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40-587: Lake Baldeney and the Villa Hügel , heritage of the Krupp family are located here, as well as Essen-Hügel station . Bredeney borders the boroughs of Heisingen to the east, Fischlaken and Werden to the south, Schuir and Haarzopf in the west, and Margarethenhöhe , Rüttenscheid and Stadtwald in the north. This North Rhine-Westphalia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Villa H%C3%BCgel The Villa Hügel

80-473: A "large villa" into a viable blueprint. In the event, a number of architects worked on the project over the following years. Krupp himself continually intervened in the work with new ideas. His focus was very much on a modern and efficient house: design elements were secondary to him and he deemed most ornamental architectural features superfluous. The foundations were laid in April 1870 and up to 800 people worked on

120-524: A color other than grey or khaki is forbidden to former personnel of the German Army and to Austrian civilians. The commission recommended the recognition of Renner's government in exchange for the introduction of freedom of the press and the holding of free elections. The commission for Austria was dismantled following the conclusion of the Austrian State Treaty on May 15, 1955. It was agreed at

160-594: A concert venue. Hügel simply means "hill", as the villa sits atop a hill. It was sometimes named Villa Krupp , after the family. In 1864 Alfred Krupp purchased the Klosterbuschhof on the heights above Bredeney and had it rebuilt as a residence for his family. Over the following years, Krupp bought additional land around the estate and in 1869 placed an advertisement in Deutsche Bauzeitung looking for an architect who would turn his designs for

200-696: A mirror image of those Axis countries, like Hungary, which fell to the Soviet Union and were occupied by the Red Army alone, Japan having fallen to the United States and occupied by the U.S. Army, the United States was given the dominant position on the Tokyo-based Allied Council for Japan. The change in name of the FEAC to FEC was significant because as the U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes reported after

240-508: A result, it was only on June 4 that a delegation of US, British and French generals was able to arrive at Vienna to survey conditions in the area. However, not much progress was made throughout June, as the Soviet authorities restricted the movement of the western Allies in and around Vienna. Throughout June, negotiations for agreement on division of Austria into occupation zones were held in London within

280-541: A speedy completion, although the Franco-Prussian War and collapsing mining tunnels underneath the edifice slowed construction. On 10 January 1873, the family moved in; some of the technical features did not work as expected, however, so work continued after that. Alfred Krupp died in 1887. The family continued to use the Villa Hügel and Friedrich Alfred Krupp and his wife Margarethe made some significant changes to

320-535: A whole, and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government. Cooperation within the ACC finally broke down completely when the Soviet representative withdrew on March 20, 1948. Until 1971, the ACC did not meet again, and the stage was set for the partition of Germany into two states. After the breakdown of the ACC, the British, French and United States of America occupation zones and

360-568: Is a 19th-century mansion in Bredeney , now part of Essen , Germany. It was built by the industrialist Alfred Krupp in 1870–1873 as his main residence and was the home of the Krupp family until after World War II. More recently, the Villa Hügel has housed the offices of the Kulturstiftung Ruhr (Ruhr Cultural Foundation), an art gallery, the historical archive of the Krupp family and company, and

400-543: Is housed in the adjoining building, the so-called Little House. The Krupp archive has also been located in the villa since 1905. The hall is also the regular concert venue of Folkwang Kammerorchester Essen , a chamber orchestra. Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bike Allied Commission Following the termination of hostilities in World War II , the Allies were in control of the defeated Axis countries. Anticipating

440-530: Is situated in a 28-hectare (69-acre) park that overlooks the River Ruhr and the Baldeneysee  [ de ] . The main complex consists of the three-storied Wohnhaus ('residence') – topped by a belvedere , which originally contained the air conditioning ducts – and a three-storied Logierhaus ('lodging house'). The two were linked by a winter garden , now a two-storied building. The construction

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480-412: Is supported by an iron framework, which was very modern for the time. The overall style of the original building was a very austere example of a late- Neoclassical villa; later changes added more ornamentation. The interior of the main building's ground and second floors is dominated by the main hall of over 400 m (4,300 sq ft). By contrast, the rooms of the first floor (which is not open to

520-623: The European Advisory Commission in 1944. The matter became more pressing following the Soviet takeover of Vienna from German control on April 13, 1945. The Soviet authorities in Vienna decided to establish a new Austrian government without prior consultation with the other Allied leaders, and on April 27, the Austrian socialist leader Karl Renner formed a government in Vienna. The British, US and French governments refused at first to recognize

560-639: The Moscow Armistice . It consisted of 200 Soviet and 15 British members and was led by Col. Gen. Andrei Zhdanov . As the commission was virtually entirely controlled by the Soviets, it was even officially referred to as the Allied (Soviet) Control Commission ( Liittoutuneiden (Neuvostoliiton) valvontakomissio in Finnish). Immediately after its inception, the commission required Finland to take more vigorous action to intern

600-836: The Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers , and made public in communique issued at the end of the conference on December 27, 1945, that the Far Eastern Advisory Commission (FEAC) would become the Far Eastern Commission (FEC), it would be based in Washington, and would oversee the Allied Council for Japan . This arrangement was similar to those that the Allies had set up for overseeing the defeated Axis powers in Europe. In

640-530: The war-responsibility trials by requiring longer prison sentences than the preliminary verdict would have contained. The ACC and the Moscow Armistice also required bans on a number of fascist, far-right and anti-Soviet organizations, among them the Civil Guard and Lotta Svärd organizations. Furthermore, the ACC required the forced return of all Soviet citizens, including Ingrian Finns and Estonians , to

680-528: The ACC again as a forum for solving the issue of Allied rights and privileges in Germany. The disbanding of the ACC was officially announced by the Two Plus Four Agreement of September 12, 1990, effective as of March 15, 1991. The ACC last met on 2 October 1990, on the eve of German Reunification. The creation of an Allied Commission for Austria was envisaged by Allied leaders at the various sessions of

720-528: The Austrian government to conduct foreign relations. A separate agreement for the division of the city of Vienna into four occupation zones was concluded on July 9, 1945. This agreement was approved by the British government on July 12, the French government on July 16, the Soviet government on July 21 and the US government on July 24. Austria was divided into four zones: American, British, French and Soviet. Vienna, being

760-833: The British, French and United States of America sectors in Berlin were governed by the Allied High Commission with membership from Britain, France, and the United States, whilst the Soviet Zone and Soviet sector of Berlin were governed by the Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission, later the Soviet High Commissioner. The role of the High Commissioners ceased when the three western zones (other than Berlin) and

800-693: The Conference " As early as August 9 we invited the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China to join with us in carrying out the objectives of the Potsdam Declaration and the Terms of Surrender for Japan . The Far Eastern Advisory Commission was established in October, but Great Britain had reservations regarding its advisory character, and the Soviet Union requested a decision regarding control machinery in Tokyo before joining

840-561: The European Advisory Commission, and the agreement was concluded on July 4, 1945, subject to further approval. The agreement was then approved by the four Allied governments. On July 12, it was approved by the British and French governments. On July 21, the Soviet government gave its approval, and the US government followed suit on July 24. On June 27, 1945, shortly prior to the formation of the Allied Commission for Austria,

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880-530: The German forces in Northern Finland. Finland's compliance with the commission resulted in a campaign to force out the remaining German troops in the area . Simultaneously, the commission also required Finland to demobilize . The ACC provided Finland with a list of political leaders against whom Finland had to start judicial proceedings. This required Finnish ex post facto legislation . The ACC interfered with

920-473: The Renner government, and in order to undermine the Soviet move decided to start right away with the proceedings to establish a joint commission for Austria. However, the Soviet government withheld permission for Allied representatives to enter Vienna during late April to early May, arguing that agreement on partition of Vienna into four occupation zones must be done prior to the arrival of any other troops thereto. As

960-627: The Soviet Union, and the United States of America. Decisions could only be made by consensus. From the outset; proceedings were heavily compromised through systematic non-cooperation from the French representatives. The French had been excluded (at American insistence) from the Potsdam Conference and consequently refused to recognise any obligation for the ACC to be constrained by the Potsdam agreement . In particular, they resisted all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as

1000-452: The Soviet Union. After the war, the Finnish military placed part of the weapons of the demobilized troops into several hundred caches distributed around the country. The caches would have been used to arm guerillas in case of a Soviet occupation. When the matter was leaked to the public, the commission required Finnish authorities to investigate and prosecute the officers and men responsible for

1040-582: The Soviet Zone (other than in Berlin) acquired de facto sovereignty as respectively the Federal Republic of Germany (' West Germany ') and the German Democratic Republic (' East Germany ') (subject to certain restrictions). The ACC convened again in 1971, leading to agreement on transit arrangements in Berlin. During the talks for unification of Germany in late 1989, it was decided to convene

1080-641: The US Joint Chiefs of Staff issued an ordinance authorizing General Mark W. Clark as Commander in Chief of US Forces of Occupation in Austria. Regarding the future commission for Austria, the directive stated: As such you will serve as United States member of the Allied Council of the Allied Commission for Austria and will also be responsible for the administration of military government in the zone or zones assigned to

1120-502: The United States for purposes of occupation and administration. The Allied Commission for Austria was established by the Agreement on Control Machinery in Austria , signed in the European Advisory Commission in London on July 4, 1945. It entered into force on July 24, 1945, on the day that the United States gave notification of approval, the last of the four powers to do so. It was supplemented by an agreement of June 28, 1946, which enabled

1160-724: The caching. The Weapons Cache Case was followed closely until the ACC determined that the case was purely a military operation. The Allied Control Commission left Finland September 26, 1947, when the Soviet Union finally ratified the Paris Peace Treaty . The Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria was signed on October 28, 1944, and its provisions were: The United States representatives on the Commission for Bulgaria were Major General John A. Crane (October 28, 1944 – March 1, 1946) and Major General Walter M. Robertson (March 1, 1946 – September 10, 1947). The Armistice Agreement with Hungary

1200-461: The capital, was similarly divided but at its centre was an International Zone, sovereignty of which alternated at regular intervals between the four powers. The commission had its seat in Vienna. A problem faced by the commission was the issue of the provisional government under Karl Renner, which was established unilaterally by the Soviet government in early May 1945. The other Allied governments refused at first to recognize it, but on October 1, 1945,

1240-483: The commission made the following recommendation: The Council examined the question of the Provisional Austrian Government and are making recommendations to their respective governments. The Council decided on the reestablishment of a free press in the whole of Austria subject only to conditions of military security. They also decided that effective December 1 the wearing of military uniforms unless dyed

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1280-449: The construction project at a time. Since Alfred Krupp wanted a very modern home, the villa was intended to be fire-proof and well insulated from sun, wind, cold and heat. It featured double-paned windows, water heating and an early form of air conditioning. The temperature was intended to be independently adjustable for each room. A large complex of support buildings was erected nearby, including private water and gas works. Krupp pushed for

1320-412: The defeat of Germany, Italy and Japan, they had already set up the European Advisory Commission and a proposed Far Eastern Advisory Commission to make recommendations for the post-war period . Accordingly, they managed their control of the defeated countries through Allied Commissions , often referred to as Allied Control Commissions ( ACC ), consisting of representatives of the major Allies. Under

1360-467: The following: In line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement two Romanian People's Tribunals were set up to try suspected war criminals. The Treaty of Peace with Romania was signed on February 10, 1947, and entered into force on September 15, 1947. The commission, placed under the nominal leadership of Soviet general Rodion Malinovsky (represented by Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov ),

1400-430: The house, adding sumptuous ornamentation. Among other heads of state and monarchs, Emperor Wilhelm II stayed at the Villa Hügel seven times and visited 9 times. The current appearance of the villa is mostly due to the next generation of Krupps, Friedrich Alfred's daughter Bertha and her husband Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach , who hired Ernst von Ihne to work on the building after 1912. He added wooden paneling to

1440-554: The interior and the owners furnished the villa with numerous works of art. An annex called the Little House ( Kleines Haus ) containing sixty rooms was used to confine Alfried Krupp in the aftermath of the Second World War. Some parts of the villa were used to house members of the British post-war Control Commission , Germany (CCG) during 1946. The house has 269 rooms and occupies 8,100 m (87,000 sq ft). It

1480-733: The provisions of Article 37 in the Armistice with Italy Instrument of Surrender , September 29, 1943, the Control Commission for Italy was established on November 10, 1943, and was dismantled on December 14, 1947, following the conclusion of the Italian Peace Treaty at the Paris Peace Conference in 1947. Chief Commissioners: General Noel Mason-MacFarlane , then Harold Macmillan The Armistice Agreement with Rumania, signed on September 12, 1944, established, among others,

1520-581: The public) were kept relatively simple. In 1953 the Krupp family opened their former residence to the public. Exhibitions have been held here since then. The Villa Hügel also served as a place of representation for the Krupp Group. In 1984, Berthold Beitz set up the Ruhr Cultural Foundation, which organizes major art and cultural exhibitions in the villa. The main building with many historical rooms can be visited today. The Krupp historical exhibition

1560-669: Was concluded on January 20, 1945, and its provisions were: The United States representatives on the Commission for Hungary were Major General William S. Key (January 20, 1945 – July 4, 1946) and Brigadier General George H. Weems (July 5, 1946 – September 15, 1947). The Allied Control Council (ACC) for Germany oversaw the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany . The ACC was established by agreement of June 5, 1945, supplemented by agreement of September 20 of that same year, with its seat in Berlin . Its members were Great Britain, France,

1600-673: Was dominated by Red Army leaders. The commission was one of the tools used by the Soviet Union to impose communist rule in Romania . Soviet occupation forces remained in Romania until 1958 and the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, joining the Warsaw Pact and COMECON . The Allied Control Commission (ACC) arrived in Finland on September 22, 1944, to observe Finnish compliance with

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