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67-445: Brighton and Hove Pride is an annual LGBT pride event held in the city of Brighton and Hove , England , organised by Brighton Pride, a community interest company (CIC) which promotes equality and diversity, and advances education to eliminate discrimination against the lesbian , gay , bisexual and trans ( LGBTQ ) community. The major event is an annual summer festival held in the first week of August, which usually consists of

134-418: A Twitter meme in 2018, eventually came to be used by some as a response to the perceived tameness of Pride Month. The rainbow flag, also known as the pride flag, is a symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) pride and social movements. The most common variant consists of six horizontal stripes of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Designed in 1978 by artist Gilbert Baker,

201-602: A cable TV channel , and the Pride Library . Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBTQ Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country's LGBTQ history , for example Moscow Pride in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality . Some pride events include Pride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and festivals. Common symbols of pride include

268-631: A constant reminder of shame; however, he also states that pride in some simpler forms is still useful to individuals struggling with shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disillusionment where an LGBT individual realizes the reality that sexual orientation does not say much about a person's personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT individuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people. The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicization, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin,

335-507: A depletion of the claims of such demonstrations and the merchandization of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, the United States or Canada, a Critical Pride celebration to give the events a political meaning again. Gay Shame , a radical movement within the LGBT community , opposes the assimilation of LGBT people into mainstream, heteronormative society,

402-480: A former member of the Catholic Church, sought to combat the negative energy emanating from the institution. Higgins paired one of the seven deadly sins, "pride," with "gay" due to the church's stance on same-sex behaviors as going against divine and natural laws. "That language was transformative," McConnell said. This approach not only opened doors but also propelled individuals forward. In 1971, McConnell introduced

469-455: A gay pride event in the capital. Homosexual acts are illegal in Uganda . In a special queer issue of The Stranger in 1999, openly gay author, pundit, and journalist Dan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull and slow as a group, as well as being

536-595: A more conservative and assimilationist approach to LGBTQ+ rights. As the movement became more radical in the late 1960s, particularly after the Stonewall Uprising, they were called Gay Liberation marches or rallies which emphasized demands for full equality and liberation. The term "Gay Pride" was claimed to be coined either by Jack Baker and Michael McConnell , an activist couple in Minnesota, or by Thom Higgins , another gay rights activist in Minnesota. Higgins,

603-643: A parade through the city centre, a festival event in Preston Park , the Gay Village party and other club parties. Since 2013, it has also included an arts and film festival and a Pride dog show. Pride attracts an estimated 500,000 people to the city over the Pride weekend across the Pride parade, Pride in the Park festival, and related events. Pride brings 2% of the city's annual visitors in one day and an estimated £30.5 million to

670-549: A sign "I am a Lesbian" walked by. – The New York Times coverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with the march, which was the first Gay Pride march in New York history, and covered the 51 blocks to Central Park . The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through

737-773: A standstill. Even though the Royal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Urbano offered to share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question. In 2015 police dispersed the Pride parade using tear gas and rubber bullets. In 2016 and 2017, the Istanbul Governor's Office did not allow the Pride Parade to take place, citing security concerns and public order. In 2016, Ugandan police broke up

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804-565: A statement. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, did not have identification, and became aggressive when he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by "over 300 people", reported Agência Estado. In a 2008 interview for the biography La Reina muy cerca (The Queen Up Close), by Spanish journalist and writer Pilar Urbano , Queen Sofía of Spain sparked controversy by voicing her disapproval of LGBT pride. This

871-701: Is Beautiful ", gay civil rights pioneer and participant in the Annual Reminders Frank Kameny originated the slogan "Gay is Good" in the early 1960s to counter social stigma and personal feelings of guilt and shame . Early on the morning of Saturday, June 28, 1969, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons rioted following a police raid on the Stonewall Inn , a gay bar at 43 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village , Manhattan , New York City. This riot and further protests and rioting over

938-595: Is considered a "silent area". There are also six floors (S1-S6), which are known collectively as "the stacks", and house the majority of the print collection. Collaborative learning spaces are ideal for preparing presentations, assignments, reciting presentations or studying independently. All areas are AODA compliant. Media Rooms and Media Tables are bookable by the Western community and are equipped with various techniques to facilitate collaboration, including multi-view display screens, adaptors, and projectors. The Music Library

1005-477: Is decorated with a stained-glass window . The window celebrates and commemorates 135 influential gay and lesbian authors. It was designed and constructed by London, Ontario artist Lynette Richards and consists of the Pride Library logo amid a list of some of history's most influential queer authors. The Pride Library logo contains a series of shelved books, coloured with the spectrum of the rainbow, supported by

1072-458: Is no straight or heterosexual civil rights movement. (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority , (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Pride Library Western Libraries has since grown to include eight locations, which are

1139-811: Is the largest academic library on the University of Western Ontario campus in London, Ontario , Canada, and one of the largest academic libraries in the country. The library is named after Colonel Douglas Black Weldon, who fought in the First World War and commanded the London Regiment of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada during the Second World War . He served on the university's Board of Governors from 1946 to 1967, and his son David Black Weldon

1206-466: The Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza . The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. Subsequently, during the same weekend, gay activist groups on

1273-472: The Workers' Party opposed the bill as enhancing "the possibility of discrimination and prejudice". The bill was nevertheless passed by the city council, but never received the signature of mayor Gilberto Kassab . A Brazilian photographer was arrested after refusing to delete photos of police attacking two young people participating in a gay pride parade on October 16, 2011, in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported

1340-406: The commodification of non-heterosexual identity and culture, and in particular the (over) commercialization of pride events. "Straight pride" and "heterosexual pride" are analogies and slogans that contrast heterosexuality with homosexuality by copying the phrase "gay pride". Originating from the culture wars in the United States, "straight pride" is a form of conservative backlash as there

1407-516: The rainbow flag and other pride flags , the lowercase Greek letter lambda (λ) , the pink triangle and the black triangle , these latter two reclaimed from use as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps . In the earlier decades of the 20th century before the term "Pride" became widely used, gatherings and protests by the LGBTQ+ community were often referred to as Homophile demonstrations reflecting

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1474-779: The Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged—that of our fundamental human rights—be moved both in time and location. We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called CHRISTOPHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration. We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout

1541-602: The CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler's allegations and pointed out that the organizers already awarded a counseling center for lesbians dealing with double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations of commercialism, Kastl further explained that the CSD organizers do not require small groups to pay a participation fee (which starts at €50 and goes up to €1500 ). He also distanced himself from all forms of racism and Islamophobia . Some social movements and associations have criticized modern iterations of pride, viewing it as

1608-539: The Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Berlin, Germany, at the award ceremony, arguing and lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and the double discrimination facing homosexual or transsexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organizers themselves promote racism. The general manager of

1675-772: The D. B. Weldon Library, the Allyn and Betty Taylor Library, the C. B. Johnston Library, the Education Library, the John & Dotsa Bitove Family Law Library, the Music Library, the Archives and Research Collections Centre, and the Map and Data Centre. Across these locations the library collection contains over 11 million print and electronic items with an additional 60,000+ items added each year. The D. B. Weldon Library (commonly shortened to "Weldon")

1742-562: The UK's diversity and our values of equality, inclusion and freedom". The US embassy in the Emirates also posted a picture of the flying American and Pride flags on its Abu Dhabi residence, stating that it supported "dignity and equality of all people". While the move was remarkable, it faced backlash online and was extensively criticized by the locals over social media. Many called it "disrespectful" and "insulting". The term Wrath Month , which started as

1809-583: The US, seen as a watershed moment for gay rights and the starting point for the Pride movement. In 2020, the 30th anniversary Pride was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic , however a programme of online streamed events took place during the weekend. On 5 May 2021, it was announced that Pride 2021 that had been anticipated to go ahead in a reduced form had been cancelled due to uncertainty over pandemic restrictions. In 2022 Pride returned to celebrate 30 years of Pride with

1876-895: The United States constituted an extremely repressive legal and social period for LGBT people . In this context American homophile organizations such as the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society coordinated some of the earliest demonstrations of the modern LGBT rights movement. These two organizations in particular carried out pickets called " Annual Reminders " to inform and remind Americans that LGBT people did not receive basic civil rights protections. Annual Reminders began in 1965 and took place each July 4 at Independence Hall in Philadelphia . The anti-LGBT discourse of these times equated both male and female homosexuality with mental illness. Inspired by Stokely Carmichael 's " Black

1943-688: The United States, the month of June is recognized as Pride Month whereas in Canada, it's a full season. For the first time in the history of an Arab monarchy, diplomatic embassies in the United Arab Emirates supported the LGBTQ community by raising the rainbow flag to celebrate Pride Month 2021. The UK embassy in the UAE posted a picture on Twitter of the Pride flag alongside the Union Jack , affirming their "pride in

2010-647: The West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles and a march and "Gay-in" in San Francisco . The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in Boston , Dallas , Milwaukee , London , Paris , West Berlin , and Stockholm . By 1972 the participating cities included Atlanta , Brighton , Buffalo , Detroit , Washington D.C. , Miami , and Philadelphia , as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized

2077-512: The anonymous benefactor responsible." The $ 11.8 million three-floor addition to the north side of the Natural Sciences Building had a total seating capacity of 1,000 in 1991. The main floor (M) contains the service desk, study rooms, as well as many large study tables, and is considered a "normal conversation area". The two lower floors, Ground (G), and Lower Ground (LG) contain upwards of one hundred study cubicles for quiet study, and

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2144-421: The area. In 2011, organisers controversially introduced an entry fee to the park festival, as the company was in financial ruin and ran up over £200,000 in debt. Since 2012, Pride has been under new management and has raised over £922,000 for local LGBT community groups over the past six years. The theme of the event in 2019 was Generations of Love , which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots in

2211-516: The birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale." In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous more loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping "Liberation" and "Freedom" from their names under pressure from more conservative members of

2278-410: The city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers. The New York Times reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks. Reporting by The Village Voice was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of

2345-582: The city's economy, credited as one of the main ways Brighton has boosted its economy from tourism. Brighton and Hove Pride began with a gay demonstration in Brighton in October 1972 by The Sussex Gay Liberation Front (SGLF) and a full pride march in July 1973. Pride returned to the city in 1991 when Brighton Area Action Against Section 28 organised the first contemporary Pride - a weekend of events which brought hundreds to

2412-668: The community, replacing them with the philosophy of "Gay Pride" (in San Francisco, the name of the gay parade and celebration was not changed from Gay Freedom Day Parade to Gay Pride Day Parade until 1994). The Greek lambda symbol and the pink triangle , which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Movement, were tidied up and incorporated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, providing some symbolic continuity with its more radical beginnings . The pink triangle

2479-456: The context of local opposition. In August 2011, São Paulo city alderman Carlos Apolinário of the right-wing Democrats Party sponsored a bill to organize and sponsor "Heterosexual Pride Day" on the third Sunday of December. Apolinário, an Evangelical Protestant , stated that the intent of the parade was a "struggle ... against excesses and privileges". Members of Gay Group of Bahia  [ ar ; ast ; es ; fr ; it ; pt ] and

2546-657: The country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support. All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except for Mattachine Society of New York, which abstained. Members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN). Meetings to organize

2613-440: The diversity of the lesbian and gay community. In 2002 Pride in Brighton & Hove agreed to explicitly include and reference the trans community making that year's Pride for the first time an LGBT event. In 2004, Brighton Pride became a charity, to develop the event, to advance public education – by raising awareness of issues affecting LGBT people, and to make grants and donations to other charitable and voluntary organisations in

2680-548: The flag's colors were originally eight and had specific meanings in relation to the LGBT+ community. The design has undergone revisions over the years, but it remains a widely recognized symbol of LGBTQ+ identity and activism. From both outside and inside the LGBT community, there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob Christie's documentary Beyond Gay: The Politics of Pride evaluates gay pride events in different countries within

2747-521: The following nights were the watershed moment in the modern LGBT rights movement and the impetus for organizing LGBT pride marches on a much larger public scale. On November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell , his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy , and Linda Rhodes proposed the first pride march to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia. That

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2814-608: The fourth-largest academic library in Canada. The university archives are also located in the library, along with other special archives, including the Canadian Tire Heritage Collection, and the J.J. Talman Regional Collection, which archives material from throughout southwestern Ontario . The ground floor contains periodicals and microfilm, and the first floor, where the entrance is located, contains circulation and research desks, as well as archives of government publications. The second through fifth floors contain

2881-405: The greatest mistakes of his life". The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals". Kay Lahusen , who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising

2948-580: The library was redesigned by architecture firm Perkins&Will and opened following a $ 15 million renovation. Weldon Library serves the faculties of Arts & Humanities, Information & Media Studies and Social Science. Highlights of the collection include materials in the Government Publications Research Collection and an extensive collection of research materials on microfilm and microfiche. The library has approximately 9 million items in print and on microfilm, making it

3015-480: The logo of the now-disbanded Homophile Association of London Ontario (HALO), which has made significant contributions to the Pride Library. The Allyn and Betty Taylor Library is the second-largest academic library on the University of Western Ontario campus. It serves the faculties of Engineering, Science, Health Sciences and the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry . The Allyn and Betty Taylor Library

3082-458: The main collection of books, as well as reading and study areas. The Pride Library is a collection of over 6,000 books, periodicals, and audio-visual resources by and about LGBT people housed within the D.B. Weldon Library. The library is the first official queer resource centre at a Canadian university. Since its founding in the Faculty of Arts in the late 1990s, The Pride Library has grown with

3149-564: The march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350 Bleecker Street . At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York City organizations like Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, Michael Brown , Marty Nixon, and Foster Gunnison Jr. of Mattachine made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from

3216-503: The march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970. With Dick Leitsch's replacement as president of Mattachine NY by Michael Kotis in April 1970, opposition to the march by Mattachine ended. There was little open animosity, and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying

3283-488: The national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization. Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie and Brenda Howard of GLF. Believing that more people would turn out for

3350-421: The newspaper Correio 24 horas. According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried to convince him to delete the photos soon after they realized they were being photographed. When he refused, they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the photographer refused again, the police charged him with contempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave

3417-462: The parade, street party and the festival in Preston Park headlined by Christina Aguilera and Paloma Faith . The weekend includes: Below is a list of artists who have headlined, or are planned to headline, on the main stage at Brighton Pride. LGBT pride Pride (also known as LGBTQ pride , LGBTQIA pride , LGBT pride , queer pride or gay and lesbian pride ) is the promotion of

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3484-619: The pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from themselves. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government. Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he

3551-516: The police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago". There was also an assembly on Christopher Street. On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to

3618-400: The rights, self-affirmation , dignity, equality , and increased visibility of lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and queer ( LGBTQ ) people as a social group . Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma , is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBTQ rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBTQ-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals,

3685-530: The so-called "Kreuzberger CSD" or "Transgenialer" ("Transgenial"/Trans Ingenious") CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade, there is a festival with a stage for political speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss lesbian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or "Fortress Europe". In June 2010, American philosopher and theorist Judith Butler refused

3752-440: The streets. After a shaky start with a large event in 1992, followed by bankruptcy of the organising committee and a much more low-key series of events in 1993, the festival began to increase significantly in size in future years, eventually attracting the support of sponsors, pubs, clubs and drag artists. Since 1996, the park festival has been based at Preston Park. Pride events have traditionally been an environment for celebrating

3819-423: The support of donors, volunteers, faculty, and administrators. Subjects include the gay liberation movement, gay and lesbian literary history, coming out , women's health and safety, homophobia , bisexuality, trans life, pornography , censorship, and same-sex marriage . Also included in the collection are early sexology works, homophobic classics, and queer pulps from the 1950s and 1960s. The Pride Library

3886-531: The term "gay pride" in Chicago, setting off a powerful movement. Brenda Howard along with the bisexual activist Robert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and gay activist L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the word "Pride" to describe these festivities. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs was one of the first openly gay activists and is considered a predecessor of the LGBT pride movement. The 1950s and 1960s in

3953-450: The world. At many colleges, which are not in session in June, LGBT pride is instead celebrated during April, which is dubbed "Gaypril". Pride month is not recognized internationally as pride celebrations take place in many other places at different times, including in the months of February, August, and September. In Canada, Pride Season refers to the wide array of Pride events held from June to September.[1] In other countries like

4020-427: The world. I call upon all Americans to observe this month by fighting prejudice and discrimination in their own lives and everywhere it exists. – Proclamation 8529 by U.S President Barack Obama, May 28, 2010 Three presidents of the United States have officially declared a pride month. First, President Bill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride Month" in 1999 and 2000. Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he

4087-785: Was Chancellor of the university from 1984 to 1988. The library of the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London is also named after him. The building itself is "modernist" and "angular", an example of the "new, sharply-planed brutalism " typical of buildings constructed on campus during the 1960s. Construction broke ground in 1968 and opened on June 1, 1972. It was a joint design by architects Ronald E. Murphy and John Andrews . Murphy designed other buildings on Western's campus including Middlesex College , Alumni Hall and Spencer Engineering Building . It underwent renovations in 1997-1998, 2006–2007, and 2008–2011. In January 2023,

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4154-504: Was also the inspiration for the homomonument in Amsterdam , commemorating all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality. Pride Month occurs in the United States to commemorate the Stonewall riots , which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact LGBTQ people have had in

4221-470: Was founded by Professor James Miller in his office in 1997. In the summer of 2005, it was relocated on the main floor of the Weldon Library and officially reopened on February 14, 2006. A donation of $ 50,000 from the university administration in the spring of 2006 covered the renovation of the new space and the conversion of the catalogued books into a circulating collection. The front of the Pride Library

4288-527: Was in addition to overstepping her official duties as a member of the Royal Family by censoring the Spanish Law on Marriage in how it names same-sex unions as "matrimonio" (marriage). Without using the slogan "Straight Pride", Queen Sofía was directly quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride parades, that the former collective would bring Madrid to

4355-640: Was in office, President Barack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month. Later, President Joe Biden declared June LGBTQ+ Pride Month in 2021. Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month in 2019, but he did so through tweeting rather than an official proclamation; the tweet was later released as an official "Statement from the President." Beginning in 2012, Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June. In 2017, Google also included rainbow-coloured streets on Google Maps to display Gay Pride marches occurring across

4422-460: Was officially opened on November 22, 1991, with the design and construction of the new library funded through the Renaissance Campaign (1989 –1994). At the time of the Library's opening, Allyn Taylor (Western's Chancellor from 1976 to 1980) was quoted as saying: "My long association with Western is very close to my heart. Betty and I are proud and thankful indeed to have our names linked with this fine, new library, and can only say how grateful we are to

4489-463: Was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred." Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of

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