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23-758: [REDACTED] Look up braude in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Braude is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Semion Braude , Ukrainian physicist and radio astronomer Leopold Janno Braude, native name of the inventor of the Brodie helmet Stephen E. Braude Jim Braude Marvin Braude Anna Braude Heller See also [ edit ] Braude (crater) Broda (disambiguation) Brode (disambiguation) Broder [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

46-481: A superheterodyne receiver , using a low-power, tunable magnetron for use as the local oscillator. He also completed the Candidate of Sciences in 1937. The radio-location system, code-named Zenit (a popular football team at that time), was first tested in 1938, detecting an aircraft at a distance of 3 km. After improvements were made, the revised system was tested in 1940, providing range, altitude, and azimuth for

69-511: A Doctor of Sciences, she or he can make it to a full professor only through 15 years or more of outstanding teaching service on the university level. At least one published and widely accepted textbook and the degree of Kandidat Nauk are required in the latter case, anyway. A Doctor of Sciences degree holder can become a tenured full professor after just one year of teaching experience in a non-tenured faculty position. A degree of Doctor of Sciences also enables its holders to claim an academic rank of

92-506: A Ph.D. degree in Western universities. In particular, for the Doktor , the academic institution, where the scholar is affiliated as a doctoral candidate, must conduct a preliminary review of the research results and personal contribution made by the candidate and, depending on findings, elect whether to render formal support or not. By definition, this highly prestigious degree can be conferred only for

115-437: A few Ph.D. students while working towards his or her Doctor of Sciences dissertation. However, it is normal practice when an experienced consultant is appointed to help the scholar with identifying the research problem and finding the approach to solving it; yet this is not technically regarded a supervision. The procedures of conferring of both Kandidat and Doktor academic degrees are more formal and different from conferring

138-647: A professor awarded by VAK or a new rank of a " Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences " established in 2015. The Doctor of Sciences thus has no academic equivalent in North America, as it is a post-doctoral degree . The German Habilitation and, to some extent, the French habilitation à diriger des recherches ( HDR ) are comparable to it, as are the British higher doctorates (e.g. Doctor of Science), although

161-736: A program that created the Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification . This was the world's largest radio telescope at decametre wavelengths, with a resolution on the order of an arcsecond and a sensitivity of about 10 Jy ( jansky ). Braude was a member of the editorial board of the Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics journal since it was founded in 1958. During his lifetime, he published 5 nomographs and over 300 scientific papers, and mentored some 35 doctoral students. He remained professionally active until his death in 2003. Doctor of Sciences A Doctor of Sciences

184-458: A significant contribution to science and/or technology based on a public defense of a thesis, monograph, or (in rare cases) of a set of outstanding publications in peer-reviewed journals. The defense must be held at the session of a Specialized Dissertation Committee accredited by VAK. Prior to the defense, three referees holding Doctor of Sciences degrees themselves (the so-called "official opponents") must submit their written motivated assessments of

207-793: A target aircraft at up to 25 km distance. Although the time required to make the measurements was too great for anti-aircraft applications, the Zenit was the first three-coordinate radio-location system developed in the Soviet Union. The German invasion of the Soviet Union started in June 1941, and all of the UPTI was evacuated to the Far East. The LEMO, including Slutskin, went to Bukhara in Uzbekistan . There Braude continued work on radio-location equipment, particularly

230-534: Is a higher doctoral degree in the Russian Empire , Soviet Union and many Commonwealth of Independent States countries. One of the prerequisites of receiving a Doctor of Sciences degree is having a PhD -equivalent Candidate of Sciences degree beforehand. In addition, the Doctor of Sciences conferral also requires applicants to demonstrate significant and outstanding contributions to their research field. This degree

253-617: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Semion Braude Of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, Braude was born in Poltava , Ukraine , and pursued his higher education at the National University of Kharkiv , receiving his undergraduate degree from the Physics and Mathematics Department in 1932. He then joined the staff of the Laboratory of Electromagnetic Oscillations (LEMO) at

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276-608: Is generally regarded as an honor and recognition for lifetime academic achievements rather than an ordinary academic degree by courses and theses. The "Doctor of Sciences" degree was introduced in the Russian Empire in 1819 and abolished in 1917. Later it was revived in the USSR on January 13, 1934, by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR . By the same decision, a lower degree, " Candidate of Sciences " ( kandidat nauk ), roughly

299-416: Is typically about 20, all holding the Doctor of Sciences degree. The area of research specialization of at least five committee members must match the profile of the materials submitted by the doctoral candidate for the consideration. The candidate must conduct independent research. Therefore, no academic supervisor is required; moreover, typically the candidate is an established scholar him/herself, supervising

322-718: The Bologna Process and is therefore equivalent to either a PhD , or to a higher doctorate , depending on the institution awarding the degree. Doctor of Sciences degrees are conferred by a national government agency called the Higher Attestation Commission (Vysshaya attestatsionnaya komissiya, VAK) on the solicitation by the specialized dissertation committee before which the candidate has defended her or his dissertation. Such committees are created in academic institutions with established research record and are accredited by VAK. The total number of committee members

345-511: The Rubin , a further improvement of the Zenit . He also continued his studies under Slutskin, being awarded the higher Doctor of Sciences degree in 1943. He was given the title of Professor in 1944. The preliminary testing of Rubin turned up a previously unreported phenomena in radio-signal propagation, later called surface or atmospheric ducting , resulting in a major decrease in signal attenuation; Braude initiated studies in this area. Following

368-408: The surname Braude . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braude&oldid=892363240 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

391-709: The IRE. He was made a Vice-Director of the IRE, heading the Radio Astronomy Department and pioneering decametre -wavelength radio astronomy in Ukraine. In 1985, he was instrumental in forming a new academic establishment, the Institute of Radio Astronomy of NASU, branched off IRE on the basis of the former Radio Astronomy Department. Braude’s research at the IRE centered on developing large-scale radio interferometers for precisely examining extraterrestrial radio sources. He headed

414-519: The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, "In countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of the second doctoral degree. In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree." According to guidelines published by

437-542: The Russian equivalent to the research doctorate in other countries, was first introduced. This system was generally adopted by the USSR /Russia and many post-Soviet/Eastern bloc states, including Bulgaria , Belarus , former Czechoslovakia , Poland (since abolished), and Ukraine . But the former Yugoslav degree "Doktor nauka" / "Доктор наука" / "Doktor znanosti", still awarded by Bosnia Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Serbia , and Slovenia follows

460-602: The Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute (UPTI), and also began graduate work at KU. His mentor was Abram A. Slutskin , professor at KU as well as head of the LEMO. Much of the activities of the LEMO involved the development of magnetrons for generating ultra high frequency (UHF) signals. In 1936, the LEMO was tasked to study the application of magnetrons in a pulsed radio-location (radar) system for use by anti-aircraft batteries. For this project, Braude designed

483-420: The last-mentioned are not required for career advancement. On the average, only 10 per cent of Kandidats eventually earn a Doktor degree. Although some exceptionally talented researchers in mathematics do earn Doctor of Sciences in their late 20s, the average age of the scholars reaching Doktor in most disciplines is about 50; this implicitly indicates the amount of contribution that must be made. According to

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506-502: The thesis. One more similar assessment is to be provided by some university or academic institution, working in the same field of science or technology, and in addition several other reviewers must mail their conclusions made based on a thesis summary (usually a 32-page brochure in natural sciences and 48 pages in social sciences). In the former USSR, this degree is considered a sufficient credential for tenured full professorship at any institution of higher education. Unless an academic holds

529-466: The war, the LEMO returned to Kharkiv in mid-1945, remaining independent of the UPTI. There Braude continued research in large-scale radio propagation, eventually turning his full interest to interferometry and radio-signal analysis. In 1955, the LEMO became the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU); Braude played a major role in forming

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