: The mixture of ethnic communities in the area appeared to be succeeding; Sir George Young , then Minister for Inner Cities, secured significant funding for improvements. Broadwater Farm began to be seen as a case study in regenerating a failed housing development. Princess Diana paid a visit to the estate in February 1985, to commend the improvements being made, but much of the apparent progress
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#17328439134425890-417: The murder have never been identified but in 2010, a man was arrested on suspicion of murdering PC Blakelock. After the events of 1985, Broadwater Farm became the focus of an intensive £33 million regeneration programme in response to the problems highlighted by the riots. The all-white Tenants Association was restructured to more accurately reflect the community, and residents' concerns seriously addressed by
5985-572: The north, Walthamstow , across the River Lea , to the east, and Stamford Hill to the south, with Wood Green and Harringay to the west. The area rapidly expanded in the late-19th century, becoming a working-class suburb of London following the advent of the railway and mass development of housing for the lower-middle and working classes. It has been home to the Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur since 1882. The parish of Tottenham
6080-472: The other parts of the old borough. A claim made by MP David Lammy in 2011, indicated that at that time Tottenham had the highest unemployment rate in London and the eighth highest in the United Kingdom, and it had some of the highest poverty rates within the country. Tottenham has a multicultural population, with many ethnic groups inhabiting the area. It contains one of the largest and most significant populations of Afro-Caribbean people. These were among
6175-561: The police and shot themselves rather than be captured. Fourteen other people were wounded during the chase. The incident later became the subject of a silent film . During the Second World War Tottenham was one of the many targets of the German air offensive against Britain. Bombs fell in the borough (Elmar Road) during the first air raid on London on 24 August 1940. The borough also received V-1 (four incidents) and V-2 hits,
6270-479: The previous week. The response of some of the black community in Tottenham and surrounding areas culminated in a riot beginning on Tottenham High Road and ending in Broadwater Farm Estate. One police officer, Keith Blakelock , was murdered ; 58 policemen and 24 other people were injured in the fighting. Two of the policemen were injured by gunshots during the riot, the first time that firearms had been used in that type of confrontation. The 2011 Tottenham riots were
6365-677: The prosperous face of Pakistan. Gated communities in Pakistan are targeted towards upper middle class and upper class, and are mostly immune from problems of law enforcement. Forms of housing estates may vary in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . During the communist era of Czechoslovakia , a construction of large housing estates ( Czech : sídliště , Slovak : sídlisko ) was an important part of building plans. The government wanted to provide large quantities of fast and affordable housing and to slash costs by employing uniform designs over
6460-534: The relatively early development of the area into a London suburb. In 1894, Tottenham was made an urban district and on 27 September 1934 it became a municipal borough . As from 1 April 1965, the municipal borough formed part of the London Borough of Haringey together with Hornsey and Wood Green . An incident occurred on 23 January 1909, which was at the time known as the Tottenham Outrage . Two armed robbers, Latvian Jews of Russian extraction , held up
6555-409: The semi-derelict Willan Road into a " High Street " for the area. The surrounding areas were landscaped and each building redesigned to give it a unique identity. A network of council-run CCTV cameras was installed to monitor the streets and car parks, and each building staffed by a concierge to deter unwanted visitors. Two giant murals were painted which now dominate the area, one of a waterfall on
6650-479: The side of Debden block and one depicting Mahatma Gandhi , Martin Luther King Jr. , John Lennon and Bob Marley on Rochford block. Disused shops left empty following the withdrawal of businesses after the riots were converted into low-cost light industrial units to provide employment opportunities for residents and prevent capital from flowing out of the area. Since the redevelopment, the flow of people leaving
6745-428: The station's windows. At 3.15 pm two officers were attacked and seriously injured by the crowd, suffering gunshot wounds. Three journalists were also treated for gunshot wounds. At 6.45 pm a police van answering a 999 call to Broadwater Farm was surrounded and attacked. As further police officers made their way to the area, rioters erected barricades on the deck level and the emergency services withdrew from
6840-409: The street" at ground level, and decreased the feeling of community. As in similarly-designed developments, the walkways and especially the stairwells could not be seen by anyone elsewhere, so there was no deterrent to crime and disorder; no "eyes on the street" as advocated by Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities . The 12 interconnected buildings were each named after
6935-495: The term may have arisen from an area of housing being built on what had been a country estate as towns and cities expanded in and after the 19th century. It was in use by 1901. Reduction of the phrase to mere "estate" is common in the United Kingdom and Ireland (especially when preceded by the specific estate name), but not in the United States. There are several different housing types utilized by housing developers. Each of
7030-416: The territory, and the economies of scale of mass developments, there is the tendency of new private tower block developments with 10 to over 100 towers, ranging from 30 to 70 stories high. Public housing provides affordable homes for those on low incomes, with rents which are heavily subsidised , financed by financial activities such as rents and charges collected from car parks and shops within or near
7125-644: The time Alice Coleman's critique of 1960s planned housing, Utopia on Trial (1985), was published, the estate was regarded as being representative of unsuccessful large-scale social housing projects. When a major exhibition by Le Corbusier in the mid-1980s was unable to attract sponsorship, the refusal of sponsors to be associated with his name was attributed to the "Broadwater Farm factor". The book's criticism of alleged "lapses of civilised behaviour" on Le Corbusier-inspired estates, claiming that residents of such buildings were far more likely to commit and to be victims of anti-social behaviour, were highly influential on
7220-450: The time of the Broadwater Farm riot, and one of its early members, Mark Lambie, was a suspect in the murder of PC Keith Blacklock Mark Lambie rose to become leader of the gang, and was jailed for 12 years in 2002 for luring two men to the Broadwater Farm estate where he captured them at gunpoint and then imprisoned them and tortured them with a hammer, a hot iron and boiling water. There have been numerous more recent stabbings in and around
7315-476: The time. The current MP is David Lammy who won a by-election in 2000 following the death of Bernie Grant . Tottenham was at the center of a local administrative area from the medieval period until 1965. The administrative area developed from a parish in Middlesex into an Urban sanitary district in 1875, after a local board of health had been established in 1850. It was then divided in 1888 and Wood Green became
7410-518: The towers are at risk of catastrophic collapse in the event of a fire. At least two may have to be demolished. Broadwater Farm is situated in the valley of the Moselle , approximately six miles (10 km) north of the City of London . It is situated in a deep depression immediately south of Lordship Lane , between the twin junctions of Lordship Lane and The Roundway. It is immediately adjacent to Bruce Castle , approximately 547 yards (500 m) from
7505-565: The wages clerk of rubber works in Chestnut Road. They made their getaway via Tottenham Marshes and fled across the Lea. On the opposite bank of the river, they hijacked a Walthamstow Corporation tramcar , hotly pursued by the police on another tram. The hijacked tram was stopped but the robbers continued their flight on foot. After firing their weapons and killing two people, Ralph Joscelyne, aged 10, and PC William Tyler, they were eventually cornered by
7600-676: The wall effect. Given the security situation and power shortages in South Asia, 'gated communities' with self-generated energy and modern amenities (24-hour armed security, schools, hospitals, a fire department, retail shopping, restaurants and entertainment centres ) such as Bahria Town and DHA have been developed in all major Pakistani cities. Bahria Town is the largest private housing society in Asia . Bahria has been featured by international magazines and news agencies such as GlobalPost , Newsweek , Los Angeles Times and Emirates 24/7 , referred to as
7695-504: The whole country. They also sought to foster a "collectivist nature" in people. People living in these housing estates can either usually own their apartments or rent them, usually through a private landlord. There's usually a mix of social classes in these housing estates. Most buildings in Czech and Slovak housing estates are so called " paneláks ", a colloquial term in Czech and Slovak for
7790-526: The world, and won the Royal Institute of British Architects 's Award for 2007 . Broadwater Farm contains Broadwater Inclusive Learning Community, which comprises The Willow (a two-form entry primary school), The Brook (120 space special school), Broadwaters’ Children Centre (school nursery, childcare for under 5s and a vast range of community services) and Broadwaters' Extended School Service (breakfast, after school and holiday provision). Secondary education
7885-416: The worst places to live in the United Kingdom. This perception was exacerbated when serious rioting erupted later that year. After the 1985 riot there was a major redevelopment programme, after which crime rates initially fell. However, it is still associated with gangs with numerous stabbings and other violent crime occurring in and around the area. Well known for its large Afro-Caribbean heritage, it
7980-644: Was Joseph Howard of the Conservative Party . The boundaries were redrawn in 1918, and Tottenham was divided into two separate constituencies: Tottenham North and Tottenham South . Since being reinstated in 1950, it has been predominantly represented by MPs from the Labour Party , with the exception of Alan Brown who defected to the Conservatives due to disagreement with the Labour Party's defence policy at
8075-460: Was born in Tottenham. Another source states the cake "was originally sold by the baker Henry Chalkley from 1901, who was a Friend (or Quaker ), at the price of one old penny, with smaller mis-shaped pieces sold for half an old penny". The pink colouring was derived from mulberries found growing at the Tottenham Friends burial ground. Originally "a peculiar local invention" of north London,
8170-412: Was drained and converted for recreational use as Lordship Recreation Ground , while the eastern half was kept vacant for prospective development and used as allotments . Heavy concrete dikes were built to reduce flooding of the Moselle in Lordship Recreation Ground, whilst on the eastern half of the farm, the river was covered to run in culvert as far as Tottenham Cemetery . In 1967, construction of
8265-607: Was due to open in September 2018, but was delayed until later in the 2018–19 season . The stadium was opened on 3 April 2019. For the 2017–18 season and most of the 2018–19 season , the club played their home games at Wembley . Tottenham also has two non-League football clubs, Haringey Borough F.C. who currently play at Coles Park Stadium and Park View who play at the White Hart Lane Community Sports Centre . The Tottenham & Wood Green Independent
8360-476: Was granted urban district status in 1894 and municipal borough status in 1934. Following the Second World War , the area saw large-scale development of council housing , including tower blocks . Until 1965 Tottenham was in the historic county of Middlesex . In 1965, the borough of Tottenham merged with the municipal boroughs of Hornsey and Wood Green to form the London Borough of Haringey. Tottenham
8455-496: Was identified as one of the yardies ' strongholds in London, along with Hackney , Harlesden , Peckham and Brixton . The Victoria line passes through Tottenham, calling at Seven Sisters and Tottenham Hale . This connects Tottenham directly to Walthamstow , the West End and Brixton . The line has its operating depot in the area at Northumberland Park . The area is served by two train operating companies : Tottenham
8550-537: Was made in solving the area's problems. Pressure from the Tenants' Association and the Youth Association forced the council to open a Neighbourhood Office. In 1983, a tenants' empowerment agency, Priority Estates Project, was appointed to coordinate residents' complaints and concerns. Residents were included on interview panels for council staff dealing with the estate. A number of initiatives aimed at providing activities for disaffected local youths and at integrating
8645-456: Was no longer required in an area with such a low crime rate. However, crime rates have since increased. OFB (The Original Farm Boys) is the current gang associated with the Broadwater Farm Estate. However, as of November 2021 at least one person on the estate still identified as part of the Farm Mandem gang. The Farm Mandem gang, otherwise known as the Tottenham Mandem , was operational at
8740-531: Was poorly maintained by authorities. It suffered badly from water leakages, pest infestations (including a serious outbreak of cockroaches) and electrical faults. More than half of the people offered accommodation in the estate refused it, and the majority of existing residents had applied to be re-housed elsewhere. In 1976, less than ten years after the estate opened, the Department of the Environment concluded that
8835-524: Was recovered and the suspect arrested; this compares with 875 burglaries, 50 robberies and 50 assaults in the third quarter of 1985, immediately preceding the riot. In an independent 2003 survey of all the estate's residents, only 2% said they considered the area unsafe, the lowest figure for any area in London. In 2005 the Metropolitan Police disbanded the Broadwater Farm Unit altogether as it
8930-737: Was superficial. The problems caused by the deck-level walkways had not been solved; children from Broadwater Farm were still under-achieving academically in comparison to the surrounding areas; the unemployment rate stood at 42%; and there was a mutual distrust between the local residents—particularly those from the Afro-Caribbean community —and the predominantly White British and non-local police force. There had been earlier riots in Brixton and in Handsworth in Birmingham, which were indicative of
9025-415: Was when a group of over one hundred local Tottenham residents set out to undertake a protest march against the killing of Mark Duggan , who was shot by police officers assigned to Operation Trident earlier in the week. The crowd made up of Duggan's family and local community leaders, gathered outside Tottenham police station on 6 August 2011 to protest the failure of the police to provide family members with
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