Brière ( French pronunciation: [bʁijɛʁ] ; Breton : Ar Briwer ) is the marsh area to the north of the Loire estuary in France at its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean . The residents of Brière are called Briérons . The Brière marsh area includes a vast area of humid zones stretching from the Gulf of Morbihan and the estuary of the Vilaine to the north, to the salt marshes of Guérande to the west to the estuary of the Loire and the Lac de Grand-Lieu in the south. Peat used to be harvested here.
21-511: The Brière territory extends over 490 km (190 sq mi), including 170 km (66 sq mi) of humid zone, at the heart of which lies the Grande Brière Mottière which encompasses 70 km (27 sq mi) and 21 communes. It is rich in flora and fauna , and navigation is possible with boats called chalands. Cottages are a common sight in the area, with around 3000 thatched roof cottages dotted throughout
42-482: A community) and flora (the taxonomic composition of a community) was first made by Jules Thurmann (1849). Prior to this, the two terms were used interchangeably. Plants are grouped into floras based on region ( floristic regions ), period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era as in fossil flora . Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments: The flora of
63-406: A particular area or time period can be documented in a publication also known as a " flora " (often capitalized as "Flora" to distinguish the two meanings when they might be confused). Floras may require specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. Traditionally they are books , but some are now published on CD-ROM or websites . Simon Paulli 's Flora Danica of 1648 is probably
84-441: A type of single-access key which offers a fixed sequence of identification steps, each with two alternatives. The earliest examples of identification keys originate in the seventeenth, but their conceptual history can be traced back to antiquity. ModerRichardn multi-access keys allow the user to freely choose the identification steps and any order. They were traditionally performed using punched cards but now almost exclusively take
105-452: Is a tool that utilizes characters that are the easiest to observe and most practical for arriving at an identity. Identification keys can be divided into two main types. A single-access key (also called a sequential key or an analytical key), has a fixed structure and sequence. The user must begin at the first step of the key and proceed until the end. A single-access key has steps that consist of two mutually exclusive statements ( leads )
126-587: Is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring ( indigenous ) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is fauna , and for fungi , it is funga . Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora as in the terms gut flora or skin flora . The word "flora" comes from the Latin name of Flora , the goddess of plants , flowers , and fertility in Roman mythology . The technical term "flora"
147-464: Is called a dichotomous key . Most single-access keys are dichotomous. A single-access key with more than two leads per step is referred to as polytomous. Dichotomous keys can be presented in two main styles: linked and nested. In the linked style (also referred to as open, parallel, linked, and juxtaposition ), each pair of leads (called a couplet ) are printed together. In the nested style (also referred to as closed, yoked, and indented ),
168-545: Is credited to Lamarck who included several in his 1778 book, Flore Françoise. Lamarck's key follows more or less the same design as the modern dichotomous, bracketed key. Alphonso Wood was the first American to use identification keys in 1845. Other early instances of keys are found in the works of Asa Gray and W. H. Evans . Identification keys are known historically and contemporarily by many names, including analytical key, entomological key, artificial key, diagnostic key, determinator, and taxonomic key Within
189-403: Is then derived from a metonymy of this goddess at the end of the sixteenth century. It was first used in poetry to denote the natural vegetation of an area, but soon also assumed the meaning of a work cataloguing such vegetation. Moreover, "Flora" was used to refer to the flowers of an artificial garden in the seventeenth century. The distinction between vegetation (the general appearance of
210-981: The area. Alphonse de Chateaubriant 's prize-winning novel La Brière (translated as Passion and Peat ), 1923, is set in the area and describes its traditions and culture. It has been suggested that the small islands of the Brière, now joined by silt, could have been the location of the Cassiterides - islands mentioned in antiquity as the Phoenician source of tin. The following communes are found in Brière Traditionally, 21 communes are considered part of Brière (source : [1] , pdf file) : The Brière Regional Natural Park encompasses 17 communes (source: [2] , pdf file) 47°23′N 2°12′W / 47.383°N 2.200°W / 47.383; -2.200 Flora Flora ( pl. : floras or florae )
231-428: The biological literature, identification keys are referred to simply as keys . They are also commonly referred to in general as dichotomous keys, though this term strictly refers to a specific type of identification key (see Types of keys ). Identification keys are used in systematic biology and taxonomy to identify the genus or species of a specimen organism from a set of known taxa . They are commonly used in
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#1732848969118252-550: The construction of keys was offered by E. B. Williamson in the June 1922 volume of Science. More recently, Richard Pankhurst published a guidelines and practical tips for key construction in a section of his 1978 book, Biological Identification. Identification errors may have serious consequences in both pure and applied disciplines, including ecology , medical diagnosis, pest control, forensics , etc. The first computer programs for constructing identification keys were created in
273-620: The early 1970s. Since then, several popular programs have been developed, including DELTA, XPER, and LucID. Single-access keys, until recently, have been developed only rarely as computer-aided, interactive tools. Noteworthy developments in this area are the commercial LucID Phoenix application, the FRIDA/Dryades software, the KeyToNature Open Key Editor, and the open source WikiKeys and jKey application on biowikifarm. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
294-410: The fields of microbiology, plant taxonomy, and entomology, as groups of related taxa in these fields tend to be very large. However, they have also been used to classify non-organisms, such as birds nests, and in non-biological sciences such as geology. Similar methods have also been used in computer science A user of a key selects from a series of choices, representing mutually exclusive features of
315-587: The first book titled "Flora" to refer to the plant world of a certain region. It mainly describes medicinal plants growing in Denmark. The Flora Sinensis by the Polish Jesuit Michał Boym is another early example of a book titled "Flora". However, despite its title it covered not only plants but also some animals of the region, that is China and India. A published flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys , which require
336-408: The form of computer programs. The conceptual origins of the modern identification key can be traced back to antiquity. Theophrastus categorized organisms into "subdivisions" based on dichotomous characteristics. The seventeenth-century Chinese herbalist, Pao Shan, in his treatise Yeh-ts'ai Po-Iu , included a systematic categorization of plants based on their apparent characteristics specifically for
357-454: The purposes of identification. Seventeenth-century naturalists, including John Ray , Rivinius , and Nehemiah Grew , published examples of bracketed tables. However, these examples were not strictly keys in the modern sense of an analytical device used to identify a single specimen, since they often did not lead to a single end point, and instead functioned more as synopses of classification schemes. The first analytical identification key
378-557: The specimen, with the aim to arrive at the sole remaining identity from the group of taxa. Each step in the key employs a character : a distinguishing feature of an organism that is conveniently observable. Identification keys are sometimes also referred to as artificial keys to differential them from other diagrams that visualize a classification schemes, often in the form of a key or tree structure. These diagrams are called natural keys or synopses and are not used for identifying specimens. In contrast, an artificial identification key
399-541: The subsequent steps after choosing a lead are printed directly underneath it, in succession. To follow the second lead of the couplet, the user must skip over the nested material that follows logically from the first lead of the couplet. Nested keys are more commonly known as indented , but unfortunately this refers to an accidental (albeit frequent) rather than essential quality. Nested keys may be printed without indentation to preserve space (relying solely on corresponding lead symbols) and linked keys may be indented to enhance
420-407: The user to examine a plant repeatedly, and decide which one of two alternatives given best applies to the plant. Identification key In biology , an identification key , taxonomic key , or frequently just key , is a printed or computer-aided device that aids in the identification of biological organisms. Historically, the most common type of identification key is the dichotomous key ,
441-499: The visibility of the couplet structure. A multi-access key (free-access key, or polyclave ) allows a user to specify characters in any order. Therefore, a multi-access key can be thought of as "the set of all possible single-access keys that arise by permutating the order of characters." While there are print versions of multi-access keys, they were historically created using punched card systems. Today, multi-access keys are computer-aided tools. An early attempt to standardize
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