61-566: [REDACTED] Look up branco in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Branco ("white" in Portuguese and Galician) may refer to: Places [ edit ] Branco River (disambiguation) , various rivers in Brazil Cape Branco , on the coast of Paraíba, Brazil Branco, Cape Verde , an island Morro Branco, Cape Verde , a mountain on
122-480: A 1994 Italian drama film See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Branco Castelo Branco (disambiguation) Castello Branco (disambiguation) Rio Branco (disambiguation) Blanco (disambiguation) , the Spanish equivalent Branko , a South Slavic masculine given name Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
183-638: A dominantly "white" population, creating a human panorama different from the relative Portuguese-Brazilian uniformity of the country, but where it is possible to distinguish the sub-areas where each ethnic group was concentrated, whether German, Italian, Polish or Russian. The process of acculturation of these immigrants in the Brazilian society was highly variable from nationality to nationality. Portuguese, Italians and Spaniards assimilated more easily; Russians, Poles and Austrians occupied an intermediate position, while Germans were more resistant. The influence of
244-489: A person has no problem admitting to having non-European ancestors. In colonial Brazil, the formation of a white population of exclusive European ancestry was not very common. In the first centuries of colonization, almost only Portuguese men immigrated to Brazil, since Portuguese women were often prevented from migrating. Given such gender imbalance, Portuguese male settlers often had relationships with Amerindian or African women, which led to an extremely mixed population. At
305-503: A person with lighter skin color. In Brazil, social prejudice connected to certain details in the physical appearance of individual is widespread. Those details are related to the concept of "cor". "Cor", Portuguese for "color", denotes the Brazilian rough equivalent of the term "race" in English, but is based on a complex phenotypic evaluation that takes into account skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape. This concept, unlike
366-416: A royal decree of 1726, the king demanded that all candidates for positions in the municipal councils of Minas Gerais had to be whites and husbands or widowers of white women. Restrictive measures like this, however, would not be able to restrict the natural tendency to miscegenation in colonial Brazil. Thus, the "white" population of colonial Brazil was not formed by the multiplication of European families in
427-511: A similar system, again explicitly including Amerindians as "pardos". Brazil received more European settlers during its colonial era than any other country in the Americas. Between 1500 and 1760, about 700,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil. In the first two centuries of colonization (16th and 17th centuries), it is estimated that no more than 100,000 Portuguese people migrated to Brazil. They were more affluent immigrants, who settled mainly in
488-505: A study with 547 individuals, of which 278 were Native Americans (Guarani and Kaingang) and 269 admixed from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, was carried out. The genetic finding matches with the explanation of sociologist Darcy Ribeiro about the ethnic formation of the Brazilian Gaúchos: they are mostly the result of the miscegenation of Spanish and Portuguese males with Amerindian females. Another genetic study found possible relics of
549-783: Is Portuguese . Historically, the Portuguese were the Europeans who mostly immigrated to Brazil: it is estimated that, between 1500 and 1808, 500,000 of them went to live in Brazil, and the Portuguese were practically the only European group to have definitively settled in colonial Brazil. Furthermore, even after independence, the Portuguese were among the nationalities that mostly immigrated to Brazil. Between 1884 and 1959, 4,734,494 immigrants entered Brazil, mostly from Portugal and Italy , but also from Spain , Germany , Poland and other countries; nowadays millions of Brazilians are also descended from these immigrants. The white Brazilian population
610-407: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages branco [REDACTED] Look up branco in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Branco ("white" in Portuguese and Galician) may refer to: Places [ edit ] Branco River (disambiguation) , various rivers in Brazil Cape Branco , on
671-531: Is not important for a person to be classified as white in Brazil. The survey asked respondents if they had any ancestors who were European, African or Amerindian. As much as 52% of those whites reported they have some non-European ancestry: 25% reported to have some African ancestry and 14% reported Amerindian ancestry (15% of them reported to have both). Only 48% of those whites did not report any non-European ancestry. Thus, in Brazil, one can self-identify as "white" and still have African or Amerindian ancestry, and such
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#1732855208633732-631: Is spread throughout Brazil's territory, but its highest percentage is found in the three southernmost states, where 72.6% of the population claims to be White in the censuses, whereas the Southeast region has the largest absolute numbers. According to the 2022 Census, the states with the highest percentage of white Brazilians are: Rio Grande do Sul (78.4%), Santa Catarina (78.0%), Paraná (64.6%), and São Paulo (57.8%). Other states with significant percentages are: Rio de Janeiro (42%), Mato Grosso do Sul (42.4%) and Espírito Santo (42.06%). São Paulo has
793-478: Is that it was predominantly male. Portuguese immigration to Brazil in the 16th and 17th centuries was made up almost exclusively of men. The typical Portuguese settler in Brazil was a young man in his late teens or in his early twenties, coming from the provinces of Northern Portugal , most notably Minho and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro , or from the Atlantic islands. White women of marriageable age were rare throughout
854-540: The 17th-century Dutch invasion in Northeastern Brazil . The main immigrant group to arrive in Brazil from the end of the 19th century onwards were the Italians, and they went mainly to São Paulo . In the early days, immigrants from northern Italy predominated, especially from Veneto , however, at the end of the century, the southern presence grew, especially from Campania and Calabria . The Italians, pressured by
915-473: The 1872 census, people were counted based on self-declaration, except for slaves, who were classified by their owners. ^3 The 1872 and 1890 censuses counted "caboclos" (White-Amerindian mixed race people) apart. In the 1890 census, the category "pardo" was replaced with "mestiço". Figures for 1890 are available at the IBGE site. ^4 In the 1940 census, people were asked for their "color or race"; if
976-575: The Dutch hostility against Spain was transferred to Portugal. The Dutch were able to control most of the Brazilian Northeast ;– then the most dynamic part of Brazil – for about a quarter century, but were unable to change the ethnic makeup of the colonizing population, which remained overwhelmingly Portuguese by origin and culture. Sephardic Jews of Portuguese origin moved from Amsterdam to New Holland ; but in 1654, when
1037-476: The English notion of "race", captures the continuous aspects of phenotypes. Thus, it seems there is no racial descent rule operational in Brazil; it is even possible for two siblings to belong to completely diverse "racial" categories. An important factor about whiteness in Brazil is the racial stigma of being Amerindian or Black, which is undesirable and avoided for a large part of the population. Scientific racism largely influenced race relations in Brazil since
1098-497: The Portuguese maritime Empire. The few Portuguese families that immigrated to Brazil tended to stay on the coast, rarely penetrating the interior. The situation changed slightly in the 18th century, when the migration of families and women from the Azores and Madeira islands increased. In addition to the fact that marriageable Portuguese women who arrived in Brazil were rare, the few remaining white women often remained celibate , as it
1159-484: The Portuguese regained control of Brazil, most of them were expelled, as well as most of the Dutch settlers. A group of Dutch and Portuguese Jews then moved to North America, forming a Jewish community in New Amsterdam , today's New York city, while a few of the Dutch colonists settled in the highlands in the countryside of Pernambuco known as Borborema Plateau , a region part of the ecosystem known as agreste between
1220-544: The Spanish equivalent Branko , a South Slavic masculine given name Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Branco . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branco&oldid=1176364630 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1281-422: The answer was not "White", "Black", or "Yellow", interviewers were instructed to fill the "color or race" box with a slash. These slashes were later totaled in the category "pardo". In practice this means answers such as "pardo", "moreno", "mulato", "caboclo", etc. ^5 In the 1950 census, the category "pardo" was included on its own. Amerindians were counted as "pardos". ^6 The 1960 census adopted
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#17328552086331342-557: The area of the Amazon rainforest , and significantly higher than the national average – 33% – among Brazilian whites) and 11% African MtDNA. Another study also concluded that for the formation of the Gaúcho there was a predominance of Iberians, particularly Spaniards. To evaluate the extension of Gaucho genetic diversity of the Gauchos, and retrieve part of their history,
1403-593: The arrival of European immigrants, in order to make the white population grow and to dilute the African and Amerindian blood in their population. Argentina even had an article in its Constitution prohibiting any attempt to prevent the entry of European immigrants in the country. In the case of Brazil, the immigrants started arriving in huge numbers during the 1880s. From 1886 to 1900, almost 1.4 million Europeans arrived, of whom over 900,000 were Italians. During this period of 14 years, Brazil received more Europeans than during
1464-402: The captaincies of Pernambuco and Bahia , to explore sugar production, which was the most profitable activity in the colony at that time. At the end of the 16th century, the white population (the vast majority Portuguese) was of over 30,000 people, mainly concentrated in the captaincies of Pernambuco, Bahia and São Vicente . The colonization process continued throughout the 17th century and by
1525-405: The coast of Paraíba, Brazil Branco, Cape Verde , an island Morro Branco, Cape Verde , a mountain on the island of São Vicente People [ edit ] Branco, a white Brazilian Branco (surname) Branco (footballer) , Brazilian international footballer Cláudio Ibrahim Vaz Leal (born 1964) Branco (rapper) , Danish rapper Other uses [ edit ] Il branco ,
1586-940: The coastal forest zona da mata and the semiarid sertão in the Northeast. Aside these military attempts, a very small number of non-Portuguese people appear to have managed to enter Brazil from European countries other than Portugal. However, in the Southern Brazilian areas disputed between Portugal and Spain, Spanish colonists largely contributed for the ethnic formation of the local population, denominated Gaúchos . A genetic research conducted by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) on Gaúchos from Bagé and Alegrete, in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, revealed that they are mostly descended from Portuguese and Spanish ancestors, with 52% of them having Amerindian MtDNA (similar to that found in people who live in
1647-471: The coffee plantations. To this end, laws were enforced to facilitate the entry of immigrants and the Brazilian government started to spend public money paying the passage of immigrants from Europe. The state of São Paulo, in the first decade of the Republican Regime , allocated about 9% of its revenue to cover spending on promoting immigration. European immigrants were brought to Brazil mostly to replace
1708-582: The colony, as occurred, for example, in the United States, but often by the miscegenation between European men and African or indigenous women, giving rise to a population defined as "white", but which was, to a greater or lesser degree, of mixed-race heritage. This population, speaking Portuguese and completely integrated with the "neo-Brazilian" culture, has assisted the Portuguese colonizers to impose their dominant characteristics in Brazil. According to estimates of Brazil's ethnic composition in 1835 (excluding
1769-489: The continuous growth of “whites” and mainly of "brown people" in the 19th century. Genetic studies show that, even in Brazilian regions that received little or virtually no European immigration after independence from Portugal (such as the North and Northeast), European genetic ancestry predominates in the population. European ancestry is greater than the African or Amerindian ones in all regions of Brazil. This does not mean that
1830-438: The country. In the 1890s, 1.2 million European immigrants were added to the country's 5 million whites. Today the Brazilian areas with larger proportions of whites tend to have been destinations of massive European immigration between 1880 and 1930. The following are the results for the different Brazilian censuses, since 1872: ^1 The 1900, 1920, and 1970 censuses did not count people for "race". ^2 In
1891-507: The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, contributed to bring greater diversity to the Brazilian population. It is estimated that about 20% of the Brazilian population is descended from people who immigrated to the country in that period, and, in certain regions of the South and Southeast, this percentage is much higher. In the regions where they concentrated most, these immigrants created Europeanized landscapes and bequeathed
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1952-421: The end of the 19th century stimulated a growing emigration to Brazil, which was seen by the Portuguese as a land of abundance and opportunities for enrichment. Of those who arrived, most headed for the city of Rio de Janeiro. Young immigrants who arrived supported by a pre-existing solidarity network represented 8 to 11% of immigrants; those qualified or possessing capital to invest in Brazil constituted about 10% of
2013-515: The end of the 19th century, when eugenic ideas arrived in Brazil, a severe racial segregation , similar to that of the United States or South Africa , that separated "whites" from "non-whites", was regarded as impractical in Brazil, since this would even exclude many members of the Brazilian elite . Thus, in Brazil, racial classifications are more flexible and based primarily on a person's physical characteristics, such as skin color , hair type and other physical traits, tending to identify as "white"
2074-416: The end of the century, the white population was of nearly 100,000 people. It is notable that most Portuguese settlers arrived in Brazil in the 18th century: 600,000 in a period of only sixty years. Initially unattractive during the first two centuries of colonization, as it concentrated sugar production, which required high investments, by the end of the 17th and in the beginning of the 18th centuries, due to
2135-457: The environment cannot be underestimated: immigrants who went to coffee farms or urban centers assimilated more easily, as there was daily contact with Brazilians, generating common interests, friendships and mixed marriages. In these regions, the Portuguese language quickly supplanted the languages of the immigrants, facilitating their process of acculturation. In turn, the immigrants who went to
2196-533: The first half of the 20th century. South American oligarchies , which remained predominantly of European origin, believed – in syntony with the racialist theories then widespread in Europe ;– that the large numbers of blacks, Amerindians and mixed-race people who made up the majority of the population were a handicap to the development of their countries. As a result, countries such as Argentina , Uruguay and Brazil started to encourage
2257-463: The genetic legacy inherited from Portuguese colonization and the complex miscegenation that occurred back then. Before the 19th century, the French invaded twice, establishing brief and minor settlements ( Rio de Janeiro , 1555–60; Maranhão , 1612–15). In 1630, the Dutch made the most significant attempt to seize Brazil from Portuguese control. At the time, Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain, and
2318-475: The increase of whites and brown people, between 1835 and 1872, had little or nothing to do with a recent European immigration: between 1822 and 1872, only 268,000 European immigrants entered Brazil, and these immigrants and their descendants did not exceed 6% of the Brazilian population in 1872. This change can be explained by the fact that the Portuguese colonizers and their descendants managed to reproduce much more quickly than Africans and their descendants. During
2379-416: The indigenous peoples), just over half of the Brazilian population was black (51.4%), followed by whites (24.4%) and brown people (18.2%). About four decades later, in 1872 , the census registered significant changes in the ethnic composition: blacks dropped to 19.7%, while whites increased their proportion to 38.1% and brown people became the most numerous, at 42.2%. The proportional reduction of blacks and
2440-541: The island of São Vicente People [ edit ] Branco, a white Brazilian Branco (surname) Branco (footballer) , Brazilian international footballer Cláudio Ibrahim Vaz Leal (born 1964) Branco (rapper) , Danish rapper Other uses [ edit ] Il branco , a 1994 Italian drama film See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Branco Castelo Branco (disambiguation) Castello Branco (disambiguation) Rio Branco (disambiguation) Blanco (disambiguation) ,
2501-685: The largest population in absolute numbers with 25 million whites. The conception of "white" in Brazil is similar to other Latin American countries yet different to the United States , where historically only people of entirely or (almost entirely) European ancestry have been considered white, due to the one drop rule . In Brazil and in Latin America in general, this conception does not exist. A 2000 survey conducted in Rio de Janeiro concluded that "racial-purity"
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2562-468: The late 19th century. The predominant non-white, mostly Afro-Brazilian population was seen as a problem for Brazil in the eyes of the predominantly white elite of the country. In contrast to some countries, like the United States or South Africa, which tried to avoid miscegenation, even imposing anti-miscegenation laws , in Brazil miscegenation was always legal. What was expected was that miscegenation would eventually turn all Brazilians into whites. However,
2623-462: The main product of Brazil at the time, began to suffer a shortage of workers due to the slave emancipation process. In one hundred years (1872-1972) at least 5,350,889 immigrants came to Brazil, of whom 31.06% were Portuguese , 30.32% Italians , 13.38% Spaniards , 4.63% Japanese , 4.18% Germans and 16.42% of other unspecified nationalities. These immigrants settled mostly in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Brazilian scientific thought at
2684-427: The majority of the population in these regions is "white"; on the contrary, due to the high degree of miscegenation between Europeans, Africans and Amerindians, in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil only a minority is white, and the majority identify themselves as “brown” in the censuses; however, the genetic composition of these regions, with a predominance of European ancestry, particularly Portuguese, highlights
2745-410: The most recent census in 2010 showed a shift in mentality, with a growing number of Brazilians identifying themselves as brown or Black, accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of whites, with affirmative action and identity valorisation being factors. As a result of that desire of whitening its own population, the Brazilian ruling classes encouraged the arrival of massive European immigration to
2806-432: The nationalization campaign, implemented during Getúlio Vargas 's dictatorship, starting in 1937. The Brazilian government started to see the immigrant colonies as a “national problem”, which threatened the uniformity of Brazilian identity, and their inhabitants were subject to great repression. Vargas ordered all schools associated with foreign cultures to be closed, forcing all schools to teach exclusively in Portuguese, and
2867-473: The over 300 years of colonization. The mass European immigration to Brazil only started in the second half of the 19th century, from 1850 to 1970 over 5 million Europeans arrived, because of three main reasons: Brazilian coffee producers, fearful of the crisis in the labor force, began to put pressure on the Legislative Branch to facilitate the entry of foreign workers to be inserted as manpower in
2928-503: The poverty that plagued Italy, headed for rural settlements in southern Brazil, where they became small farmers, as well as for coffee farms in the southeast, where they replaced slave labor. Others, especially the southern ones, went straight to urban centers. The second main group were the Portuguese who, added to the colonizing population of the earlier centuries, form the most important European group in Brazil. The fragmentation and disappearance of small properties in northern Portugal at
2989-533: The principle of restricting settling in Brazil to Portuguese nationals. In that year over two thousand Swiss migrants from the Canton of Fribourg arrived to settle in an inhospitable area near Rio de Janeiro that would later be renamed Nova Friburgo . The end of the slave trade (1850) and the abolition of slavery (1888) prompted the Brazilian State to promote European immigration to Brazil. The production of coffee,
3050-449: The prohibition of the entry of new slaves in Brazil, the proportional growth of the black population not only stagnated, but also decreased substantially, as can be seen. On the other hand, the Portuguese and their descendants managed to increase their numbers, year after year, not by the entry of new immigrants, but by their remarkable reproductive capacity, particularly through miscegenation with indigenous and black women, which explains
3111-531: The retreat of the Portuguese Empire in Asia and the discoveries of gold in the Brazilian region of Minas Gerais , there were more favorable conditions for the arrival of Portuguese immigrants in Brazil. There was no need for major investments for mining activity. Mining in these regions was a crucial factor in the arrival of this contingent of Portuguese immigrants. A characteristic of the Portuguese colonization
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#17328552086333172-400: The rural settlements (colonies) were gathered in isolated groups, maintaining little contact with the rest of the Brazilian society, which allowed the maintenance of language and ethnic identity for generations. Until the 1940s, in the colonies, few descendants of immigrants knew how to speak Portuguese, even though some of them had been living in Brazil for generations. The big blow came through
3233-725: The slave labor in coffee plantations. Brazilian landowners, who were used to deal with slaves, began to deal with free and paid European workers. These immigrants were often mistreated by Brazilian farmers and subjected to conditions of semi-slavery . The conditions were so harsh that, in 1902, the Italian government issued Prinetti Decree , which restricted the emigration of Italian citizens to Brazil, prohibiting travel subsidies. In 1910, Spain banned subsidized immigration to Brazil, after complaints that Spanish citizens were living in conditions of semi-slavery in coffee plantations of Brazil. The immigration of millions of Europeans to Brazil, between
3294-553: The three centuries of African slavery in Brazil, the growth of the black population was basically due to the importation of new slaves from Africa, given that the natural reproduction of slaves was very slow and even little stimulated (it was more economical to buy new slaves than to take care of slave children). Moreover, life expectancy of slaves in Brazil was very low. In the words of Augustin Saint-Hilaire : "An infinity of blacks died without leaving any descendants". In 1850, with
3355-419: The time, which was strongly marked by positivism , adopted "scientific theses" of social Darwinism and eugenics to defend the "whitening" of the population as a necessary factor for the development of Brazil. The Brazilian social and political elite, which was mostly white, took it for granted that the country did not develop because its population was largely composed of black and mixed-race people. Immigration
3416-764: The title Branco . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branco&oldid=1176364630 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages White Brazilians White Brazilians ( Portuguese : brasileiros brancos [bɾaziˈle(j)ɾuz ˈbɾɐ̃kus] ) refers to Brazilian citizens who are considered or self-identify as "white", typically because of European or Levantine ancestry. The main ancestry of current white Brazilians
3477-518: The total, while immigrants without any type of qualification made up no less than 80% of the Portuguese who arrived in Rio at the end of the 19th century. The third most numerous group came from Spain. Spaniards, often forgotten by Brazilian historiography, went mainly to São Paulo, to work in the coffee plantations. They were mainly from southern Spain, from the Andalusia region, although the flow from Galicia
3538-432: The use of foreign languages, including orally, in public or in private, was banned in Brazil, with people being arrested and beaten. Even with the repression of Vargas Estado Novo dictatorship, minority languages of European origin still survive in certain communities concentrated in southern Brazil, mainly of German, Italian and Slavic origin. However, their use has been decreasing in recent generations. The break with
3599-548: Was a tradition among aristocratic or richer white families to send their daughters to Catholic convents , where they would follow a religious life. Given this absence of white women available for marriage, it was inevitable for Portuguese colonists to take as a lover a woman of African or indigenous origin. The Portuguese Crown's concern about the scarcity of marriages among whites in the colony became evident in 1732, when John V of Portugal prohibited women from leaving Brazil, with some exceptions. In order to curb miscegenation , in
3660-478: Was also important. The fourth most relevant group were the Germans. The promotion of German immigration to Brazil was old, dating back to 1824, with the presence of immigrants who had a great importance in the occupation of southern Brazil . They founded rural communities, which later became prosperous cities, such as São Leopoldo , Joinville and Blumenau . It was only in 1818 that the Portuguese rulers abandoned
3721-410: Was not only considered a means of supplying the necessary labor in the fields, or of colonizing the national territory covered by virgin forests, but also as a means of "improving" the Brazilian population by increasing the number of whites. Hence, Brazilian immigration policies were strongly influenced by the racial whitening ideology that permeated the Brazilian social and political imaginary during
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