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47-566: (Redirected from Brains Trust ) [REDACTED] Look up brain trust in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The term brain trust (or brains trust , the form more common in British English) may refer to: Brain trust , a close group of advisors, including those who advised United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt Brain Trust (GetBackers) ,

94-649: A British radio/television programme See also [ edit ] Brain Research Trust , a British medical research charity Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Brain Trust . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain_Trust_(disambiguation)&oldid=1223375831 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

141-430: A bitter fight over the principle of commercial reciprocity with Newfoundland. In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge wrote, "Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it". Lodge was a vocal proponent of immigration restrictions, for a number of reasons. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, significant numbers of immigrants, primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe, were migrating to industrial centers in

188-465: A common theme in the nativist movement of the era. In an address to the New England Society of Brooklyn in 1888, Lodge stated: Let every man honor and love the land of his birth and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green. It is a pious and honorable duty. But let us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, and so on, and all be Americans ... If

235-512: A fee-fixing agreement were called a "brain trust." In a long lament of the independence of small editors, the Marion [Ohio] Star says that a "Brains Trust" is evidenced by the "machine made" opinions of gullible editors. Around the same time the term "brain trust" was employed in a slightly different sense by journalists covering Henry Cabot Lodge . During the Spanish–American War in 1898,

282-584: A group of Columbia Law School professors (Moley, Tugwell, and Berle). These men played a key role in shaping the policies of the First New Deal (1933). Although they never met together as a group, they each had Roosevelt's ear. Many newspaper editorials and editorial cartoons ridiculed them as impractical idealists. The core of the Roosevelt brain trust later consisted of men associated with Harvard Law School (Cohen, Corcoran, and Frankfurter). These men played

329-515: A group of journalists would gather in Senator Lodge's committee room and discuss with him the progress of the war. Lodge called this group his "board of strategy," but the Senate press corp called it "the brain trust." The sense of the term as depicting a collection of well informed experts was this sense that seemed to catch hold. For example, in 1901 a group of journalists in a state press association

376-678: A higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail. As the public voice of the Immigration Restriction League , Lodge argued in support of literacy tests for incoming immigrants. The tests would be designed to exclude members of those races he deemed "most alien to the body of the American people". He proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out all further entries, particularly persons of low education or skill, to more efficiently assimilate

423-486: A key role in shaping the policies of the Second New Deal (1935–1936). References Sources Henry Cabot Lodge Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 – November 9, 1924)

470-666: A lifelong friendship with Adams. As a popular historian of the United States, Lodge focused on the early Federalist Era . He published biographies of George Washington and the prominent Federalists Alexander Hamilton , Daniel Webster , and his great-grandfather George Cabot , as well as A Short History of the English Colonies in America . In 1898, he published The Story of the Revolution in serial form in Scribner's Magazine . Lodge

517-664: A major speech before the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long selfless service to the state. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. He rarely campaigned on his own behalf but now he made his case, explaining his important roles in civil service reform, maintaining the gold standard, expanding the Navy, developing policies for the Philippine Islands, and trying to restrict immigration by illiterate Europeans, as well as his support for some progressive reforms. Most of all he appealed to party loyalty. Lodge

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564-412: A man is going to be an American at all let him be so without any qualifying adjectives; and if he is going to be something else, let him drop the word American from his personal description. He did not believe, however, that all races were equally capable or worthy of being assimilated. In The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration , he wrote that "you can take a Hindoo and give him the highest education

611-582: A secret organization from the anime/manga GetBackers Brain Trust (Wild Cards) , a character from the book series Wild Cards Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality , a 2011 book by Patricia Churchland Brain Trust , a 2-11 TV pilot produced by Dean Devlin A group led by the Janitor in the TV series Scrubs A group of villains in Batman Beyond The Brains Trust ,

658-463: A threat to the stability of Europe. However, apart from policy differences, even before the end of Wilson's first term and well before America's entry into the Great War, Lodge confided to Teddy Roosevelt, "I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel toward Wilson." In January 1921, Lodge led the deliberate obstruction of the confirmation of 10,000 presidential Wilson appointments to

705-454: A witticism concerning free traders that made the rounds of U.S. papers. The joke implies the lack of thought output, just as "trusts (consolidation of productive units) reduced industrial output: "Some of the free trade shouters display enough ignorance to excite a suspicion that they have been made the victims of a brain 'trust.'" Using the term as an analogy to industrial trusts seems to have spread widely in 1888. For example, lawyers who signed

752-521: Is capable of greater things than that. Following American victory in the Spanish–American War , Lodge came to represent the imperialist faction of the Senate, those who called for the annexation of the Philippines . Lodge maintained that the United States needed to have a strong navy and be more involved in foreign affairs. However, Lodge was never on good terms with John Hay , who served as Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt, 1898–1905. They had

799-517: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages brain trust Early use of the term "brain trust" was patterned on the use of the term "trust" to depict economic consolidation within an industry. This was a subject of much interest at the time and led to the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. In 1888 the Springfield [Missouri] Leader used

846-558: The Lodge reservations , influenced the structure of the modern United Nations . Lodge received four degrees from Harvard University and was a widely published historian. His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as 1884 and lasted their entire lifetimes, even surviving Roosevelt's bolt from the Republican Party in 1912. As a representative, Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Bill of 1890, which sought to protect

893-536: The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the leader of the Senate Republicans. From that position, he led the opposition to Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty. His strongest objection was to the requirement that all nations repel aggression, fearing that this would erode congressional powers and erode American sovereignty; those objections had a major role in producing

940-412: The patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as the weakening of national sovereignty: "I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league." Lodge was reluctant to involve the United States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role: The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in

987-503: The 1860 kidnapping of a classmate and gave testimony leading to the arrest and conviction of the kidnappers. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Lodge's father wanted to ride into battle at the head of a cavalry regiment he had personally put together, but his father missed the chance, possibly due to a bad knee from a riding injury, and in September 1862, Lodge's father suddenly died. He

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1034-690: The Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . He was assigned national membership number 4,901. That same year, following the lynching of eleven Italian Americans in New Orleans, Lodge published an article blaming the victims and proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration. Lodge’s support for voting rights did not extend to women. He was a leading opponent of women’s suffrage . Lodge did not change his position even after

1081-694: The Republican Party. Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported James Blaine and protectionism in the 1884 election . Blaine lost narrowly. Lodge was first elected to the US Senate in 1892 and easily reelected time and again but his greatest challenge came in his reelection bid in January 1911. The Democrats had made significant gains in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the progressive and conservative wings, with Lodge trying to mollify both sides. In

1128-447: The United States. Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of living for American workers, and that a mass influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict and national decline. In a May 1891 article on Italian immigration, Lodge expressed his concern that immigration by "the races who have peopled the United States" was declining, while "the immigration of people removed from us in race and blood"

1175-678: The War and Navy Departments in the US Senate on the grounds that confirmation of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration. He served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1919–1924). He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924. His leadership of the Senate Republicans has led some to retrospectively call him

1222-456: The close group of experts that surrounded United States presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt . According to Roosevelt Brain Trust member Raymond Moley , Kieran coined the term, however Rosenman contended that Louis Howe, a close advisor to the President, first used the term but used it derisively in a conversation with Roosevelt. The core of the Roosevelt brain trust initially consisted of

1269-417: The day that President Wilson urged Congress to declare war , Lodge and Alexander Bannwart , a pacifist constituent who wanted Lodge to vote against the war, got into a fistfight in the U.S. Capitol. Bannwart was arrested but Lodge opted not to press charges. Bannwart later sued Lodge to have the record corrected; initial news reports suggested that Bannwart hit Lodge first, but Lodge acknowledged in settling

1316-554: The de facto Senate Majority Leader . During his term in office, he and another powerful senator, Albert J. Beveridge , pushed for the construction of a new navy. In 1919, as the unofficial Senate majority leader, Lodge dealt with the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the Senate's ultimate rejection of the treaty. Lodge wanted to join the League of Nations , but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty . Lodge appealed to

1363-497: The earliest recipients of a PhD in history from an American university. Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published in a compilation "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", alongside his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure" and Ernest Young on "The Anglo-Saxon Family Law". All three were supervised by Henry Adams , who contributed "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law". Lodge maintained

1410-579: The election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed. In 1890, Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill , along with Senator George Frisbie Hoar , that guaranteed federal protection for African American voting rights. Although the proposed legislation was supported by President Benjamin Harrison , the bill was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate. In 1891, he became a member of

1457-497: The interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good, and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come, as in the years that have gone. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin. Lodge

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1504-550: The junior senator from Massachusetts, John Weeks , lost his seat in 1918 due to his opposition to equal suffrage. Lodge was a strong backer of U.S. intervention in Cuba in 1898, arguing that it was the moral responsibility of the United States to do so: Of the sympathies of the American people, generous, liberty-loving, I have no question. They are with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom. I believe our people would welcome any action on

1551-423: The lawsuit that he had hit Bannwart first. This is the only known instance of a U.S. Senator attacking a constituent. After the United States entered the war, Lodge continued to attack Wilson as hopelessly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen Points as unrealistic and weak. He contended that Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could never again be

1598-724: The millions who had already come. From 1907 to 1911, he served on the Dillingham Commission , a joint congressional committee established to study the era's immigration patterns and make recommendations to Congress based on its findings. The Commission's recommendations led to the Immigration Act of 1917 . Lodge was a staunch advocate of entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers , attacking President Woodrow Wilson for poor military preparedness and accusing pacifists of undermining American patriotism. On April 2, 1917,

1645-455: The part of the United States to put an end to the terrible state of things existing there. We can stop it. We can stop it peacefully. We can stop it, in my judgment, by pursuing proper diplomacy and offering our good offices. Let it once be understood that we mean to stop the horrible state of things in Cuba and it will be stopped. The great power of the United States, if it is once invoked and uplifted,

1692-570: The term in connection with the consolidation of newspapers in the state: "[Too many newspapers in Columbia, Mo.] overstocked the brain market of that town, and the Columbian and Statesman formed a 'trust.' ... While sugar, coffee, lumber, whiskey, iron, coal and other trusts are forming we can see no reason why a 'brain trust' can't be organized." Around the same time the Philadelphia Press penned

1739-534: The use by Time magazine in 1928, which ran a headline on a meeting of the American Council on Learned Societies titled "Brain Trust". Franklin D. Roosevelt 's speechwriter and legal counsel Samuel Rosenman suggested having an academic team to advise Roosevelt in March 1932. In 1932, The New York Times writer James Kieran first used the term Brains Trust (shortened to Brain Trust later) when he applied it to

1786-693: The veto power of the United Nations Security Council . Lodge remained in the Senate until his death in 1924. Lodge was born in Beverly, Massachusetts . His father was John Ellerton Lodge of the Lodge family . His mother was Anna Cabot, a member of the Cabot family , through whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot . Lodge was a Boston Brahmin . He grew up on Boston's Beacon Hill and spent part of his childhood in Nahant, Massachusetts , where he witnessed

1833-458: The voting rights of African Americans and introduce a national secret ballot. As a senator, Lodge took a more active role in foreign policy, supporting the Spanish–American War , expansion of American territory overseas, and American entry into World War I . He also supported immigration restrictions, becoming a member of the Immigration Restriction League and influencing the Immigration Act of 1917 . After World War I, Lodge became Chairman of

1880-460: The world can afford ... but you cannot make him an Englishman" and cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races: On the moral qualities of the English-speaking race, therefore, rest our history, our victories, and all our future. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with

1927-560: Was an American politician, historian, lawyer, and statesman from Massachusetts . A member of the Republican Party , he served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign policy. His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilson 's Treaty of Versailles ensured that the United States never joined the League of Nations and his penned conditions against that treaty, known collectively as

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1974-554: Was called a "brain trust" by the Deseret Evening News. It was not long before the term described a group that was so expert that their advice would be almost inevitably agreed to and acted upon. Such was the reference to the eight senators who made up the "Brain Trust of the Senate" as described by William Allen White in the Saturday Evening Post . That use became regular for the next two decades, as can be seen from

2021-609: Was cousin to the American polymath Charles Peirce . In 1872, he graduated from Harvard College , where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon , the Porcellian Club , and the Hasty Pudding Club . In 1874, he graduated from Harvard Law School , and was admitted to the bar in 1875, practicing at the Boston firm now known as Ropes & Gray . After traveling through Europe, Lodge returned to Harvard, and, in 1876, became one of

2068-664: Was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878. In 1881, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . He was also a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society , and served as its president from 1915 to 1924. As such, Lodge penned a preface to The Education of Henry Adams (which had been written by Adams in 1905 and printed in a private edition for family and friends) when this classic autobiography

2115-401: Was on the rise. He considered northern Italians superior candidates for immigration to southern Italians, not only because they tended to be better educated, had a higher standard of living, and had a "higher capacity for skilled work", but because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose immigration he sought to restrict. Lodge was a supporter of "100% Americanism",

2162-662: Was posthumously published by the Massachusetts Historical Society in September 1918. In 1880–1882, Lodge served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives . Lodge represented his home state in the United States House of Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate from 1893 to 1924. Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge was sympathetic to the concerns of the Mugwump faction of

2209-424: Was reelected by five votes. Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers. However, Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary in 1910, and his call for the initiative, referendum, and recall. Lodge stood silent when Roosevelt broke with the party and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912. Lodge voted for Taft instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won

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