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135-507: SEA LIFE Brighton , known originally as Brighton Aquarium and then from 1969 until 1991 as Brighton Aquarium and Dolphinarium , is an aquarium attraction in Brighton , part of the English seaside city of Brighton and Hove . Opened as Brighton Aquarium in 1872, it is the oldest continuously operating aquarium in the world, and the main tank was the largest in the world at the time. The attraction

270-468: A saltwater aquarium , though he did not use the term. In 1846, Anne Thynne maintained stony corals and seaweed for almost three years, and was credited as the creator of the first balanced marine aquarium in London. English chemist Robert Warington experimented with a 13-gallon container, which contained goldfish, eelgrass , and snails , creating one of the first stable aquaria. The aquarium principle

405-571: A "vast underground extravaganza". As originally designed, the conservatory was 160 feet (49 m) long and had a glazed roof. All the rocks were made of Pulhamite , an artificial stone made by James Pulham and Son ; this could be sculpted into natural-looking features. Water features in this section included a waterfall and a stream used to demonstrate the breeding of fish. Bus stops named "Brighton Sea Life Centre", situated on Marine Parade, are served by regular buses on various eastbound and westbound routes. Aquarium The aquarium principle

540-414: A 400-litre (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) tank with many other fish in it represents only a minor change. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks, as they require less attention. Several nutrient cycles are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface water-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide escapes the system into the air. The phosphate cycle

675-1156: A challenge to recreate such environments, and most "true" biotopes will only have a few (if not only one) species of fish and invertebrates. Finally, an emerging concept for the home is that of a wall mounted aquarium, some of which are displayed at the Living Art Marine Center . An aquarium can range from a small glass bowl containing less than 1 litre (2.1 US pt) of water to immense public aquaria that house entire ecosystems such as kelp forests . Relatively large home aquaria resist rapid fluctuations of temperature and pH , allowing for greater system stability. Beginner aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to begin with, as controlling water parameters in smaller tanks can prove difficult. Small, unfiltered bowl-shaped aquaria are now widely regarded as unsuitable for most fish. In order to keep water conditions at suitable levels, aquariums should contain at least two forms of filtration : biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered under some circumstances for optimum water quality. Chemical filtration

810-420: A circular, submerged lid. Pseudokreisels are "U" or semicircle shaped, usually without a lid. Stretch kreisels are a "double gyre" kreisel design, where the tank length is at least twice the height. Using two downwelling inlets on both sides of the tank lets gravity create two gyres in the tank. A single downwelling inlet may be used in the middle as well. The top of a stretch kreisel may be open or closed with

945-425: A cooler environment. Temperature consistency is more important than range. Most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause shock and lead to disease. Water temperature can be regulated with a thermostat and heater (or cooler). Water movement can also be important in simulating a natural ecosystem. Aquarists may prefer anything from still water up to swift currents , depending on

1080-444: A dazzling aquarium is one of the last surefire ways to impress their peers." A kreisel tank ( kreisel being German for " spinning top " or " gyroscope ") is an aquarium shaped like a horizontal cylinder that is designed to hold delicate animals such as jellyfish and newborn seahorses. These aquariums provide slow, circular water flow with a bare minimum of interior hardware to prevent the inhabitants from becoming injured by pumps or

1215-446: A large octopus and a pair of sealions. A dead whale which washed up on Brighton beach was taken into the aquarium and installed as a temporary exhibit on one occasion. Other activities continued to develop as the aquarium "proved to be an instant success with the town's fashionable society": daily organ recitals were supplemented from 1889 by regular plays following the granting of a theatre licence. Czech musician and composer Wilhelm Kuhe

1350-399: A lid. There may also be screens about midway down the sides of the tank, or at the top on the sides. It is possible to combine these designs; a circular shaped tank is used without a lid or cover, and the surface of the water acts as the continuation of circular flow. Another popular setup is the biotope aquarium. A biotope aquarium is a recreation of a specific natural environment. Some of

1485-507: A meeting was held annually at a place chosen at a previous meeting. In 1832, for example, the meeting was held in Oxford, chaired by Reverend Dr William Buckland . By this stage the Association had four sections: Physics (including Mathematics and Mechanical Arts), Chemistry (including Mineralogy and Chemical Arts), Geology (including Geography) and Natural History. During this second meeting,

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1620-546: A member of the Rational Dress Society , Charlotte Carmichael Stopes , stunned the proceedings of a meeting of the Association in Newcastle upon Tyne by organizing an impromptu session where she introduced rational dress to a wide audience, her speech being noted in newspapers across Britain. In 1903, microscopist and astronomer Washington Teasdale died whilst attending the annual meeting. The Association's main aim

1755-514: A natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) to reduce the level of treatment. Some hobbyists use an algae scrubber to filter the water naturally. Water temperature determines the two most basic aquarium classifications: tropical versus cold water . Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited temperature range; tropical aquaria, with an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F), are much more common. Temperate or coldwater aquaria are for fish that are better suited to

1890-404: A new retaining wall had to be built as well. Birch's original design included a series of turret-like structures rising from the roof, to be used as accommodation for staff. When reviewing the plans, though, Borough of Brighton councillors stated that no part of the building should be higher than level with Marine Parade, to prevent views of the sea being interrupted. Other than this, the aquarium

2025-521: A new subject area of discussion, such as Anthropology in 1869. A very important decision in the Association's history was made in 1842 when it was resolved to create a "physical observatory". A building that became well known as the Kew Observatory was taken on for the purpose and Francis Ronalds was chosen as the inaugural Honorary Director. Kew Observatory quickly became one of the most renowned meteorological and geomagnetic observatories in

2160-433: A popular choice for many home and hobbyist aquarists for many years. Once silicone sealant became strong enough to ensure a long-term water-tight seal, it eliminated the need for a structural frame. In addition to lower cost, glass aquaria are more scratch resistant than acrylic. Although the price is one of the main considerations for aquarists when deciding which of these two types of aquaria to purchase, for very large tanks,

2295-511: A regular basis and were beginning to use calibrated condensers as well." The undertaking was suggested to the BA by William Thomson , and its success was due to the use of Thomson's mirror galvanometer . Josiah Latimer Clark and Fleeming Jenkin made preparations. Thomson, with his students, found that impure copper , contaminated with arsenic , introduced significant extra resistance. The chemist Augustus Matthiessen contributed an appendix (A) to

2430-554: A series of screw thread standards in sizes from 0.25 mm up to 6 mm, in 1882. The standards were based on the metric system , although they had to be re-defined in imperial terms for use by UK industry.  The standard was modified in 1884 to restrict significant figures for the metric counterpart of diameter and pitch of the screw in the published table, as well as not designating screws by their number of threads per inch, and instead giving an approximation due to considerable actual differences in manufactured screws. In 1889,

2565-458: A small glass bowl, a few liters in volume, to immense public aquaria of thousands of liters. Specialized equipment maintains appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents. In 1369, the Hongwu Emperor of China established a porcelain company that produced large porcelain tubs for maintaining goldfish ; over time, people produced tubs that approached

2700-687: A society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn." and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building. The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science. These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events. The Association

2835-401: A tank by diluting effects from death or contamination events that push an aquarium away from equilibrium. The bigger the tank, the easier such a systemic shock is to absorb, because the effects of that event are diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in an 11-litre (3 US gal; 2 imp gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in

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2970-449: A tropical temperature and requires less capacity from an aquarium heater. Acrylic-soluble cements are used to directly fuse acrylic together. Acrylic allows for the formation of unusual shapes, such as the hexagonal tank. Acrylics are easier to scratch than glass, but unlike glass, scratches in acrylic can be polished out. Large aquaria might instead use stronger materials such as fiberglass -reinforced plastics . However, this material

3105-448: A winter garden and increasing the range of exhibits. Within a few years it had one of the largest and widest ranging collections of marine life of any European aquarium, and it resumed its position as one of the town's most important attractions. The corporation planned a larger series of improvements, but World War I interrupted this. A closure threat was averted in 1922, when the corporation initially granted and then withdrew permission for

3240-678: A young people's programme, the CREST Awards which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science. Huxley Summit Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that

3375-555: Is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( BA ). The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals. The BSA "envisions

3510-431: Is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system, entering as food and exiting as waste. Appropriate handling of the nitrogen cycle , along with supplying an adequately balanced food supply and considered biological loading, is enough to keep these other nutrient cycles in approximate equilibrium. An aquarium must be maintained regularly to ensure that

3645-410: Is critical that they increase the number of physics teachers, or it will have a detrimental effect on the number of future engineers and scientists. The Association's major emphasis in recent decades has been on public engagement in science . Its annual meeting, now called the British Science Festival, is the largest public showcase for science in the UK and attracts a great deal of media attention. It

3780-436: Is frequently achieved via activated carbon , to filter medications, tannins , and/or other known impurities from the water. Reef aquaria under 100 litres (26 US gal; 22 imp gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; these aquaria, termed nano reefs (when used in reefkeeping), have a small water volume, under 40 litres (11 US gal; 9 imp gal). Practical limitations, most notably

3915-511: Is held at UK universities in early September for one week, with visits to science-related local cultural attractions. The 2010 Festival, held in Birmingham with Aston University as lead University partner, featured a prank event: the unveiling of Dulcis foetidus , a fictional plant purported to emit a pungent odour. An experiment in herd mentality , some audience members were induced into believing they could smell it. The Festival has also been

4050-608: Is keeping them in a wall. Here the use of plywood is hidden by sinking the aquarium inside the wall. Putting insulation between the two helps with the insulation of a heated tank. Objects used for aquariums include: coffee tables, sinks, and even toilets. Another such example is the MacQuarium , an aquarium made from the shell of an Apple Macintosh computer . In recent years, elaborate custom-designed home aquariums costing hundreds of thousands of dollars have become status symbols—according to The New York Times , "among people of means,

4185-464: Is most often addressed through two filtration solutions: Activated carbon filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other toxins , while biological filters provide a medium designed to enhance bacterial colonization . Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing resins, stop working when their pores fill, so these components have to be replaced regularly. British Science Association The British Science Association ( BSA )

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4320-471: Is not transparent. Reinforced concrete is used for aquaria where weight and space are not factors. Concrete must be coated with a waterproof layer to prevent the water from breaking down the concrete, as well as preventing contamination of the water by the concrete. Plywood can also be used when building aquaria. The benefits of using plywood include: lower construction costs, less weight, and better insulation. A popular positioning choice for plywood aquaria

4455-478: Is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates. Hobbyist aquaria often do not have sufficient bacteria populations to adequately denitrify waste. This problem

4590-445: Is the British Science Association's scheme to encourage students aged 5–19 to get involved with STEM projects and encourage scientific thinking. Awards range from Star Awards (targeted at those aged 5–7) to Gold Awards (targeted to those aged 16–19). Overall, 30,000 awards are undertaken annually. Many students who do CREST Awards, especially Silver and Gold Awards which require 30 and 70 hours of work respectively, enter competitions like

4725-518: Is the most basic measure of water conditions. An aquarium may have freshwater (salinity below 500 parts per million), simulating a lake or river environment; brackish water (a salt level of 500 to 30,000 PPM), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as estuaries ; and salt water or seawater (a salt level of 30,000 to 40,000 PPM), simulating an ocean environment. Rarely, higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms. Saltwater

4860-415: Is to have very small aquariums, termed mini aquariums (less than 150 litres or 40 gallons) or nano aquariums (less than 75 litres or 20 gallons). These can be either freshwater or saltwater, and are intended to display a tiny but self-contained ecosystem. The typical hobbyist aquarium includes a filtration system, an artificial lighting system, an air diffuser and pump, and a heater or chiller depending on

4995-520: Is to make science more relevant, representative and connected to society. At the beginning of the Great Depression , the Association's focus began to shift their purpose to account for not only scientific progress, but the social aspects of such progress. In the Association's 1931 meeting, the president General Jan Christiaan Smuts ended his address by the proposal of linking science and ethics together but provided no means to actuate his ideas. In

5130-499: Is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus Nitrospira ) converts nitrite into nitrate , a less toxic substance. ( Nitrobacter bacteria were previously believed to fill this role. While biologically they could theoretically fill the same niche as Nitrospira , it has recently been found that Nitrobacter are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while Nitrospira are plentiful.) However, commercial products sold as kits to "jump start"

5265-541: Is usually alkaline, while the pH ( alkalinity or acidity ) of fresh water varies more. Hardness measures overall dissolved mineral content; hard or soft water may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic. Dissolved organic content and dissolved gases content are also important factors. Home aquarists typically use tap water supplied through their local water supply network to fill their tanks. Straight tap water cannot be used in localities that pipe chlorinated water. In

5400-638: Is wrong to suppose that by foregoing technological and scientific education we shall somehow become a nation of artists, writers or philosophers instead. These two aspects of culture have never been divorced from each other throughout our history. Every renaissance, every period that showed a flowering of civilization, advanced simultaneously in the arts and sciences, and in technology too. Sir Kenneth Durham, former director of research at Unilever , on becoming president in August 1987 followed on from Sir George Porter saying that science teachers needed extra pay to overcome

5535-587: The Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London, in 1851 and then the aquatic exhibits at The Crystal Palace , many people in Brighton were developing "an interest in the marvels of science", and demand was growing for the town to have an aquarium of its own. After returning from France, Birch developed a plan to build one, and work commenced in 1869. The scheme was "conceived on a grand and audacious scale". Marine Parade,

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5670-732: The Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1853, the aquarium craze was launched in England by Philip Henry Gosse who created and stocked the first public aquarium in the London Zoo which came to be known as the Fish House. Gosse coined the word "aquarium", opting for this term (instead of "aquatic vivarium" or "aqua-vivarium") in 1854 in his book The Aquariums: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Water . In this book, Gosse primarily discussed saltwater aquaria. In

5805-462: The High Victorian Gothic interior remains. The building was requisitioned during World War II and many changes were made after the war, including the introduction of a motor museum, nightclub, dolphinarium and children's adventure playground; all of these were short-lived. The SEA LIFE chain bought the attraction in 1991 and converted it into a Sea Life Centre. Historic England has listed

5940-519: The Post and Telegraph pub (formerly the National Provincial Bank) on North Street , another 1920s building. The style has also been classed as Regency Revival . Two kiosk-type structures with tented metal roofs flank a staircase leading to a sunken plaza. Arched entrances lead to the interior. Above, a balustrade runs around the former roof garden, forming a parapet . The structures which replaced

6075-651: The Royal Society . Charles Babbage , William Whewell and J. F. W. Johnston are also considered to be founding members. The first meeting was held in York (at the Yorkshire Museum ) on Tuesday 27 September 1831 with various scientific papers being presented on the following days. It was chaired by Viscount Milton , president of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society , and "upwards of 300 gentlemen" attended

6210-470: The Southdown Motor Services bus company to take over the building and turn it into a bus station; and work to enhance the aquarium eventually started in 1927 and continued until 1929. The corporation spent £117,000 on rebuilding the exterior of the aquarium in a contemporary style with extensive use of white stone. Boxall's iron entrance structure was demolished, although the clock was retained and

6345-542: The Victorian era in the United Kingdom, a common design for the home aquarium was a glass front with the other sides made of wood (made watertight with a pitch coating). The bottom would be made of slate and heated from below. More advanced systems soon began to be introduced, along with tanks of glass in metal frames. During the latter half of the 19th century, a variety of aquarium designs were explored, such as hanging

6480-604: The aquascaping designs of Takashi Amano influencing fishkeepers to treat home aquariums as aesthetically pleasing compositions, rather than simply as a way of displaying fish specimens. In the United States, as of 1996, aquarium keeping is the second-most popular hobby after stamp collecting . In 1999, an estimated 9.6 million US households owned an aquarium. Figures from the 2005/2006 APPMA National Pet Owners Survey report that Americans own approximately 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish. Estimates of

6615-471: The dole queue ... [Adding,] scientists have to be careful and consider the full implications of what they are seeking to achieve. The problem with some clever people is that they find cleverer ways of being stupid. In the year 2000, Sir Peter Williams had put together a panel to discuss the shortage of physics majors. A physicist called Derek Raine had stated that he has had multiple firms call him up asking for physics majors. The report they made stated that it

6750-447: The gravel , or other substrate if the aquarium has one; however some manage to avoid this entirely by keeping it somewhat self-sufficient. A good habit is to remove the water being replaced by "vacuuming" the gravel with suitable implements, as this will eliminate uneaten foods and other residues that settle on the substrate . In many areas tap water is not considered to be safe for fish to live in because it contains chemicals that harm

6885-481: The nitrogen cycle or be removed by passing through zeolite . Ammonia is also produced through the decomposition of plant and animal matter, including fecal matter and other detritus . Nitrogen waste products become toxic to fish and other aquarium inhabitants at high concentrations. In the wild, the vast amount of water surrounding the fish dilutes ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are put into an aquarium, waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in

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7020-434: The ohm as the unit of electrical resistance , the volt as the unit of electrical potential , and the ampere as the unit of electrical current . A need for standards arose with the submarine telegraph industry. Practitioners came to use their own standards established by wire coils: "By the late 1850s, Clark, Varley , Bright , Smith and other leading British cable engineers were using calibrated resistance coils on

7155-661: The weight of water (1 kilogram per litre (8.345 lb/U.S. gal; 10.022 lb/imp gal)) and internal water pressure (requiring thick glass siding) of a large aquarium, restrict most home aquaria to a maximum of around 1 cubic metre in volume (1000 L, weighing 1,000 kg or 2,200 lb ). Some aquarists, however, have constructed aquaria of many thousands of litres. Public aquariums and oceanariums designed for exhibition of large species or environments can be dramatically larger than any home aquarium. The Georgia Aquarium , for example, features an individual aquarium of 6,300,000 US gallons (24,000,000 L). A new trend

7290-429: The 1850s, the aquarium became a fad in the United Kingdom. Tank designs and techniques for maintaining water quality were developed by Warington, later cooperating with Gosse until his critical review of the tank water composition. Edward Edwards developed these glass-fronted aquaria in his 1858 patent for a "dark-water-chamber slope-back tank", with water slowly circulating to a reservoir beneath. Germans soon rivaled

7425-481: The 1930s included the provision of a miniature rifle range, public baths, and a lift from Marine Parade. During World War II the aquarium was taken over by the Royal Air Force ; it was damaged and became run down. Brighton Corporation took possession again after the war but in 1955 leased the aquarium to a newly formed private company. Restrictions were placed on the forms of entertainment that could be provided, but

7560-509: The 1960s, metal frames made marine aquaria almost impossible due to corrosion, but the development of tar and silicone sealant allowed the first all-glass aquaria made by Martin Horowitz in Los Angeles, CA. The frames remained, however, though purely for aesthetic reasons. Japan played an increasingly important role in shaping aquarium design in the latter part of the twentieth century, with

7695-473: The Association Meeting was an exchange between Thomas Henry Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in 1860 (see the 1860 Oxford evolution debate ). Although it is often described as a "debate", the exchange occurred after the presentation of a paper by Prof Draper of New York, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during

7830-627: The British in their interest. In 1854, an anonymous author had two articles published about the saltwater aquaria of the United Kingdom: Die Gartenlaube (The Garden House) entitled Der Ocean auf dem Tische (The Ocean on the Table). However, in 1856, Der See im Glase (The Lake in a Glass) was published, discussing freshwater aquaria, which were much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd , then bankrupt because of

7965-732: The Royal Institution, created the Committee on the Public Understanding of Science , or COPUS, to promote public understanding of science. Professor Sir George Porter became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. When asked about the scientific literacy of Britain , he stated that Britain was

8100-537: The Scriptures, to ignore the findings of Watson and Crick, than it was right for clerics of the last century to ignore the work of Darwin. Science today is all-pervasive. Without some scientific and technical education, it is becoming impossible even to vote responsibly on matters of health, energy, defense or education. So unless things change, we shall soon live in a country that is backward not only in its technology and standard of living but in its cultural vitality too. It

8235-526: The UK Big Bang Fair . Traditionally the president is elected at the meeting usually held in August/September for a one-year term and gives a presidential address upon retiring. The honour of the presidency is traditionally bestowed only once per individual. Written sources that give the year of presidency as a single year generally mean the year in which the presidential address is given. In 1926/1927

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8370-489: The UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole. On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London. The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business. Media Fellowship Schemes The British Science Association's Media Fellowship provides

8505-654: The Wonders of the Deep Sea in 1854. Small aquariums are kept in the home by hobbyists . There are large public aquariums in many cities. Public aquariums keep fish and other aquatic animals in large tanks. A large aquarium may have otters , dolphins , sharks , penguins , seals , and whales . Many aquarium tanks also have plants. An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or high-strength acrylic . Aquaria with flat walls are known as fish tanks or simply tanks, while those with rounded walls are known as fish bowls . Size can range from

8640-482: The addition of a commercially available mixture of salts and other minerals. Some aquarists modify water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases, before adding it to their aquaria. This can be accomplished by additives, such as sodium bicarbonate, to raise pH. Some aquarists filter or purify their water through deionization or reverse osmosis prior to using it. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near

8775-520: The aquarium became more downmarket and suffered from structural neglect, with damp penetration and the loss of interior details through being covered up or overpainted. The 1,250-capacity concert hall which had replaced the winter garden in 1929 was converted into a nightclub, the Florida Rooms. A few years later, in 1961, a motor museum in connection with the Montagu collection was added. The Florida Rooms

8910-458: The aquarium for a time. The final cost of construction was £130,000. Work continued until 1872, and the aquarium was opened by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn on Easter Monday (1 April) that year—although the building was then in a "very unfinished condition", hosting only one tank of fish. A formal opening ceremony took place on 10 August 1872, when Mayor of Brighton John Cordy Burrows officially inaugurated Brighton Aquarium, as it

9045-548: The aquarium on a wall, mounting it as part of a window , or even combining it with a birdcage . Around 1908, the first mechanical aquarium air pump was invented, powered by running water, instead of electricity. The introduction of the air pump into the hobby is considered by several historians of the hobby to be a pivotal moment in its development. Aquaria became more widely popular as houses had an electricity supply after World War I . Electricity allowed artificial lighting, as well as aeration , filtration , and heating of

9180-505: The aquarium's inhabitants. Many aquaria incorporate a hood, containing the lights, to decrease evaporation and prevent fish from leaving the aquarium (and anything else from entering the aquarium). Combined biological and mechanical aquarium filtration systems are common. These either convert ammonia to nitrate (removing nitrogen at the expense of aquatic plants), or to sometimes remove phosphate . Filter media can house microbes that mediate nitrification . Filtration systems are sometimes

9315-491: The aquarium's inhabitants. Water movement can be controlled via aeration from air pumps, powerheads, and careful design of internal water flow (such as location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow). Of primary concern to the aquarist is management of the waste produced by an aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, fungi , and some bacteria excrete nitrogen waste in the form of ammonia (which converts to ammonium , in water) and must then either pass through

9450-409: The aquarium's name was changed to Brighton Aquarium and Dolphinarium. The public baths were closed in 1979, and by the early 1980s a funfair, amusement arcade and miniature railway were operating on the former roof terrace. In 1987 part of the building was converted into Pirates Deep, a children's adventure playground. In the 1980s, concern over the welfare of dolphins resulted in public pressure to close

9585-483: The aquarium, Sea Life undertook a £1.5 million restoration project. More work was done in 2012: the centre was closed for a time to allow the interior to be fully restored to its 19th-century style. In the late 1990s the Aquarium's former roof terrace, which is still owned by the local council, was redeveloped into multiple commercial units, but these failed to attract many occupants. A Harvester restaurant occupies some of

9720-586: The aquarium. According to the July issue of The North American Review of the same year, William Stimson may have owned some of the first functional aquaria, and had as many as seven or eight. The first aquarist society in the United States was founded in New York City in 1893, followed by others. The New York Aquarium Journal , first published in October 1876, is considered to be the world's first aquarium magazine. In

9855-584: The association's patron was King George V and the president was his son Edward, Prince of Wales . The vice-presidents for the Leeds meeting at this time included City of Leeds Alderman Charles Lupton and his brother, The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of Leeds Hugh Lupton . The husband of the brothers' first cousin once removed - Lord Airedale of Gledhow - was also a vice-president at the Leeds meeting. The organisation

9990-460: The behavior and survival of tank inhabitants. An aquarium can be placed on an aquarium stand. Because of the weight of the aquarium, a stand must be strong as well as level. A tank that is not level may distort, leak, or crack. These are often built with cabinets to allow storage, available in many styles to match room decor . Simple metal tank stands are also available. Most aquaria should be placed on polystyrene to cushion any irregularities on

10125-534: The building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance. From the 1850s, architect and civil engineer Eugenius Birch made a career out of designing pleasure piers at British seaside resorts. Prominent among these was the West Pier in Brighton, built between 1863 and 1866. Soon after completing this pier, Birch travelled to Boulogne-sur-Mer in France and visited its aquarium. Around this time, having seen

10260-516: The craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to supervise the installation of the circulating system and tanks at the Hamburg Aquarium . During the 1870s, some of the first aquarist societies were appearing in Germany. The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's The Family Aquarium was one of the first books written in the United States solely about

10395-418: The current state of the machine's lack of complete working drawings, the machine's potential cost to produce, the machine's durability during repeated use, how and what the machine will actually be utilized for, and that more work would need to be done to bring the design up to a standard at which it is guaranteed to work. The Association introduced the British Association (usually termed "BA") screw threads ,

10530-585: The dolphinarium, and in November 1990 it was announced that the Sea Life group would take over the aquarium in 1991 and convert it into a Sea Life Centre. The last two bottlenose dolphins in the aquarium were Missie (since 1969) and Silver (since 1978). These dolphins were released into the wild in 1991 as part of Operation Into The Blue, after rehabilitation at a conch farm in the Turks and Caicos Islands . After taking over

10665-421: The enclosed environment unless the tank is cycled to remove waste. A well-balanced tank contains organisms that are able to metabolize the waste products of other aquarium residents, recreating a portion of the nitrogen cycle . Bacteria known as nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas ) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce nitrite . Nitrite

10800-399: The entrance to the aquarium was at the east end, but it was moved to the west end in 1874 when the "attention-seeking clock tower" structure was added. This new entrance structure, added in 1874 by T. Boxall and removed during the 1920s remodelling, consisted of an elaborate cast iron gateway with paired columns and arches set below gables, topped with a tall clock tower. Set at each corner of

10935-518: The entrance was a statue representing one of the four seasons. These were cast in bronze and designed and manufactured in Paris by the firm of Messrs Barbezat. Laidlaw and Sons of Glasgow were responsible for the ironwork. Behind this, down a flight of shallow steps, was the Italianate entrance court, designed to resemble structures in ancient Rome (it has been described as the " Pompeian style "). On its frieze

11070-528: The final 1873 report that showed temperature-dependence of alloys. The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy: The Association was parodied by English novelist Charles Dickens as 'The Mudfog Society for the Advancement of Everything' in The Mudfog Papers (1837–38). In 1878 a committee of the Association recommended against constructing Charles Babbage 's analytical engine , due to concerns about

11205-409: The first objects and rules of the Association were published. Objects included systematically directing the acquisition of scientific knowledge, spreading this knowledge as well as discussion between scientists across the world, and to focus on furthering science by removing obstacles to progress. The rules established included what constituted a member of the Association, the fee to remain a member, and

11340-552: The first person to create aquaria for experimenting with aquatic organisms. This experimentation lead to several discoveries, including the first direct evidence that argonauts , a marine cephalopod, create their own shells. In 1836, soon after his invention of the Wardian case , Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward proposed to use his tanks for tropical animals. In 1841 he did so, though only with aquatic plants and toy fish. However, he soon housed real animals. In 1838, Félix Dujardin noted owning

11475-409: The first section of what became Volk's Electric Railway along the seafront, with its western terminus outside the Aquarium. Brighton's fortunes declined around the turn of the 20th century, and the aquarium was badly affected. It encountered financial difficulties, and was threatened with closure in 1901. Brighton Corporation bought it for £30,000 and undertook several improvements, including building

11610-416: The fish are kept healthy. Daily maintenance consists of checking the fish for signs of stress and disease . Also, aquarists must make sure that the water has a good quality and it is not cloudy or foamy and the temperature of the water is appropriate for the particular species of fish that live in the aquarium. Typical weekly maintenance includes changing around 10–30% or more of the water while cleaning

11745-594: The fish. Tap water from those areas must be treated with a suitable water conditioner, such as a product which removes chlorine and chloramine and neutralizes any heavy metals present. The water conditions must be checked both in the tank and in the replacement water, to make sure they are suitable for the species. The solute content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as total dissolved solids and other constituents dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or salinity ,

11880-471: The following years, debate began as to whom the responsibilities of scientists fell upon. The Association adopted a resolution in 1934 that dedicated efforts to better balance scientific advancement with social progress. J.D. Bernal , a member of the Royal Society and the British Association, wrote The Social Function of Science in 1939, describing a need to correctly utilize science for society and

12015-473: The glass panels attached with metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when the modern, silicone-sealed style replaced them. Acrylic aquariums first became available to the public in the 1970s. Laminated glass is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of both glass and acrylic. Today, most aquaria consist of glass panes bonded together by 100% silicone sealant, with plastic frames attached to

12150-465: The home to protest and debate. In 1970 there were protestors over the use of science for weapons. The Association organised and held the annual Science Communication Conference for over ten years. It was the largest conference of its kind in the UK, and addressed the key issues facing science communicators. In 2015, the BSA introduced a new series of smaller events for science communicators, designed to address

12285-480: The importance of its public perception. The idea of the public perception of science was furthered in 1985 when the Royal Society published a report titled The Public Understanding of Science. In the report, a committee of the Royal Society determined that it was scientists' duty to communicate to and educate the public. Lord George Porter, then president of the Royal Society, British Association, and director of

12420-400: The interior decoration: he said "I have never heard justice done to the adroit detail of those strange Victorian galleries from which Victorian children [...] gazed with awe upon the wonders of the deep". The extensive vaulting, and the aquarium's position set below the cliff and reached down a flight of steps, meant the interior was likened in contemporary accounts to an "undersea cathedral" and

12555-445: The least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science. When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response

12690-455: The meeting. The Preston Mercury recorded that those gathered consisted of "persons of distinction from various parts of the kingdom, together with several of the gentry of Yorkshire and the members of philosopher societies in this country". The newspaper published the names of over a hundred of those attending and these included, amongst others, eighteen clergymen, eleven doctors, four knights, two Viscounts and one Lord. From that date onwards

12825-678: The most complex component of home aquaria. Aquarium heaters combine a heating element with a thermostat , allowing the aquarist to regulate water temperature at a level above that of the surrounding air, whereas coolers and chillers (refrigeration devices) are for use anywhere, such as cold water aquaria, where the ambient room temperature is above the desired tank temperature. Thermometers used include glass alcohol thermometers, adhesive external plastic strip thermometers , and battery-powered LCD thermometers. In addition, some aquarists use air pumps attached to airstones or water pumps to increase water circulation and supply adequate gas exchange at

12960-686: The most popular biotopes are the freshwater habitats of the Amazon River , the Rio Negro River, the African rift lake environments of Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika , and saltwater coral reefs of Australia , the Red Sea , and the Caribbean Sea . The fish, plants, substrate, rocks, wood, coral, and any other component of the display should completely match that of the local natural environment. It can be

13095-533: The nitrogen cycle often still contain Nitrobacter . Aquatic plants also eliminate nitrogen waste by metabolizing ammonia and nitrate. When plants metabolize nitrogen compounds, they remove nitrogen from the water by using it to build biomass that decays more slowly than ammonia-driven plankton already dissolved in the water. Some hobbyists also use "anoxic filtration," which relies on bacteria that live in low-oxygen environments. The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium

13230-480: The numbers of fish kept in aquaria in Germany suggest at least 36 million. The hobby has the strongest following in Europe, Asia, and North America. In the United States, 40% of aquarists maintain two or more tanks. Over time, there has been an increasing appreciation of the usefulness of access to an aquarium to provide potential stress reduction and improvement of mood in people observing aquatic life. According to

13365-495: The old roof garden were designed in 1998 by the Colman Partnership in a "stripped-down Regency style". The complex now extends about 900 feet (270 m) eastwards along Madeira Drive as a result of successive extensions. Inside, much of the original High Victorian Gothic architecture survives. The main hall in the centre, where the largest tank can be found, has two seven- bay aisles leading from it, with subsidiary tanks on

13500-581: The opportunity for practicing scientists, clinicians, and engineers to spend a period of time working at media outlets such as the Guardian, BBC Breakfast or The Londonist. After their time with the media placement, the fellows attend the British Science Festival which will offer these practitioners valuable working experience with a range of media organizations along with learning from a wide range of public engagement activities and be able to network with academics, journalists and science communicators. CREST Awards

13635-410: The past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the chlorine time to dissipate. However, chloramine is now used more often and does not leave the water as readily. Water conditioners formulated to remove chlorine or chloramine are often all that is needed to make the water ready for aquarium use. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require

13770-428: The price difference tends to disappear. Acrylic aquaria are now the primary competitor with glass. Prior to the invention of UV stabilization , early acrylic aquaria discolored over time with exposure to light; this is no longer the case. Acrylic is generally stronger than glass, weighs less, and provides a certain amount of temperature insulation. In colder climates or environments, it is easier to achieve and maintain

13905-526: The process for future meetings. They also include dividing the members into different committees. These committees separated members into their preferred subject matter, and were to recommend investigations into areas of interest, then report on these findings, as well as progress in their science at the annual meetings. Additional sections were added throughout the years by either splitting off part of an original section, like making Geography and Ethnology its own section apart from Geology in 1851, or by defining

14040-491: The redevelopment and demolition work needed (including of a large circular building which previously housed The Terraces restaurant), but in December 2017 it was announced that work would start in early 2018. An extension to its licencing hours was sought in 2022, when it was stated that the club could hold 500 people and had a separate 300-capacity shared workspace. Brighton Aquarium is the oldest aquarium in continuous operation in

14175-532: The research of having an aquarium is many health benefits like reduce stress, blood pressure and heart rate improvement, better quality sleep , reduce anxiety and pain , therapy of excited children, Alzheimer's therapy and improve productivity . The first modern aquarium made of glass was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington. During the Victorian age , glass aquariums commonly had slate or steel bottoms, which allowed them to be heated underneath by an open-flame heat source. These aquariums had

14310-471: The road running eastwards along the clifftop from central Brighton towards Rottingdean , was to be widened; south of it, land would be reclaimed from the sea and a new seafront road built, leading from Old Steine to Black Rock ; and the aquarium would be built in the sloping gap between these roads, extending for about 700 feet (210 m) eastwards from their junction. Behind the new seafront road or promenande (Madeira Drive – initially known as Madeira Road)

14445-664: The same issues as the Science Communication Conference but for a more targeted audience. In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the British Science Week (formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology. The Association also has

14580-893: The scarcity of mathematics and physics teachers in secondary schools, and that "unless we deal with this as matter of urgency, the outlook for our manufacturing future is bleak". He regretted that headmasters and careers masters had for many years followed 'the cult of Oxbridge ' because "it carried more prestige to read classics at Oxbridge and go into the Civil Service or banking, than to read engineering at, say, Salford , and go into manufacturing industry ". He said that reporting of sciences gave good coverage to medical science, but that "nevertheless, editors ought to be sensitive to developments in areas such as solid state physics, astro-physics, colloid science, molecular biology, transmission of stimuli along nerve fibres, and so on, and that newspaper editors were in danger of waiting for disasters before

14715-456: The scientific factors involved in the incidents were explained. In September 2001 Sir William Stewart, as outgoing president, warned that universities faced " dumbing down " and that we can deliver social inclusiveness, and the best universities, but not both from a limited amount of money. We run the risk of doing neither well. Universities are underfunded, and must not be seen simply as a substitute for National Service to keep youngsters off

14850-482: The shape of modern fish bowls. Leonhard Baldner , who wrote Vogel-, Fisch- und Tierbuch (Bird, Fish, and Animal Book) in 1666, maintained weather loaches and newts . It is sometimes held that the aquarium was invented by the Romans, who are said to have kept sea barbels in marble-and-glass tanks, but scholars doubt the veracity of this. In 1832, Jeanne Villepreux-Power , a pioneering French marine biologist, became

14985-584: The side walls. The easternmost aisle is articulated on the exterior by a seven-bay arcade with pilasters of the Tuscan order ; the dolphinarium was entered through this section when it was operating. The aisles have deep quadripartite roof vaults . The columns are of green serpentine marble, granite from Edinburgh and Bath stone , and their capitals are carved with representations of sea creatures designed by H.R. Pinker. Architect and architectural historian Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel , who lived locally, admired

15120-563: The space, but a Burger King restaurant stayed only until 2010. In the same year, a gym was given permission to open in a unit where a nightclub operating under the Cream brand had previously been proposed. In another part of the building, a private members' club , part of the Soho House chain, was proposed in 2014 and was given permission to open in April 2016. Rebuilding work at Sea Life Brighton delayed

15255-399: The tank itself. The tank has no sharp angles around its sides and keeps the housed animals away from plumbing. Water moving into the tank gives a gentle flow that keeps the inhabitants suspended. Water leaves the tank through a screen which prevents animals from being drawn into the pump intake or overflow line. There are several types of kreisel tanks. In a true kreisel, a circular tank has

15390-480: The time. Artists appearing on the Saturday night slot included The Animals , Manfred Mann , Georgie Fame and John Mayall 's Bluesbrakers. When a pair of dolphins were introduced at the aquarium in 1968, they became a popular attraction and in 1969 a permanent dolphinarium was set up in the former motor museum. A 210,000-US-gallon (790,000 L) saltwater pool was installed, along with seating for 1,000 people, and

15525-579: The underlying surface or the bottom of the tank itself that may cause cracks. However, some tanks have an underframe making this unnecessary. Another important consideration for aquariums is their electrical usage. Water is expensive to keep heated, along with the lights that many aquariums, especially those with live plants have. New aquarists should also pay close attention to their electrical setup for their aquarium, taking care to set up power connections with drip loops to prevent water from getting to outlets. Large volumes of water enable more stability in

15660-580: The upper and lower edges for decoration. The glass aquarium is standard for sizes up to about 1,000 litres (260 US gal; 220 imp gal). However, glass is brittle and has very little give before fracturing, though generally the sealant fails first. Aquaria are made in a variety of shapes, such as cuboid , hexagonal , angled to fit in a corner (L-shaped), and bow-front (the front side curves outwards). Fish bowls are generally either made of plastic or glass, and are either spherical or some other round configuration in shape. Glass aquaria have been

15795-467: The venue, at one point playing every Wednesday night for an entrance fee of 1 s. 6d. In 1965, Davy Jones and the Lower Third, fronted by a very young David Bowie , appeared there. By the mid-1960s, the club had settled into regular weekend nights. Friday was Blues night and the club hosted, among others, Memphis Slim , John Lee Hooker and Jimmy Witherspoon . Saturday was the day for the top chart acts of

15930-400: The water surface. Wave-making devices have also been constructed to provide wave action. An aquarium's physical characteristics form another aspect of aquarium design. Size, lighting conditions, density of floating and rooted plants, placement of bog-wood , creation of caves or overhangs, type of substrate , and other factors (including an aquarium's positioning within a room) can all affect

16065-611: The water. Initially, amateur aquarists kept native fish (with the exception of goldfish); the availability of exotic species from overseas further increased the popularity of the aquarium. Jugs made from a variety of materials were used to import fish from overseas, with a bicycle foot pump for aeration. Plastic shipping bags were introduced in the 1950s, making it easier to ship fish. The eventual availability of air freight allowed fish to be successfully imported from distant regions. Popular publications started by Herbert R. Axelrod influenced many more hobbyists to start keeping fish. In

16200-432: The week) and the subsequent discussion involved a number of other participants (although Wilberforce and Huxley were the most prominent). Although a number of newspapers made passing references to the exchange, it was not until later that it was accorded greater significance in the evolution debate . One of the most important contributions of the British Association was the establishment of standards for electrical usage:

16335-480: The world. The Association relinquished control of the Kew Observatory in 1871 to the management of the Royal Society, after a large donation to grant the observatory its independence. In 1872, the Association purchased its first central office in London, acquiring four rooms at 22 Albemarle Street. This office was intended to be a resource for members of the Association. One of the most famous events linked to

16470-439: The world. Under the name The Brighton Aquarium and attached walls, piers, railings and lamps , the aquarium was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 19 August 1971. This status is given to "nationally important buildings of special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove . As originally built,

16605-464: Was It matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret

16740-513: Was a live music venue and nightclub on the premises. It operated from the late 1950s until 1967 when it was closed to make way for the salt water pool needed for the dolphinarium. The Florida Rooms hosted jazz bands from the 1950s and became one of the first British R&B clubs in the 1960s. Among the jazz musicians appearing regularly at the venue were Chris Barber and Acker Bilk . The High Numbers (an early incarnation of The Who ) played an early gig there and The Who were to become regulars at

16875-548: Was a quote from the Book of Genesis : "And God said, 'Let the water bring forth abundantly the moving creatures that hath life'". The walls were of stone. The present exterior appearance is attributable to the 1920s rebuilding by David Edwards. The entrance and its surrounding structures are of white artificial stone in the Louis XVI style . This architectural style, a derivative of Neoclassical architecture , can also be seen in Brighton at

17010-415: Was bought by SEA LIFE in 1991. Occupying a prominent position on Brighton seafront, the aquarium was immediately popular among fashionable visitors when it opened and continued to be "one of Brighton's great tourist attractions" for many years afterwards, despite periods of decline. Its exterior was substantially rebuilt in a modern style in the 1920s, and new attractions were added to the roof terrace, but

17145-467: Was built largely to its original specification. At the west end, on the site of the demolished Royal Suspension Chain Pier 's toll-house, was an Italianate-style stone entrance building with steps down to an arched courtyard. From there, a 224-foot (68 m) valuted corridor, lined with water tanks, led into a main hall with a 100-foot (30 m) tank: with a capacity of 110,000 US gallons (420,000 L), it

17280-567: Was founded in 1831 and modelled on the German Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte . It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England. The prime mover (who is regarded as the main founder) was Reverend William Vernon Harcourt , following a suggestion by Sir David Brewster , who was disillusioned with the elitist and conservative attitude of

17415-497: Was fully developed by Warington, explaining that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as their numbers do not grow too large. He published his findings in 1850 in the Chemical Society's journal . The keeping of fish in an aquarium became a popular hobby and spread quickly. In the United Kingdom, it became popular after ornate aquaria in cast-iron frames were featured at

17550-443: Was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist Robert Warington , who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of

17685-481: Was known. An annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was held at the same time, at which naturalist Francis Trevelyan (Frank) Buckland , who had been involved with the Brighton Aquarium Company for some years, "produced, apparently from his pocket, a couple of juvenile alligators" which were added to the aquarium's collection. Other early exhibits included a Norway lobster,

17820-515: Was placed in a small tower above the entrance to the nearby Palace Pier , where it remains. The winter garden was replaced with a new concert hall, a bandstand and another restaurant were built on the roof terrace, and the equipment used to pump and cleanse the water in the tanks was improved and modernised. Other than this, very few changes were made inside. David Edwards, the Brighton Borough Surveyor, undertook this work. The roof terrace

17955-484: Was redesignated as a "sun terrace", and it was initially provided with a large cricket scoreboard sponsored by Johnnie Walker whisky, on which scores from Test matches and other major cricket matches would be updated regularly. The aquarium was ceremonially reopened by the Duke of York (later George VI ) on 12 June 1929 after a two-year closure. The aquarium now extended all the way to Madeira Terrace . Further enhancements in

18090-423: Was the aquarium's musical director during its early years. A roof terrace was added in 1874 and extended by 180 feet (55 m) two years later. It had a garden, café and smoking room, among other things. The entrance façade was also altered in 1874, when a cast iron structure topped by a clock tower was added on Marine Parade: this work was undertaken by T. Boxall. In August 1883 local inventor Magnus Volk opened

18225-464: Was the world's largest at the time. Beyond were a series of rooms for various entertainment purposes, including a reading-room, a restaurant, a conservatory and a fernery . A roller-skating rink was also provided, catering to the contemporary craze, and concerts and music recitals were a regular feature from the beginning. A cinema, known as the Aquarium Kinema [ sic ], also operated at

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