100-503: The British Stammering Association ( BSA ), trading as Stamma (styled 'STAMMA') since 2019, is a national membership organisation in the United Kingdom for adults and children who stammer , their friends and families, speech and language therapists and other professionals. It became a charity in 1978 and is based in London. The mission of the charity is to support anyone who stammers in
200-514: A "terrible impediment" which they had to "get rid of". When all they did was stammer. A physical condition that few of us stop to think about, yet 1 in 100 people have it. So we worked together with the community at Misplaced Pages and carefully rewrote every bit of language that spoke of it in a damaging or false way. There shouldn't be shame in having a stammer, whether you're 15 or 65. It's how we talk. Early in June 2021, Stamma investigated instances where, when
300-408: A breach of the rules on sales promotions rules. There has been no clear definition of what a sales promotion is for the purpose of the code, but examples include: Not all offers that give the consumer something free with a particular purchase may be considered sales promotion. For example, a mobile phone deal that offers a free Bluetooth headset may be considered as part of a package deal rather than
400-510: A burning coal in his mouth had caused him to be "slow and hesitant of speech" (Exodus 4, v.10). Galen 's humoral theories were influential in Europe in the Middle Ages for centuries afterward. In this theory, stuttering was attributed to an imbalance of the four bodily humors —yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm. Hieronymus Mercurialis , writing in the sixteenth century, proposed to redress
500-477: A change.org petition at www.stamma.org/petition which to date has received over 20,000 signatures. It is currently working with stammering associations in the US and Australia to adopt the campaign in their territories. The campaign was picked up by Ofcom , who said, "We applaud the work to raise awareness of stammering and encourage broadcasters to take notice". Stuttering Stuttering , also known as stammering ,
600-491: A complaint by the association, on 13 July 2011 the Advertising Standards Authority issued an adjudication against a website which said: "Discover how to stop stuttering with stammering cure that works". BSA's then chief executive Norbert Lieckfeldt, who has described stammering as "the hidden disability ", said the charity had received calls from members who said people were asking them about their stammer for
700-488: A coordinated international campaign, with a petition on change.org . On 2 July 2021, Stamma received word that Apple had released iOS update 14.7, which stopped the woozy face emoji from appearing when typing the word stammering. Stamma are still waiting for a formal response from Apple. Stamma started a campaign, "No Diversity Without Disfluency", in October 2021 to get more people who stammer on TV, radio and film. They set up
800-519: A disability under the Equality Act 2010 , as for many people it can severely impair day-to-day functions and for adults is lifelong. As such, the linkage between stammering and the woozy face emoji could constitute harassment under the Equalities Act. Stamma issued a press release in which its CEO, Jane Powell, stated: "This is demeaning and damaging. Stammering is how some people talk. Treating it as
900-494: A family history of stuttering. There is evidence that stuttering is more common in children who also have concurrent speech, language, learning or motor difficulties. For some people who stutter, congenital factors may play a role. In others, there could be added impact due to stressful situations. However there is not evidence to suggest this as a cause. Less common causes of stuttering include neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after
1000-653: A joke is stigmatising. It can leave people embarrassed about how they sound, bullied and ashamed which can affect their mental health, careers and relationships." It was picked up by the Metro newspaper in the UK, as well as by platforms which covered Apple internationally. Stamma were contacted by supporters around the world and worked with the International Stuttering Association and VivaVoce Assoziatione in Italy, plotting
1100-420: A magazine, Speaking Out , which ended in 2014. The spring 2011 issue included an article in which BSA member Richard Oerton recalled his own experiences with King George VI 's speech therapist Lionel Logue who is featured in the film The King's Speech . An interview with Neil Swain, voice coach for the film, was published in the summer 2011 issue. The spring/summer 2012 issue included an interview with
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#17328521955451200-407: A major new campaign, Stamma, in 2019 which aimed to give the public an insight into what it means to stammer, dispel stereotypes and encourage people to take stammering seriously. To coincide with International Stammering Awareness Day on 22 October 2019 a nationwide advertising campaign was launched, with Stamma being promoted on outdoor advertising spaces across the UK. Launched on 9 May 2013 with
1300-468: A marketer's database. Even in these cases the ASA can reveal details only with the express permission of the complainant. If the complaint comes from a competitor or someone with a trade or vested interest with the advertiser about which they are complaining, the ASA requires the company to agree to be named. This, according to the ASA, limits the number of petty or retaliatory complaints. The ASA proceeds only with
1400-447: A negative self-concept and self-image. People who stutter may project their own attitudes onto others, believing that the others think them nervous or stupid. Such negative feelings and attitudes may need to be a major focus of a treatment program. The impact of discrimination against stuttering can be severe. This may result in fears of stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, low self-esteem, being
1500-521: A possible target of bullying or discrimination, or feeling pressured to hide stuttering. In popular media, stuttering is sometimes seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is no direct correlation in that direction. Alternatively, there are those who embrace stuttering pride and encourage other stutterers to take pride in their stutter and to find how it has been beneficial for them. Stuttering can co-occur with other disabilities. These associated disabilities include: The cause of developmental stuttering
1600-705: A reception in the House of Commons hosted by The Rt Hon Ed Balls (who was then an MP), the Employers Stammering Network, an initiative of the BSA and employers, aims to create a culture where people who stammer can achieve their full potential. In 2018, leading members with their own active networks included the Civil Service , the Defence Stammering Network and EY (formerly known as Ernst & Young) . As
1700-494: A sales promotion. The ASA typically considered only advertisements that have appeared within the previous three months, although there are some exceptions to this rule, namely in cases where it was not possible for the complainant to know that the advertisement was misleading at the time it appeared, such as an advertisement for a long-term investment. The ASA is governed by its board of directors, appointed upon recommendation of an independent appointments committee. The ASA Council
1800-686: A shared forum within which they can access resources and support from others facing the same challenges of stuttering. Among ages 3–5, the prognosis for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often. Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3½ years or later, and/or duration of greater than 6–12 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously. Stuttering that persists after
1900-543: A significant negative cognitive and affective impact on the person who stutters. Joseph Sheehan described this in terms of an analogy to an iceberg, with the immediately visible and audible symptoms of stuttering above the waterline and a broader set of symptoms such as negative emotions hidden below the surface. Feelings of embarrassment , shame , frustration , fear , anger , and guilt are frequent in people who stutter, and may increase tension and effort. With time, continued negative experiences may crystallize into
2000-904: A speech disfluency exists, and (2) assess if its severity warrants concern for further treatment. During direct observation of the client, the SLP will observe various aspects of the individual's speech behaviors. In particular, the therapist might test for factors including the types of disfluencies present (using a test such as the Disfluency Type Index (DTI)), their frequency and duration (number of iterations, percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS)), and speaking rate (syllables per minute (SPM), words per minute (WPM)). They may also test for naturalness and fluency in speaking (naturalness rating scale (NAT), test of childhood stuttering (TOCS)) and physical concomitants during speech ( Riley's Stuttering Severity Instrument Fourth Edition (SSI-4) ). They might also employ
2100-491: A stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition). Auditory processing deficits were proposed as a cause of stuttering due to differences in stuttering for deaf or Hard of Hearing individuals, as well as the impact of auditory feedback machines on some stuttering cases. Some possibilities of linguistic processing between people who stutter and people who do not has been proposed. Brain scans of adult stutterers have found greater activation of
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#17328521955452200-535: A stutter can lead people who stutter to react in different ways including behavioral and cognitive reactions. Some behavioral reactions can manifest outwardly and be observed as physical tension or struggle anywhere in the body. Almost 80 million people worldwide stutter, about 1% of the world's population. Stuttering is not connected to the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they may trigger increased stuttering in people who have
2300-425: A test to evaluate the severity of the stuttering and predictions for its course. One such test includes the stuttering prediction instrument for young children (SPI), which analyzes the child's case history, and stuttering frequency in order to determine the severity of the disfluency and its prognosis for chronicity for the future. Stuttering is a multifaceted, complex disorder that can impact an individual's life in
2400-472: A variety of ways. Children and adults are monitored and evaluated for evidence of possible social, psychological or emotional signs of stress related to their disorder. Some common assessments of this type measure factors including: anxiety (Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS)), attitudes (personal report of communication apprehension (PRCA)), perceptions of self (self-rating of reactions to speech situations (SSRSS)), quality of life (overall assessment of
2500-413: Is a speech disorder characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses called blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. According to adults who stutter, however, stuttering is defined as a "constellation of experiences" expanding beyond the external disfluencies that are apparent to
2600-859: Is a member of the European League of Stuttering Associations and the International Stuttering Association . At its World Congress in Brazil, the International Fluency Association awarded the IFA Consumer Award of Distinction 2009 to the British Stammering Association. The association had a Scottish branch, BSA Scotland, which was founded in 2004 and is now closed. It was a focus for Scottish campaigns, events and support services as well as to engage with
2700-418: Is a normal part of speech development and temporarily present in preschool-aged children who are learning to speak. "Developmental stuttering" is stuttering that has on onset in early childhood, i.e. when a child is learning to speak. About 5-7% of children are said to stutter during this period. Despite its name, the onset itself is often sudden. This type of stutter may persists after the age of seven, which
2800-417: Is appointed by the board. The Broadcast Advertising Standards Board Of Finance (BASBOF) collects a voluntary levy on advertising costs, typically 0.1% on display advertising costs (e.g. 0.1% of the cost of placing a television advertisement). BASBOF passes the funds on to the ASA anonymously to ensure that the ASA are unaware of who has contributed to its funding. This avoids the question of money influencing
2900-441: Is associated with a relative lack of anxiety and secondary stuttering behaviors. Techniques such as altered auditory feedback are not effective with the acquired type. Finally, "psychogenic stuttering", which is less than 1% of all stuttering conditions, may also arise after a traumatic experience such as a death, the breakup of a relationship or as the psychological reaction to physical trauma. Its symptoms tend to be homogeneous:
3000-415: Is classified as "persistent stuttering". "Neurogenic stuttering" (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and "psychogenic stuttering" (stuttering related to a psychological condition) are less common and classified separately from developmental. "Neurogenic stuttering" typically appears following some sort of injury or disease to the central nervous system. Injuries to
3100-539: Is complex. It is thought to be neurological with a genetic factor. Various hypotheses suggest multiple factors contributing to stuttering. There is strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis. Children who have first-degree relatives who stutter are three times as likely to develop a stutter. In a 2010 article, three genes were found by Dennis Drayna and team to correlate with stuttering: GNPTAB , GNPTG , and NAGPA . Researchers estimated that alterations in these three genes were present in 9% of those who have
British Stammering Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
3200-463: Is illegal under United Kingdom copyright law. In January 2013, 3GA was also found to be in non-compliance in another set of ads for the JB7 which promoted an optional dock for attaching an MP3 player such as an iPod . The ASA found that their advertisements did not make clear that the dock was not included with the JB7, and did not adequately mention that it is only compatible with older iPod models (such as
3300-506: Is in place and control over the content of the advertorial lies with the advertiser. If the editor of the publication maintains control over the advertorial, however, the piece is likely to be seen as editorial rather than advertising. In November 2004, control of the regulation of broadcast advertising, formerly undertaken by state bodies, was handed over to the ASA on a provisional two-year contract. Sponsorship credits are considered to be part of programming content and therefore fall outside
3400-493: Is no cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist and the best option is dependent on the individual. Therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific and unique needs of the client. The speech–language pathologist and the client typically work together to create achievable and realistic goals that target communication confidence, autonomy, managing emotions and stress related to their stutter, and working on disclosure. Self-help groups provide people who stutter
3500-430: Is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs. Some believe stuttering occurs in all cultures and races at similar rates, about 1% of general population (and is about 5% among young children) all around the world. A US-based study indicated that there were no racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of stuttering in preschool children. Different regions of
3600-468: Is subsequently posted on the ASA's website, and made available to the press and the general public. If there are grounds for an appeal against an adjudication, the case is reviewed by the Independent Reviewer. A request for an independent review must be made within 21 days of the adjudication, and in writing direct to the independent reviewer, stating the grounds for appeal. Only the advertiser or
3700-511: Is the self-regulatory organisation of the advertising industry in the United Kingdom. The ASA is a non-statutory organisation and so cannot interpret or enforce legislation. However, its code of advertising practice broadly reflects legislation in many instances. The ASA is not funded by the British government , but by a levy on the advertising industry. Its role is to "regulate the content of advertisements, sales promotions and direct marketing in
3800-407: Is the ability to speak two languages. Many bilingual people have been exposed to more than one language since birth and throughout childhood. Since language and culture are relatively fluid factors in a person's understanding and production of language, bilingualism may be a feature that impacts speech fluency. There are several ways during which stuttering may be noticed in bilingual children including
3900-646: The English-language Misplaced Pages featuring famous or notable people who stammer or stammered were reviewed, and edited by members of Stamma to correct information that failed to adhere to a neutral point of view. The campaign includes digital advertising and a social media activity, and a video narrated by one of the charity's patrons, Scroobius Pip , who said: Imagine you're 15 and you stammer. You love Ed Sheeran and Emily Blunt. Not that long ago you were amazed by Lewis Carroll's stories. But according to articles and stories online, these people are "plagued" by
4000-535: The Scottish Parliament . The association operates a helpline , webchat and email support service, and offers information leaflets for parents of children under 5, primary and secondary school children, young adults and adults who stammer and teachers. It can also signpost callers to their local NHS Speech and Language Therapy Service. Those who stammer can also use the helpline to practise phone conversations or share how they are feeling. Between 2004 and 2005
4100-547: The iPod Classic ) formatted for use on Windows and could not be used with newer Apple devices such as the iPod Touch and iPhone . In September 2011, the ASA launched a formal investigation into TripAdvisor after receiving a complaint submitted by online investigations company KwikChex and two hotels, that its claims to provide trustworthy and honest reviews from travellers are false. The ASA found that TripAdvisor "should not claim or imply that all its reviews were from real travellers, or were honest, real or trusted", and as
British Stammering Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
4200-536: The 2011 Comic Relief , during which he spoofed the film and grew impatient with Colin Firth 's portrayal of King George VI as he stammered over his speech. In 2007 the association's then chair, Leys Geddes, strongly protested to the YouTube website about their classifying, as comedy, videos showing people struggling to speak, including three which he said appeared to be "malicious and stereotypical". YouTube replied that
4300-488: The ASA about the shopping channel Auction World.tv , the ASA referred the matter to Ofcom, which found the company in breach of its licence and fined it. Auction World.tv ended up in administration and went out of business. Apple has been involved in two major rulings by the ASA; its claim to be selling "the world's fastest personal computer" in 2004, its Power Mac G5 system, was judged to be unsubstantiated. The complaints against two other claims made in advertising for
4400-535: The ASA can publish their details for up to three months and run its own targeted adverts on social media to make users aware of this. The ASA can order advertisers not to advertise unless the CAP Copy Advice team has seen the advertisement first and allowed the advertisement to go ahead. For example, the ASA told French Connection UK Ltd , which makes the FCUK branded clothing, to have all its advertisements pre-vetted by
4500-673: The ASA since June 2009. In 1961 the Advertising Association established the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP) to draft the British Code of Advertising Practice (the CAP Code ). In 1962 the industry set up the Advertising Standards Authority (so named even though it is not a public authority in the usual sense) to adjudicate on complaints that advertisements had breached the new Code. The ASA operated under an independent chairman who
4600-504: The ASA's decision in its rulings. The ASA needs the full name and address of the complainant to ensure that the complaint is legitimate. These details are never disclosed without the complainant's permission, in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998 . The only cases where the ASA might ask the complainant for their permission to be named relate to complaints that a consumer has not yet received goods or wishes to be removed from
4700-409: The ASA's remit. Claims on shopping channels can generally be considered by the ASA, but complaints about non-delivery of items are unlikely to be taken up by the ASA unless there is evidence that the shopping channel has misled people or that the non-delivery is a widespread problem. Direct mailings , circulars , leaflets , unsolicited emails , brochures and catalogues are all typically within
4800-464: The ASA's remit. Items such as timetables and price lists are, however, usually outside its remit. Private correspondence, such as a doctor's letter or a bill , is also outside its remit, though a leaflet included with the private correspondence would be covered if it promotes a new or different product. The ASA's remit has since March 2011 covered claims that appear on a company's own website, as well as covering claims that appear in paid-for spaces on
4900-550: The Atheist Bus Campaign broke the advertising code on the grounds of substantiation and truthfulness. The ASA said that the British Humanist Association 's campaign did not breach the advertising code or mislead consumers and that it therefore would not launch an investigation. The ASA subsequently closed the case. "The ASA council concluded that the ad was an expression of the advertiser's opinion and that
5000-718: The CAP Copy Advice team has pre-vetted the advertisements. The ASA can, as a last resort, refer advertisers to Trading Standards when they’re unwilling or unable to follow its rules. Trading Standards officers have statutory powers to apply a wide range of sanctions, including prosecution or other legal action. The ASA can also refer problematic broadcast advertisers to Ofcom , as well as video-on-demand providers and video-sharing platforms. Broadcasters have ultimate responsibility for advertisements shown on their channels and are therefore directly answerable to Ofcom, their licensing authority. Ofcom has powers to fine or revoke licences. For example, following more than 1,000 complaints to
5100-429: The CAP Copy Advice team. The CAP Compliance Team is the enforcement arm of the ASA and CAP. The Compliance Team works to ensure that advertisers remove their problematic claims. The Compliance Team does not report back to complainants, nor does it publish the results of its work. However, part of its work does involve contacting media owners and telling them not to take any advertisements from problematic advertisers until
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#17328521955455200-481: The Exchequer George Osborne , Norbert Lieckfeldt said: "The experience of a lifetime of stammering gives an edge to a personality, something to rub against, and I'd prefer that over smooth glibness any day. This is also the advice we at the British Stammering Association would give to anyone who stammers who is considering a career in politics". Under the new leadership of Jane Powell, the charity launched
5300-489: The Internet, including pop up ads , banner ads and sponsored links. The non-geographical nature of the Internet can make it hard to determine whether the ASA's remit applies. Online sales promotions (see below) are within the ASA's remit as long as they appear in "British web space". The Institute of Sales Promotion (ISP), working to the same code as the ASA, can refer complaints to the ASA when it believes that there has been
5400-410: The UK and tackle the stigma, ignorance and discrimination that people who stammer face so that they can live their lives in full and with dignity. It describes stammering as a neurological condition and estimates that up to 3% of adults in the UK have a stammer. The association's chief executive, since June 2018, is Jane Powell. The interim chair, since 2022, is Paul Fix. The organisation's president
5500-669: The UK" by investigating "complaints made about ads, sales promotions or direct marketing", and deciding whether such advertising complies with its advertising standards codes. These codes stipulate that "before distributing or submitting a marketing communication for publication, marketers must hold documentary evidence to prove all claims, whether direct or implied, that are capable of objective substantiation" and that "no marketing communication should mislead, or be likely to mislead, by inaccuracy, ambiguity, exaggeration, omission or otherwise". The agency has also restricted ads featuring scantily clad women. Guy Parker has been chief executive of
5600-561: The actor Charles Edwards , who played George VI in the West End stage version of the film. The association has campaigned for several years to eradicate misleading advertising claims made by stammering treatment providers. Some claim, for example, that they can " cure " stammering − but it is not possible to "cure" a stammer, in the accepted medical sense of the word. Accordingly, the BSA believes such claims not only give false hope to those who stammer − but also give people who do not stammer
5700-435: The age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering, and is associated with a much lower chance of recovery. The lifetime prevalence , or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 5–6%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. As seen in children who have just begun stuttering, there is an equivalent number of boys and girls who stutter. Still,
5800-435: The association published a research journal , Stammering Research , which was edited by Professor Peter Howell of University College London . In 2010 the association produced research showing that children with signs of stammering are more likely to overcome the problem if they receive help before they reach school age. The Association produces a variety of information resources. The British Stammering Association published
5900-485: The body. These could range anywhere from tension in the head and neck, behaviors such as snapping or tapping, or facial grimacing. These behavioral reactions are those that might not be apparent to listeners and only be perceptible to people who stutter. Some people who stutter exhibit covert behaviors such as avoiding speaking situations, substituting words or phrases when they know they are going to stutter, or use other methods to hide their stutter. Stuttering could have
6000-420: The brain and spinal cord, including cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, and even the neural pathway regions. It may also be called "acquired stuttering" and it may be acquired in adulthood as the result of a neurological event such as a head injury, tumour, stroke, or drug use. This stuttering has different characteristics from its developmental equivalent: it tends to be limited to part-word or sound repetitions, and
6100-438: The claims in it were not capable of objective substantiation," said the ASA. "Although the ASA acknowledges that the content of the ad would be at odds with the beliefs of many, it concluded that it was unlikely to mislead or to cause serious or widespread offence." In July 2009, the ASA banned an Israeli tourism poster following complaints. Palestine Solidarity Campaign , Jews for Justice for Palestinians and 442 members of
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#17328521955456200-595: The danger of bleeding to death and their failure to stop stuttering. Less drastically, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard placed a small forked golden plate under the tongue in order to support "weak" muscles. Italian pathologist Giovanni Morgagni attributed stuttering to deviations in the hyoid bone , a conclusion he came to via autopsy . Blessed Notker of St. Gall ( c. 840 – 912), called Balbulus ("The Stutterer") and described by his biographer as being "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine,"
6300-451: The effect that could be achieved by using the mascara on natural lashes ". In 2011, two additional makeup ads for L'Oréal 's were banned after British Liberal Democrat politician Jo Swinson lodged complaints about ads for foundation products made by L'Oréal-owned brands, Lancôme and Maybelline , featuring actress Julia Roberts and supermodel Christy Turlington . The 2011 complaints stated that L'Oréal ads were not representative of
6400-414: The express permission of the complainant for their organisation to be named. The ASA begins an investigation by contacting the advertiser for its views on the advertisement and, where appropriate, substantiation of claims made in it. The ASA may on occasion seek advice from industry experts on more complex issues. Once the investigation is complete, a draft recommendation is sent to both the advertiser and
6500-457: The false impression that stammering can easily be rectified. Respectable healthcare companies carry out independent trials on large numbers of people, over long periods of time, before claiming any benefit for their products or services. The campaign has been conducted by, firstly, encouraging treatment providers who are making doubtful claims to provide supporting data and, if they cannot do so, to moderate those claims; and, secondly, in cases where
6600-416: The first time, because of The King's Speech . The film had created a "good opportunity" for people to talk about stammering. He said: "Suddenly it has become a thing that can be talked about, which is very important for us...For those people who are engaged in conversations about it, their situation will have changed for the better." The association criticised comedian Lenny Henry for his opening sketch for
6700-415: The following. It was once believed that being bilingual would 'confuse' a child and cause stuttering, but research has debunked this myth. Stuttering may present differently depending on the languages the individual uses. For example, morphological and other linguistic differences between languages may make presentation of disfluency appear to be more or less depending on the individual case. Because of
6800-462: The imbalance by changes in diet, reduced libido (in men only), and purging . Believing that fear aggravated stuttering, he suggested techniques to overcome this. Humoral manipulation continued to be a dominant treatment for stuttering until the eighteenth century. Partly due to a perceived lack of intelligence because of his stutter, the man who became the Roman emperor Claudius was initially shunned from
6900-410: The individual and information about the individual's background, through a case history. The SLP may collect a case history on the individual through a detailed interview or conversation with the parents (if client is a child). They may also observe parent-child interactions and observe the speech patterns of the child's parents. The overall goal of assessment for the SLP will be (1) to determine whether
7000-426: The influence of the works of Wendell Johnson , who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. Later studies found that this claim was not supported by the facts, so the influence of cultural factors in stuttering research declined. It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering
7100-449: The initiative matured, the Employers Stammering Network was in contact as of 2018 with supporters in some 150 organisations and over 50 change-makers in a range of work settings. The " Find The Right Words " campaign was created by VMLY&R for Stamma, and launched in October 2020. It highlights the problems caused by negative language used in relation to stammering and asks people to change perceptions of those who stammer. Articles on
7200-420: The listener. Much of the experience of stuttering is internal and encompasses experiences beyond the external speech disfluencies, which are not observable by the listener. The moment of stuttering often begins before the disfluency is produced, described as a moment of "anticipation" - where the person who stutters knows which word they are going to stutter on. The sensation of losing control and anticipation of
7300-476: The neurotransmitter dopamine . It was once thought that forcing a left-handed student to write with their right-hand caused stuttering due to bias against left-handed people , but this myth died out. Some characteristics of stuttered speech are not as easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a licensed speech–language pathologist (SLP). Diagnosis of stuttering employs information both from direct observation of
7400-419: The original complainant for any comments, with a request to keep this confidential until publication of the final report. The draft recommendation is then submitted to the independent Advertising Standards Authority Council, which adjudicates on ASA investigations. The ASA Council then discusses the complaint and the draft recommendation, and votes on whether to uphold the complaint or not. The adjudication in full
7500-496: The original complainant may request an appeal. There are two grounds upon which an appeal can be lodged: The Independent Reviewer's decision as to whether or not to accept an appeal is final. Similarly, the ASA Council's adjudication on a reviewed case is also final. The ASA publishes weekly adjudications on its website every Wednesday. For social media influencers who routinely fail to clearly disclose when they are advertising,
7600-473: The person by the speaking situation. Demands may be increased by internal factors or inadequate language skills or external factors. In stuttering, severity often increases when demands placed on the person's speech and language system increase. However, the precise nature of the capacity or incapacity has not been delineated. Stress, or demands, can impact many disorders without being a cause. Another theory has been that adults who stutter have elevated levels of
7700-465: The product were not upheld. Later, in August 2008, an advertisement for the iPhone was banned because of false claims that it could access "all of the Internet"—due to its lack of support of major plug-ins such as Flash . On 21 January 2009, the ASA ruled that an advert campaign, stating "There is probably no God", did not breach the code. Religious groups including Christian Voice had complained that
7800-526: The public complained about how the map on the poster displayed the West Bank , Gaza Strip , and the Golan Heights as part of Israel . The Israeli tourism ministry responded to the criticism, saying the map was a "general, schematic tourism and travel information map" and was not meant to be a political statement. L'Oréal 's claims in a mascara advertisement featuring actress Penélope Cruz "exaggerated
7900-401: The public eye and excluded from public office. In and around eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, surgical interventions for stuttering were recommended, including cutting the tongue with scissors, removing a triangular wedge from the posterior tongue, and cutting nerves, or neck and lip muscles. Others recommended shortening the uvula or removing the tonsils . All were abandoned due to
8000-478: The public to understand the impact it has on people for the whole of their lives". In May 2012, the association criticised a headline and story on the front page of The Sun mocking newly appointed England football manager Roy Hodgson 's rhotacism . Commenting on the media coverage of Ed Balls' stumbling over his response in the House of Commons on 5 December 2012 to the Autumn Statement by Chancellor of
8100-589: The results that the products can actually achieve. ASA confirmed that both ads were misleading, without the aid of before and after shots. It ruled that the two ads breached advertising standards code for exaggeration and for being misleading, and banned them from future publication. In March 2011, 3GA's advertisements for a digital jukebox known as the Brennan JB7, which can import content from CDs and cassette tapes , were found to be in violation of ASA guidelines for glorifying illegal acts, because it implied that it
8200-405: The right hemisphere, than of the left hemisphere, which is associated with speech. In addition, reduced activation in the left auditory cortex has been observed. The 'capacities and demands model' has been proposed to account for the heterogeneity of the disorder. Speech performance varies depending on the 'capacity' that the individual has for producing fluent speech, and the 'demands' placed upon
8300-426: The satisfactory working of the ASA and the maintaining of acceptable standards. Typically, advertisements that fall in paid-for spaces in newspapers (both national and regional) and magazines published in the UK fall within the ASA's remit. This category covers reciprocal arrangements not involving actual payments of money. Advertorials are also within the bodies remit as long as a reciprocal arrangement of some kind
8400-485: The sex ratio appears to widen as children grow: among preschoolers, boys who stutter outnumber girls who stutter by about a two to one ratio, or less. This ratio widens to three to one during first grade, and five to one during fifth grade, as girls have higher recovery rates. the overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%. Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under
8500-471: The speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES)), behaviors (older adult self-report (OASR)), and mental health (composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)). Clinical psychologists with adequate expertise can also diagnose stuttering per the DSM-5 diagnostic codes. The DSM-5 describes "Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)" for developmental stuttering, and "Adult-onset Fluency Disorder". However,
8600-560: The specific rationale for this change from the DSM-IV is ill-documented in the APA's published literature, and is felt by some to promote confusion between the very different terms fluency and disfluency . Preschool aged children often have difficulties with speech concerning motor planning and execution; this often manifests as disfluencies related to speech development (referred to as normal dysfluency or "other disfluencies"). This type of disfluency
8700-802: The speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load . Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is variable , which means that in certain situations the stuttering might be more or less noticeable, such as speaking on the phone or in large groups. People who stutter often find that their stuttering fluctuates, sometimes at random. Common stuttering behaviors are observable signs of speech disfluencies, for example: repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds. People who stutter may have reactions, avoidance behaviors, or secondary behaviors related to their stuttering that may look like struggle and tension in
8800-453: The stuttering is of sudden onset and associated with a significant event, it is constant and uninfluenced by different speaking situations, and there is little awareness or concern shown by the speaker. Other disorders with symptoms resembling stuttering, or associated disorders include autism , cluttering , Parkinson's disease , essential tremor , palilalia , spasmodic dysphonia , selective mutism , and apraxia of speech . While there
8900-454: The throat and his face turned purple" and that "born with a stutter and a lisp , both caused in large measure by a defect in his palate, Churchill was at first seriously hampered in his public speaking. It is characteristic of the man's perseverance that, despite his staggering handicap, he made himself one of the greatest orators of our time." Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom) The Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA )
9000-539: The treatment provider has not co-operated, the association has reported their advertisements to the UK Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), who have investigated the claims and, if they prove to be unsupportable, have instructed them to remove the offending advertisement and amend any future claims. As from 1 March 2011, the ASA, and thus the association, have also been able to act against misleading claims made in editorial copy on websites. Following
9100-449: The unusual-sounding speech that is produced and the behaviors and attitudes that accompany a stutter, it has long been a subject of scientific interest and speculation as well as discrimination and ridicule. People who stutter can be traced back centuries to Demosthenes , who tried to control his disfluency by speaking with pebbles in his mouth. The Talmud interprets Bible passages to indicate that Moses also stuttered, and that placing
9200-408: The videos did not violate its terms of use. Geddes has now posted his own video on YouTube, arguing for greater understanding for those who stammer. Speaking in support of the association's stance, Labour MP Kate Hoey said: "For many people, particularly youngsters, stammering is not a joke – we need to ensure that help and support is given as early as possible and, most of all, we need to educate
9300-494: The word "stammering" was typed into certain Apple devices, the "woozy face" emoji was suggested, causing offence to many in the stammering community. The woozy face emoji, with a wavy mouth and a closed eye, was added to Apple's roster in 2018 and is supposed to depict being drunk, dazed, infatuated, or tired and emotional. Stamma logged a complaint with Apple on 16 June and asked for a response, pointing out that stammering can be seen as
9400-631: The world are researched unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population. African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have the highest stuttering prevalence in the world—reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%. Many regions of the world are not researched sufficiently, and for some major regions there are no prevalence studies at all. Bilingualism
9500-640: Was Brian Dodsworth, who died in 2021. Stamma's patrons are: broadcaster and former MP Ed Balls , former Scotland international rugby captain Kelly Brown , author Jonty Claypole , Dame Margaret Drabble DBE, former MP and MSP John McAllion , David Mitchell , author of Black Swan Green , actor, rapper and podcaster Scroobius Pip , Arwel Richards , novelist, poet, playwright and presenter Owen Sheers , Jon Smith and Baroness Whitaker . Previous patrons have included Nicholas Parsons CBE and Jonathan Miller , both now deceased. The British Stammering Association
9600-436: Was acceptable to rip music, since "[it] repeatedly made reference to the benefits of the product being able to copy music but did not make clear that it was illegal to do so without the permission of the copyright owner". 3GA denied the claims, stating that the copies of music stored on the device were intended to improve accessibility, and are incidental copies without economical significance. Making private copies of audio CDs
9700-515: Was born and grew up with a stutter" in her 1941 book I was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary . She related one example, "'It's s-s-simply s-s-splendid,' he stuttered—as he always did when excited." Louis J. Alber, who helped to arrange a lecture tour of the United States, wrote in Volume 55 of The American Mercury (1942) that "Churchill struggled to express his feelings but his stutter caught him in
9800-448: Was invoked against stammering. A royal Briton who stammered was King George VI . He went through years of speech therapy, most successfully under Australian speech therapist Lionel Logue , for his stammer. The Academy Award-winning film The King's Speech (2010) in which Colin Firth plays George VI, tells his story. The film is based on an original screenplay by David Seidler , who also stuttered until age 16. Another British case
9900-447: Was that of Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Churchill claimed, perhaps not directly discussing himself, that "[s]ometimes a slight and not unpleasing stammer or impediment has been of some assistance in securing the attention of the audience ..." However, those who knew Churchill and commented on his stutter believed that it was or had been a significant problem for him. His secretary Phyllis Moir commented that "Winston Churchill
10000-495: Was to have no vested interest within the industry. Not long after the inception of the ASA the Molony Committee considered but rejected proposals to introduce a system to regulate the advertising industry by statute. The Committee reported that it was satisfied that the industry could be regulated effectively from within by the ASA. A guarded comment within the report, however, warned that the self-regulatory system depended upon
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