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65-609: The Holstein Friesian is an international breed or group of breeds of dairy cattle . It originated in Frisia , stretching from the Dutch province of North Holland to the German state of Schleswig-Holstein . It is the dominant breed in industrial dairy farming worldwide, and is found in more than 160 countries. It is known by many names, among them Holstein , Friesian and Black and White . With

130-418: A bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them. (Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 60:20) It is uncertain how they were able to accomplish this feat. The late fourth century writer on Roman military affairs Vegetius mentions soldiers using reed rafts, drawn by leather leads, to transport equipment across rivers. But the sources suggest

195-761: A heifer or bull calf from a cow or heifer in Class B of the Supplementary Register and by a bull registered or dual registered in the Herd Book or the Supplementary Register, and containing 87.5% or more Holstein genes or Frisian genes will be eligible to have its entry registered in the Herd Book. The breed currently averages 7,655 litres/year throughout 3.2 lactations with pedigree animals averaging 8,125 litres/year over an average of 3.43 lactations. By adding, lifetime production therefore stands at around 26,000 litres. Black and white cattle from Europe were introduced into

260-501: A herd book of a dairy breed society recognized by the Society. Class B is for a calf by a bull registered or dual registered in the Herd Book or in the Supplementary Register and out of a foundation cow or heifer registered in Class A or B of the Supplementary Register and containing between 75% and 87.4% Holstein genes or Frisian genes. For inclusion in the Pure (Holstein or Friesian) herd book,

325-550: A huge increase in Holstein bloodlines in the UK, proponents of the traditional British Friesian did not see things that way, and maintain these criteria do not reflect the true profitability or the production of the Friesian cow. Friesian breeders say modern conditions in the UK, similar to the 1950s through to the 1980s, with low milk price and the need for extensive, low-cost systems for many farmers, may ultimately cause producers to re-examine

390-628: A locality of the former), Prussia , where this breed was highly regarded. These two importations, by Hon. William A. Russell, of Lawrence, Mass., and three animals from East Friesland , imported by Gen. William S. Tilton of the National Military Asylum, Togus, Maine, formed the nucleus of the Holstein Herd Book. The Trina Holstein breed was established by the Merrill farming family in Maine in

455-504: A tendency to higher protein percentage, and, therefore, higher milk price. An 800-kg Holstein has a higher daily maintenance energy requirement than the 650-kg Friesian. Friesians have also been disadvantaged through the comparison of their type to a Holstein base. A separate "index" be composed to greater has been suggested to reflect the aspects of maintenance for bodyweight, protein percentage, longevity, and calf value. National Milk Records figures suggest highest yields are achieved between

520-698: Is Bur-Wall Buckeye Gigi EX-94 3E, which produced 74,650 pounds (33,860 kg) of milk in 365 days, completing her record in 2016. The considerable advantage, compared to the UK, for example, can be explained by several factors: The golden age of Friesian breeding occurred during the last 50 years, greatly helped lately by embryo transfer techniques, which permitted a huge multiplication of bulls entering progeny testing of elite, bull-mother cows. Friesian bull, Osborndale Ivanhoe , b. 1952, brought stature, angularity, good udder conformation, and feet and leg conformation, but his daughters lacked strength and depth. His descendants included: Brachyspina syndrome (BS)

585-660: Is a rare monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary disorder identified in this breed. Starbuck (2)II , clone of the famous CIAQR sire Hanoverhill Starbuck , was born on 7 September 2000 in Saint-Hyacinthe . The clone is a result of the combined efforts of CIAQ, L'Alliance Boviteq Inc, and the Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l' Université de Montréal . The cloned calf was born 21 years and 5 months after Starbuck's own birth date and just under 2 years after his death (17 September 1998). The calf weighed 54.2 kg at birth and showed

650-583: Is also a known colour. This colour is produced by white hairs mixed with the black hairs giving the cow a bluish tint. This colouring is also known as 'blue roan' in some farm circles. They are famed for their high dairy production, averaging 22,530 pounds (10,220 kg) of milk per year. Of this milk, 858 pounds (3.7%) are butterfat and 719 pounds (3.1%) are protein. A healthy calf weighs 40 to 50 kg (88 to 110 lb) or more at birth. A mature Holstein cow typically weighs 680–770 kg (1,500–1,700 lb), and stands 145–165 cm (57–65 in) tall at

715-504: Is contradicted by the archeological evidence, which shows continuous habitation from at least the third century BC onward. The strategic position, to wit the high bank of the Waal offering an unimpeded view far into Germania Transrhenana (Germania Beyond the Rhine), was recognized first by Drusus , who built a massive fortress ( castra ) and a headquarters ( praetorium ) in imperial style. The latter

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780-422: Is for a typical representative of the Holstein or Friesian breed, as to type, size and constitution, with no obvious signs of crossbreeding, or be proved from its breeding records to contain between 50% and 74.9% Holstein genes or Friesian genes. If the breeding records show that one parent is of a breed other than Holstein-Friesian, Holstein, or Friesian, then such parent must be a purebred animal fully registered in

845-456: Is unknown, but Caesar does describe forced movements of tribes from the east in his time, such as the Usipetes and Tencteri . Tacitus also reports that before their arrival the area had been "an uninhabited district on the extremity of the coast of Gaul, and also of a neighbouring island, surrounded by the ocean in front, and by the river Rhine in the rear and on either side". This view, however,

910-548: The British Friesian Cattle Society . The Livestock Journal of 1900 referred to both the "exceptionally good" and "remarkably inferior" Dutch cattle. The Dutch cow was also considered to require more quality fodder and need more looking after than some English cattle that could easily be out-wintered. In an era of agricultural depression, breed societies notably had flourished, as a valuable export trade developed for traditional British breeds of cattle. At

975-568: The Dwarf Lulu cattle of the mountains of Nepal with yak blood, the Beefalo of North America with bison genes, the Selembu breed of India and Bhutan with gayal genes. The Madura breed of Indonesia may have banteng in its parentage. In addition to these fertile hybrids, there are sterile hybrids such as the male Dzo of Nepal, a cattle-yak hybrid which is bred for agricultural work - like

1040-718: The High German consonant shift (b > p, t > ss). In the 16th-century emergence of a popular foundation story and origin myth for the Dutch people , the Batavians came to be regarded as their ancestors during their national struggle for independence during the Eighty Years' War . The mix of fancy and fact in the Cronyke van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vriesland (called the Divisiekroniek ) by

1105-572: The Holland Land Company , which then owned large tracts in New York, to their agent, Mr. John Lincklaen of Cazenovia . A settler described them thus, "the cows were of the size of oxen, their colors clear black and white in large patches; very handsome". In 1810, a bull and two cows were imported by the Hon. William Jarvis for his farm at Wethersfield, Vermont . About the year 1825, another importation

1170-860: The Rhine river . The island's easternmost point is at a split in the Rhine, one arm being the Waal the other the Lower Rhine / Old Rhine (hence the Latin name Insula Batavorum , "Island of the Batavi"). Much later Tacitus wrote that they had originally been a tribe of the Chatti , a tribe in Germany also never mentioned by Caesar (unless they were his " Suebi "), who were forced by internal dissension to move to their new home. The time when this happened

1235-519: The Roman army ; these fought successfully in the various Roman wars. The Frisii bred the same strain of cattle unadulterated for 2,000 years, except from accidental circumstances. In 1282 AD, floods produced the Zuiderzee , a formed body of water that had the effect of separating the cattle breeders of the modern day Frisians into two groups. The western group occupied West Friesland , now part of North Holland;

1300-413: The mule and the hinny , they have to be continually bred from both of the parent species. Batavii The Batavi themselves are not mentioned by Julius Caesar in his commentary Commentarii de Bello Gallico , although he is often thought to have founded his dynasty's Germanic bodyguard , which was at least in later generations dominated by Batavi. But he did mention the "Batavian island" in

1365-608: The Augustinian friar and humanist Cornelius Gerardi Aurelius, first published in 1517, brought the spare remarks in Tacitus' newly rediscovered Germania to a popular public; it was being reprinted as late as 1802. Contemporary Dutch virtues of independence, fortitude and industry were fully recognizable among the Batavians in more scholarly history represented in Hugo Grotius ' Liber de Antiquitate Republicae Batavicorum (1610). The origin

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1430-609: The Batavi as the bravest of the tribes of the area, hardened in the Germanic wars, with cohorts under their own commanders transferred to Britannia . They retained the honour of the ancient association with the Romans, not required to pay tribute or taxes and used by the Romans only for war: "They furnished to the Empire nothing but men and arms", Tacitus remarked. Well regarded for their skills in horsemanship and swimming—for men and horses could cross

1495-448: The Batavi were able to swim across rivers actually wearing full armour and weapons. This would only have been possible by the use of some kind of buoyancy device: Ammianus Marcellinus mentions that the Cornuti regiment swam across a river floating on their shields "as on a canoe" (357). Since the shields were wooden, they may have provided sufficient buoyancy The Batavi were used to form

1560-516: The Dutch or Holstein breed". Holstein-Friesians were found throughout the rich lowlands of the Netherlands, northwestern provinces of Germany, Belgium and northern France. The breed did not become established in Great Britain at the time, nor was it used in the islands of Jersey or of Guernsey , which bred their own special cattle named after the islands . Their laws prohibited using imports from

1625-411: The Empire when the conflict escalated to northern Gaul and Germania. The Roman army retaliated and invaded the insula Batavorum . A bridge was built over the river Nabalia , where the warring parties approached each other on both sides to negotiate peace. The narrative was told in great detail in Tacitus' History, book iv, although, unfortunately, the narrative breaks off abruptly at the climax. Following

1690-601: The Rhine without losing formation, according to Tacitus. Dio Cassius describes this surprise tactic employed by Aulus Plautius against the "barbarians"—the British Celts— at the battle of the River Medway , 43: The barbarians thought that Romans would not be able to cross it without a bridge, and consequently bivouacked in rather careless fashion on the opposite bank; but he sent across a detachment of Germanic tribesmen, who were accustomed to swim easily in full armour across

1755-667: The Salii shortly before or after and, after having been expelled by another tribe (it has been proposed this was the Chamavi ), shared their subsequent migration to Toxandria . In the Late Roman army there was a unit called Batavi . The name of the Bavarian town of Passau descends from the Roman Batavis , which was named after the Batavi. The town's name is old as it shows the typical effects of

1820-631: The US from 1621 to 1664. The eastern part of New Netherland (modern day New York and Connecticut), where many Dutch farmers settled along the Hudson and Mohawk River valleys. They probably brought cattle with them from their native land and crossed them with cattle purchased in the colony. For many years afterwards, the cattle here were called Dutch cattle and were renowned for their milking qualities. The first recorded imports were more than 100 years later, consisting of six cows and two bulls. These were sent in 1795 by

1885-618: The attributes of the British Friesian. This animal came to dominate the UK dairy cow population during these years, with exports of stock and semen to many countries throughout the world. Although the idea of "dual-purpose" animals has arguably become outmoded, the fact remains that the Friesian is eminently suitable for many farms, particularly where grazing is a main feature of the system. Proponents argue that Friesians last for more lactations through more robust conformation, thus spreading depreciation costs. An added advantage of income from

1950-513: The bulk of the Emperor's personal Germanic bodyguard from Augustus to Galba . They also provided a contingent for their indirect successors, the Emperor's horse guards, the Equites singulares Augusti . A Batavian contingent was used in an amphibious assault on Ynys Mon (Anglesey) , taking the assembled Druids by surprise, as they were only expecting Roman ships. Numerous altars and tombstones of

2015-401: The city is called Jakarta , its inhabitants up to the present still call themselves Betawi or Orang Betawi , i.e. "People of Batavia" – a name ultimately derived from the ancient Batavians. The success of this tale of origins was mostly due to resemblance in anthropology, which was based on tribal knowledge . Being politically and geographically inclusive, this historical vision filled

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2080-418: The cohorts of Batavi, dating to the second century and third century, have been found along Hadrian's Wall , notably at Castlecary and Carrawburgh . As well as in Germany, Yugoslavia , Hungary, Romania and Austria. Despite the alliance, one of the high-ranking Batavi, Julius Paullus, to give him his Roman name, was executed by Fonteius Capito on a false charge of rebellion. His kinsman Gaius Julius Civilis

2145-540: The continent for breeding purposes. After World War II , breeders on the islands needed to restore their breeds, which had been severely reduced during the war, and imported almost 200 animals. Canadian breeders sent a gift of three yearling bulls to help establish the breed. The pure Holstein Breed Society was started in 1946 in Great Britain, following the British Friesian Cattle Society. The breed

2210-608: The country bordering on the North Sea, called Frisia , was situated within the provinces of North Holland , Friesland , and Groningen , and in Germany to the River Ems. The people were known for their care and breeding of cattle. The Frisii, preferring pastoral pursuits to warfare, paid a tax of ox hides and ox horns to the Roman government, whereas the Batavii furnished soldiers and officers to

2275-513: The distinct traces of their Dutch origin. Further north in the Tees area, farmers imported continental cattle from the Netherlands and German territories on the Elbe. Low wrote, "Of the precise extent of these early importations we are imperfectly informed, but that they exercised a great influence on the native stock appears from this circumstance, that the breed formed by the mixture became familiarly known as

2340-556: The early 20th century, begun by "Trina Redstone Marvel" (or "Old Trina") and continued at Wilsondale Farm in Gray, Maine . Trina has traced back sixteen generations to one of the first cows imported into the United States. There are thirty generations of Trina Holstein offspring today. After about 8,800 Holsteins had been imported, a cattle disease broke out in Europe and importation ceased. In

2405-649: The east coast ports of England and Scotland, from the lush pastures of North Holland, during the 19th century until live cattle importations were stopped in 1892, as a precaution against endemic foot and mouth disease on the Continent. They were so few in number, they were not included in the 1908 census. In 1909, though, the society was formed as the British Holstein Cattle Society, soon to be changed to British Holstein Friesian Society and, by 1918, to

2470-404: The eastern occupied the present provinces of Friesland and Groningen, also in the Netherlands. The rich polder land in the Netherlands is unsurpassed for the production of grass, cattle, and dairy products. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the production of butter and cheese was enormous. Historic records describe heavy beef cattle, weighing from 2,600 to 3,000 pounds each. The breeders had

2535-740: The end of 1912, the herd book noted 1,000 males and 6,000 females, the stock which originally formed the foundation of the breed in England and Scotland. Entry from then until 1921, when grading up was introduced, was by pedigree only. List of cattle breeds Over 1000 breeds of cattle are recognized worldwide, some of which adapted to the local climate , others which were bred by humans for specialized uses. Cattle breeds fall into two main types, which are regarded as either two closely related species , or two subspecies of one species. Bos indicus (or Bos taurus indicus ) cattle, commonly called zebu, are adapted to hot climates and originated in

2600-421: The fifth and seventh lactations; if so, this is particularly so for Friesians, with a greater lift for mature cows, and sustained over more lactations. However, production index only takes the first five lactations into account. British Friesian breeding has certainly not stood still, and through studied evaluation, substantial gains in yield have been achieved without the loss of type. Friesians were imported into

2665-600: The goal of producing as much milk and beef as possible from the same animal. The selection , breeding and feeding have been carried out with huge success. Inbreeding was not tolerated, and (distinct) families never arose, although differences in soil in different localities produced different sizes and variations. A Corporate Watch report on Dystopian Farming cited a 2004 study from the Journal of Dairy Science identified that between 96 and 98% of UK Holsteins were inbred to some degree, compared with around 50% in 1990. More generally

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2730-465: The government in Massachusetts because of a contagious disease. He made a third importation in 1861. This was followed in 1867 by an importation for the Hon. Gerrit S. Miller, of Peterboro, New York, made by his brother, Dudley Miller, who had been attending the noted agricultural school at Eldena (Königlich Preußische Staats- und landwirthschaftliche Akademie zu Greifswald und Eldena; the latter today

2795-518: The growth of the New World , a demand for milk developed in North America and South America, and dairy breeders in those regions at first imported their livestock from the Netherlands. However, after about 8,800 Friesians ( black pied German cows ) had been imported, Europe stopped exporting dairy animals due to disease problems. Today, the breed is used for milk in the north of Europe, and for meat in

2860-580: The large, Birmingham-based stone product business, BS Eaton) with a calf that was cloned from a cow in Canada. Despite their efforts to block the farm from view of the press, news cameras broadcast this as breaking news among many of the country's top news stations. Since then, this calf had been rumored to have been put down to protect the owners, the Eatons, from invasions of the press. While interest in increasing production through indexing and lifetime profit scores had

2925-570: The late 19th century, there was enough interest among Friesian breeders to form associations to record pedigrees and maintain herd books. These associations merged in 1885, to found the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. In 1994, the name was changed to Holstein Association USA . The 2008 average actual production for all USA Holstein herds that were enrolled in production-testing programs and eligible for genetic evaluations

2990-517: The line between Bordeaux and Venice , and more than 60% of the cattle in Europe are found there as well. Today's European breeds, national derivatives of the Dutch Friesian, have become very different animals from those developed by breeders in the United States, who use Holsteins only for dairy production. As a result, breeders have imported specialized dairy Holsteins from the United States to cross-breed them with European black-and-whites. Today,

3055-417: The male calf exists, which can be placed into barley beef systems (finishing from 11 months) or steers taken on to finish at two years, on a cheap system of grass and silage . Very respectable grades can be obtained, commensurate with beef breeds, thereby providing extra income for the farm. Such extensive, low-cost systems may imply lower veterinary costs, through good fertility, resistance to lameness, and

3120-515: The most turbulent streams. [...] Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by

3185-426: The needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the 1890–1914 era. However, a disadvantage of this historical nationalism soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society polarized into three parts. After 1945, the tribal knowledge lost its grip on anthropology and mostly vanished. Modern variants of

3250-574: The rate of inbreeding in the UK has risen significantly since 1990. Up to the 18th century, the British Isles imported Dutch cattle, using them as the basis of several breeds in England and Scotland. The eminent David Low recorded, "the Dutch breed was especially established in the district of Holderness , on the north side of the Humber ; northward through the plains of Yorkshire . The finest dairy cattle in England...", of Holderness in 1840 still retained

3315-539: The same vital signs as calves produced from regular AI or ET. Starbuck II is derived from frozen fibroblast cells, recovered one month before the death of Starbuck . The Semex Alliance also cloned other bulls, such as Hartline Titanic , Canyon-Breeze Allen , Ladino-Park Talent , and Braedale Goldwyn . A huge controversy in the UK in January 2007 linked the cloning company Smiddiehill and Humphreston Farm owned by father-and-son team Michael and Oliver Eaton (also owners of

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3380-553: The shores of the North Sea near the Frisii tribe, occupying the island of Batavia , between the Rhine , Maas , and Waal . Historical records suggest these cattle were black, and the Friesian cattle at this time were "pure white and light coloured". Crossbreeding may have led to the foundation of the present Holstein-Friesian breed, as the cattle of these two tribes from then are described identically in historical records. The portion of

3445-430: The shoulder. Holstein heifers should be bred by 11 to 14 months of age, when they weigh 317–340 kg (699–750 lb) or 55% of adult weight. Generally, breeders plan for Holstein heifers to calve for the first time between 21 and 24 months of age and 80% of adult body weight. The gestation period is about nine and a half months. Near 100 BC, a displaced group of people from Hesse migrated with their cattle to

3510-415: The south of Europe. After 1945, European cattle breeding and dairy products became increasingly confined to certain regions due to the development of national infrastructure. This change led to the need to designate some animals for dairy production and others for beef production; previously, milk and beef had been produced from dual-purpose animals. Today, more than 80% of dairy production takes place north of

3575-628: The term "Holstein" is used to describe North or South American stock and the use of that stock in Europe, particularly in Northern Europe. "Friesian" is used to describe animals of traditional European ancestry that are bred for both dairy and beef use. Crosses between the two are described as "Holstein-Friesian". Holsteins have distinctive markings, usually black and white or red and white in colour, typically exhibiting piebald patterns. On rare occasions, some have both black and red colouring with white. The red factor causes this unique colouring. 'Blue'

3640-480: The time of the survey, i.e. including young stock. DEFRA lists just over 2 million adult dairy cattle in the UK. Holstein in this instance, and indeed in all modern discussion, refers to animals traced from North American bloodlines, while Friesian refers to indigenous European black and white cattle. Criteria for inclusion in the Supplementary Register (i.e. not purebred) of the Holstein UK herd book are: Class A

3705-538: The tropical parts of the world such as India, Sub-saharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Bos taurus (or Bos taurus taurus ), typically referred to as "taurine" cattle, are generally adapted to cooler climates and include almost all cattle breeds originating from Europe and northern Asia. In some parts of the world further species of cattle are found (both as wild and domesticated animals), and some of these are related so closely to taurine and indicus cattle that interspecies hybrids have been bred. Examples include

3770-612: The uprising, Legio X Gemina was housed in a stone castra to keep an eye on the Batavians. The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II (317–361), when their island was already dominated by the Salii , a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons. Constantius Gallus added inhabitants of Batavia to his legions, "of whose discipline we still make use." It has been assumed they merged with

3835-470: Was 23,022 pounds (10,443 kg) of milk, 840 pounds (380 kg) of butterfat, and 709 pounds (322 kg) of protein per year. Total lifetime productivity can be inferred from the average lifetime of US cows. This has been decreasing regularly in recent years and now stands at around 2.75 lactations, which when multiplied by average lactation yield above gives around 61,729 pounds (28,000 kg) of milk. The current national Holstein milk production leader

3900-738: Was a fortified warehouse, where a tribe's treasures were stored and guarded. This centre was razed during the Batavian Revolt. The Smetius Collection was instrumental in settling the debate about the exact location of the Batavians. The first Batavi commander we know of is named Chariovalda , who led a charge across the Vīsurgis ( Weser ) river against the Cherusci led by Arminius during the campaigns of Germanicus in Germania Transrhenana . Tacitus ( De origine et situ Germanorum XXIX) described

3965-449: Was developed slowly up to the 1970s, after which there was an explosion in its popularity, and additional animals were imported. More recently, the two societies merged in 1999 to establish Holstein UK. Records on 1 April 2005 from Nomenclature for Units of Territorial Statistics level 1 show Holstein influence appearing in 61% of all 3.47 million dairy cattle in the UK: The above statistics are for all dairy animals possessing passports at

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4030-436: Was in use until the Batavian revolt. Archeological evidence suggests they lived in small villages, composed of six to 12 houses in the very fertile lands between the rivers, and lived by agriculture and cattle-raising. Finds of horse skeletons in graves suggest a strong equestrian preoccupation. On the south bank of the Waal (in what is now Nijmegen) a Roman administrative center was built, called Oppidum Batavorum . An Oppidum

4095-514: Was made by Herman Le Roy, a part of which was sent into the Genesee River valley. The rest were kept near New York City. Still later, an importation was made into Delaware . No records were kept of the descendants of these cattle. Their blood was mingled and lost in that of the native cattle. The first permanent introduction of this breed was due to the perseverance of Hon. Winthrop W. Chenery, of Belmont, Massachusetts . The animals of his first two importations, and their offspring, were destroyed by

4160-403: Was paraded in chains in Rome before Nero ; though he was acquitted by Galba , he was retained at Rome, and when he returned to his kin in the year of upheaval in the Roman Empire, 69, he headed a Batavian rebellion. He managed to capture Castra Vetera , the Romans' lost two legions, while two others (I Germanica and XVI Gallica) were controlled by the rebels. The rebellion became a real threat to

4225-440: Was perpetuated by Romeyn de Hooghe's Spiegel van Staat der Vereenigden Nederlanden ("Mirror of the State of the United Netherlands," 1706), which also ran to many editions, and it was revived in the atmosphere of Romantic nationalism in the late eighteenth-century reforms that saw a short-lived Batavian Republic and, in the colony of the Dutch East Indies , a capital that was named Batavia . Though since Indonesian independence

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