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48-530: The Modern Art Week , which took place in São Paulo in 1922, is considered by official historiography to be the starting point of Modernism in Brazil. However, recent research reveals that artistic and cultural renewal initiatives were taking place in different parts of the country at that moment. According to some scholars, Recife pioneered this artistic movement in Brazil through the works of Vicente do Rego Monteiro ,

96-523: A concern for them. In this context, the Modern Art Week took place in 1922, scheduled to commemorate the centenary of independence . Considered a milestone of Modernism in the country and in Latin America, the event featured poetry recitals, musical concerts and opened doors to a new artistic language in relation to different types of art, such as painting, poetry and literature. There was a search for

144-514: A rediscovery of the country, and stated that Brazilian art should be an "export", just like Brazilwood ; A group formed by Plínio Salgado , Menotti del Picchia , Guilherme de Almeida and Cassiano Ricardo in response to the Manifesto Pau-Brasil to criticize Oswald's "French nationalism". His proposal was a primitivist nationalism, ufanistic and identified with European nationalist regimes, which evolved into Integralism . In May 1929,

192-564: A sense of unity in the region according to the new modernist molds, promoting conferences, art exhibitions and congresses. The document's content emphasizes the importance of restoring both national and, above all, regional and northeastern culture, highlighting its strong aspects. This appreciation of regional culture led to the emergence of new artists from the 1930s onwards, such as Graciliano Ramos , José Lins do Rego , José Américo de Almeida , Rachel de Queiroz , Jorge Amado , Érico Veríssimo and Marques Rebelo . The Anthropophagic Movement

240-559: A serious attitude towards the world, for whose pains they considered themselves responsible. Also characteristic of the novel of this period was the author's contact with his people and the search for the Brazilian man in different regions, which made regionalism important. A Bagaceira , by José Américo de Almeida , was the landmark of the so-called regionalist novel. Authors such as Rachel de Queiroz , Jorge Amado , José Lins do Rego , Graciliano Ramos and José Américo de Almeida presented

288-407: A sort of spiritualism that came from Mário's book Há uma Gota de Sangue em Cada Poema (1917). The writers of the second generation also incorporated serious social issues into their works: social inequality, the cruel life of the migrants, the remnants of slavery and the coronelism based on land ownership The transformation of Brazil's socio-political scenario also changed literature; the end of

336-458: The Orpheu magazine in 1947, denied formal freedom, irony, satire and other modernist characteristics; the poets sought a more "balanced and serious" poetry. At the beginning of the 1940s, two unique poets emerged, not aesthetically affiliated to any trend: João Cabral de Melo Neto and Lêdo Ivo . They are considered by many to be the most important representatives of the 1945 Generation. In 1948, at

384-591: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Barroso was also the author of various antisemitic works of his own ( Judaism, Freemasonry, and Communism ; Synagogues in São Paulo ). This led to at least two serious ruptures in the movement: one in 1935 and the other, 1936, when Salgado almost renounced leadership of the movement. One of the most important principles in an Integralist's life was the "Internal Revolution", or "Revolution of

432-475: The Brazilian Navy . Integralism being a mass movement, there were marked differences in ideology among its leaders under the influence of various international fascist and quasi-fascist contemporary movements. Gustavo Barroso , the party's chief ideologist after Salgado, was known for his militant antisemitic views, becoming notorious for being the author of the first and so far only Portuguese translation of

480-596: The Communist Party of Germany and the Nazi Party . Brazilian politics would continue to destabilize as the communists would launch an uprising in 1935. When Vargas established full dictatorial powers under the Estado Novo in 1937, he turned against the movement. Although AIB favored Vargas' hard right turn, Salgado was overly ambitious, with overt presidential aspirations that threatened Vargas' grip on power. In 1938,

528-470: The Tupi language by Plínio Salgado and poetry by Guilherme de Almeida. Its name comes from Tarsila do Amaral 's painting Abaporu (meaning " the one that eats"). Extending from 1930 to 1945, the second phase of Modernism, as well as being rich in poetic work, stood out more in the production of prose , characterized by regionalism focused especially on the northeast region. The thematic universe expanded with

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576-522: The Vargas era , the rise and fall of populism , the military dictatorship and the Cold War were all major influences on the third generation. In prose, both in novels and short stories, there was a search for intimate, psychologically and introspective literature. At the same time, regionalism acquired a new dimension with Guimarães Rosa 's recreation of the customs and speech of the backlands, reaching deep into

624-693: The 1st São Paulo Poetry Congress, Domingos Carvalho da Silva gave a lecture entitled Há uma Nova Poesia no Brasil ( English : There is a New Poetry in Brazil), in which he proposed the name Geração de 45 (English: 1945 Generation) to the group of poets who emerged at the end of World War II : Lêdo Ivo, Bueno de Rivera , João Cabral de Melo Neto, Geraldo Vidigal , Péricles Eugênio da Silva Ramos and himself. Other names joined them, such as Cyro Pimentel, Geraldo Pinto Rodrigues , José Paulo Moreira da Fonseca and Geir Campos . Modern Art Week The Modern Art Week ( Portuguese : Semana de Arte Moderna )

672-513: The Academy, Graça Aranha , ostracized for attending. He had opened the week with a conference titled "The aesthetic emotion in modern art". Due to the radicalism (for the times) of some of their poems and music, the artists were vigorously booed and pelted by the audience, and the press and art critics in general were strong in their condemnation (such as in a famous episode by editor, writer and art critic Monteiro Lobato ). The group that took part in

720-576: The Armory Show, with which it is often compared, but which featured only visual art . It was organized chiefly by painter Emiliano Di Cavalcanti and poet Mário de Andrade , in an attempt to bring to a head a long-running conflict between the young modernists and the cultural establishment, headed by the Brazilian Academy of Letters , which adhered strictly to academicism . The event was controversial at best and divisive at worst, with one member of

768-548: The Communists for the working class vote. In its outward forms, Integralism was similar to European fascism : a green-shirted paramilitary organization with uniformed ranks, highly regimented street demonstrations, and rhetoric against Marxism and liberalism . However, it differed markedly from it in specific ideology: a prolific writer before turning political leader, Salgado interpreted human history at large as an opposition between " materialism "—understood by him as

816-643: The Integralists made a last attempt at achieving power , by attacking the Guanabara Palace during the night, but police and army troops arrived at the last minute, and the ensuing gunfight ended with around twenty casualties. This attempt was called the Integralist "Pajama Putsch". The AIB disintegrated after that failure in 1938, and in 1945 Salgado founded the Party of Popular Representation (PRP), which maintained

864-524: The Integralists targeted the Communist movement led by Luiz Carlos Prestes , mobilizing a conservative mass support base engaging in street brawls. In 1934, following the disintegration of Vargas' delicate alliance with labor, and his new alliance with the AIB, Brazil entered one of the most agitated periods in its political history. Brazil's major cities began to resemble 1932–33 Berlin with its street battles between

912-598: The Left, as was to be the case of Goulart's foreign minister Santiago Dantas, the Catholic bishop D. Hélder Câmara . The Brazilian populist leader (and Goulart's brother-in-law) Leonel Brizola , in an early stage of his political career, won the gubernatorial elections in the State of Rio Grande do Sul by means of an electoral alliance with the PRP. Today, there are two groups in Brazil which uphold

960-537: The Self", through which a man was encouraged to stop thinking only for himself, and instead start to integrate into the idea of a giant integralist family—becoming one with the Homeland, while also leaving behind selfish and "evil" values. In the beginning of the 1930s, Brazil went through a strong wave of political radicalism . The government led by President Getúlio Vargas had a degree of support from workers because of

1008-796: The Verde-Amarelo group published the Manifesto Nhengaçu Verde-Amarelo, also called the Manifesto of Verde-Amarelismo or Manifesto of the Escola da Anta . The period from 1925 to 1930 was characterized by the dissemination of Modernism throughout the Brazilian states. In this context, the Regionalist Center of the Northeast, located in Recife and chaired by Gilberto Freyre , sought to develop

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1056-542: The Week, contrary to their initial intentions, did not remain a unified movement. A number of separate groups split off, and the original core members had separated by 1929. Two divisions predominated: the Anthropophagics (cannibalists), led by Oswald de Andrade , wanted to make use of the influence of European and American artists but freely create their own art out of the regurgitations of what they had taken from abroad (thus

1104-425: The artists' concern for the destiny of man and his position in the world. Unlike the previous generation, it was constructive. Both the poetry of the '22 and '30 generations were contemporary, since most of the '30 poets absorbed the '22 experiences, such as thematic freedom, a taste for updated or inventive expression, free verse and anti-academicism. In this phase, the modernist poetic language, already structured,

1152-468: The beginning of the 20th century in Europe arrived in Brazil as a moment of renewal and the search to produce a new model of art that was concerned with social issues. However, it wasn't a copy of European art, but rather its own authentic and original art. With the beginning of the Brazilian avant-garde and the return of artists to the country, the necessity of organizing events to disseminate new ideas became

1200-402: The erasure of its history". Not all the participants in the Modern Art Week were modernists, like Graça Aranha from Maranhão , one of the speakers at the event. The movement wasn't dominant from the start, but over time it replaced its predecessors through its freedom of style and approach to spoken language. Didactically, Modernism is divided into three phases. The first, called Heroic, was

1248-626: The guidance of an acknowledged leader. The Integralists were something akin to the contemporary Irish Blueshirts who, like them, were revolutionary in spirit, and were an offshoot of the Fenian movement and the IRB, both of which were terrorist organisations condemned repeatedly by the Irish Roman Catholic bishops and excommunicated by Pope Pius IX on 12 October 1869 and 12 January 1870. In particular, they drew support from military officers, especially in

1296-561: The human spirit against the laws of nature, as expressed by the atheism of modern society in the twin forms of liberalism and socialism — capitalist competition leading eventually to the merger of private capitals in a single state-owned economy. Thus the integralists favoured nationalism as a shared spiritual identity , in the context of a heterogeneous and tolerant nation influenced by " Christian virtues"—such virtues being concretely enforced by means of an authoritarian government enforcing compulsory political activity under

1344-469: The ideology of Integralism, but without the uniforms, salutes, signals, and signs. The various political leaderships raised among Integralism dispersed into various ideological positions during subsequent political struggles. Those who maintained ties with the political Right included many of the former members of the participants in the 1964 military coup that was to overthrow President João Goulart . Conversely, other former integralists associated later with

1392-496: The labor laws he introduced, and competed with the Communist Party of Brazil for working-class support. In the face of communist advances, and at the same time building on his intensive crackdown against the Brazilian left , Vargas turned to the integralist movement as a single mobilized base of right-wing support. With center-left factions excluded from the Vargas' coalition and the left crushed, Vargas progressively set out to co-opt

1440-401: The modern and original. The return to the origins, through the valorization of the indigenous people and the language spoken by the people, were also addressed. However, nationalism was used in two different ways: critical, aligned with the political left by denouncing reality, and ufanistic, exaggerated and extreme right-wing. Due to the need for definitions and a break with all the structures of

1488-459: The most radical and strongly opposed to everything that came before. The second, milder, called the 1930s Generation, produced great novelists and poets and was characterized by social and political concerns and regionalism , especially in the prose of the Northeast region. The third phase, called Post-Modernist by several authors (or also known as the 1945 Generation), opposed the first stage and

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1536-456: The normal operation of natural laws guided by blind necessity—and " spiritualism ": the belief in God, in the immortality of the soul, and in the conditioning of individual existence to superior, eternal goals. Salgado advocated, therefore, the harnessing of individual interest to values such as pity, self-donation and concern for others. For him, human history consisted of the eternal struggle of

1584-611: The past, this was the most radical phase. A month after the Modern Art Week, Brazil was experiencing two moments of great political importance: the presidential elections and the founding congress of the Communist Party in Niterói . In 1926, the Democratic Party emerged, with Mário de Andrade as one of its founders, and in 1932, the Brazilian Integralist Action , a radical nationalist movement founded by Plínio Salgado

1632-516: The past. Its anarchic character and strong sense of annihilation was called the "spirit of destruction" by Mário de Andrade . Most of the intellectuals and artists who represented Modernism in Brazil lived in Europe in the period after the World War I and, from this experience, absorbed ideas and techniques that resulted in Brazilian Modernism. Consequently, all the excitement that characterized

1680-507: The poetry of Manuel Bandeira , the sociology of Gilberto Freyre , manifestations of popular culture such as frevo and cordel and the urban changes that occurred in the city during that period. For art critic Paulo Herkenhoff , former assistant curator of the Museum of Modern Art in New York , "the historiography of Pernambuco 's culture has the challenge of confronting internal colonialism and

1728-479: The populist movement to attain the widespread support that allowed him eventually (in 1937) to proclaim his Estado Novo —an integralist "New State". Integralism, claiming a rapidly growing membership throughout Brazil by 1935, especially among the German-Brazilians and Italian-Brazilians (communities which together amounted to approximately one million people), began filling this ideological void. In 1934,

1776-483: The problems of the Northeast and the northeastern people in their works and made the region a major symbol of the regionalist genre. Together with Érico Verissimo , Orígenes Lessa and other writers, they created a new style, completely modern and totally freed from traditional language, in which they incorporated real regional speech. Drummond's almost joking humor was influenced by Mário and Oswald de Andrade. Cecília Meireles , Jorge de Lima and Murilo Mendes introduced

1824-407: The psychology of the jagunço of Northeastern Brazil . Research into language was a characteristic feature of the authors, who were called instrumentalists. The third generation emerged with poets opposed to the modernist innovations of 1922, which led many scholars (such as Alceu Amoroso Lima and Ivan Junqueira ) to describe this group as Post-Modernist. The new proposal, initially defended by

1872-477: The strict integralist ideology: the " Frente Integralista Brasileira " (FIB) and the " Movimento Integralista e Linearista Brasileiro " (MIL-B). Integralistas and former Integralistas took a range of positions as regards the military right-wing dictatorship that followed the 1964 coup . Plínio Salgado joined the ARENA , the pro-military party. Augusto Rademaker and Márcio Melo , former Integralistas, served as two of

1920-421: The term anthropophagy: they would "eat" all influences, digest it, and throw out new things). The Nationalists wanted no foreign influences, and sought a "purely Brazilian" form of art. This group was led by writer Plínio Salgado , who later became a fascist political leader ( Brazilian Integralism ) and was arrested by dictator Getúlio Vargas after a failed coup. Before the events leading up to 1922, São Paulo

1968-431: The three member junta that briefly ruled Brazil in 1969, during the transition from the second military government (that of Artur da Costa e Silva ) to the third (that of Emílio Médici ). Rademaker was also vice-president in the third military government. He was generally considered one of the most diehard rightists in the contemporary military topbrass. Many former Integralistas in the military occupied government posts in

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2016-455: Was a prosperous but relatively culturally unimportant city. However, the Week established São Paulo as the seat of the new modernist movement, against the far more culturally conservative Rio de Janeiro . Brazilian Integralist Action Defunct Brazilian Integralist Action ( Portuguese : Ação Integralista Brasileira , AIB ) was an integralist / fascist political party in Brazil . It

2064-590: Was an arts festival in São Paulo , Brazil , that ran from 10 February to 17 February 1922. Historically, the Week marked the start of Brazilian Modernism ; though a number of individual Brazilian artists were doing modernist work before the week, it coalesced and defined the movement and introduced it to Brazilian society at large. The Week took place at the Municipal Theater in São Paulo, and included plastic arts exhibitions, lectures, concerts, and reading of poems. In its breadth it differed significantly from

2112-500: Was based upon the ideology of Brazilian Integralism as developed by its leader Plínio Salgado . Brazilian Integralism supported a revival of spirituality in Brazil in the form of Brazilian nationalism to form a shared identity between Brazilians. It denounced materialism , liberalism , and Marxism . It was violently opposed to the Brazilian Communist Party (then still called Communist Party of Brazil) and competed with

2160-645: Was characterized by critical assimilation ("swallowing") of European avant-gardes and cultures, with the purpose of recreating them to rediscover Brazil in its primitive authenticity. It had two phases: the first with ten issues (1928–1929), directed by Antônio Alcântara Machado and managed by Raul Bopp ; and the second, published weekly in 25 issues in the newspaper Diário do Rio de Janeiro in 1929, with Geraldo Ferraz as secretary. Initiated by Oswald's Manifesto Antropofágico , it included Antônio de Alcântara Machado, Mário de Andrade, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, as well as drawings by Tarsila do Amaral, articles in favor of

2208-485: Was created. It was published in São Paulo from May 15, 1922, to January 1923. It was the first Brazilian modernist publication after the Modern Art Week and its main purpose was to publicize the movement; It was written by Oswald de Andrade , first published in Correio da Manhã and reprinted in 1924 as the opening of the poetry book Pau-Brasil . He presented a proposal for literature linked to Brazilian reality, based on

2256-423: Was improved and the theme of philosophical and religious restlessness was expanded by Vinícius de Moraes , Jorge de Lima , Augusto Frederico Schmidt , Murilo Mendes , Carlos Drummond de Andrade . Prose expanded its area of focus to include new political, social, economic, human and spiritual concerns. The joke was replaced by gravity of spirit, seriousness of soul, purpose and means. The 1930s Generation adopted

2304-402: Was ridiculed with the nickname Parnassianism ; it was characterized by a mixture of styles and a concern with aesthetics, whose predominant literary genre was poetry. The first phase of Modernism was characterized by an attempt to define positions, manifestos and fast-circulating magazines. It was the most radical period of the movement due to the necessity of breaking with all the structures of

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