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120-561: Boğaziçi University ( Turkish : Boğaziçi Üniversitesi ), also known as Bosphorus University , is a prominent public research university in Istanbul, Turkey , historically tied to a former American educational institution, Robert College . Robert College was the first American college to be founded outside the United States. The main campus of Boğaziçi University is located on the European side of

240-475: A form of consonant mutation whereby a voiced obstruent, such as /b d dʒ ɡ/ , is devoiced to [p t tʃ k] at the end of a word or before a consonant, but retains its voicing before a vowel. In loan words, the voiced equivalent of /k/ is /g/; in native words, it is /ğ/. This is analogous to languages such as German and Russian , but in the case of Turkish it only applies, as the above examples demonstrate, to stops and affricates, not to fricatives. The spelling

360-615: A graduate institute have been established by decree of the President of the State: the Faculty of Law, Faculty of Communication, and the Institute for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence. Other faculties have been reorganized or disbanded. Notably, in spring 2024, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences was split in two, despite the unanimous objection of all the affected department heads. In retaliation to

480-418: A hundred individuals with ties to Boğaziçi University, alumni, retired and emeriti faculty members, have been blacklisted by the appointed administration and are not allowed to enter the institution. A 2023 decision by the rectorate prohibited all retired and emeriti faculty members who are not currently teaching any courses from entering the university grounds. These measures have led to a serious depopulation of

600-540: A key player in shaping regional dynamics and promoting stability and prosperity in the broader neighborhood. Article 101, Section 1 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: If a presidential candidate is a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly , they must resign their seat due to separation of powers. The principles regarding

720-415: A negative suffix -me to the verb (the suffix comes after the stem but before the tense): Necla okula gitmedi ('Necla did not go to school'). In the case of a verbal sentence, an interrogative clitic mi is added after the verb and stands alone, for example Necla okula gitti mi? ('Did Necla go to school?'). In the case of a nominal sentence, then mi comes after the predicate but before

840-550: A slight modification, whereby the names of the three candidates with the highest votes were to be submitted to the Council of Higher Education. The council was to turn in one of these names, preferably the candidate with the highest vote, to the President of Turkey for appointment. To ensure that their candidate with the highest vote would be appointed as rector, upon request from the BU faculty,

960-480: A soccer field, after the §Seizure of Power . The South Campus is considered to be the most popular Boğaziçi University Campus. It houses various historic buildings of Robert College, including Hamlin, Washburn, Theodorus, Dodge, Albert Long and Anderson Halls as well as the Kennedy Lodge, named after John F. Kennedy , and currently serving as a welcoming facility for visiting professors and staff. The North Campus

1080-407: A verb in the form of the copula ol or y (variants of "be"). Examples of both are given below: The two groups of sentences have different ways of forming negation. A nominal sentence can be negated with the addition of the word değil . For example, the sentence above would become Necla öğretmen değil ('Necla is not a teacher'). However, the verbal sentence requires the addition of

1200-464: A vote of confidence from the faculty. The top-down appointment of Melih Bulu , an external candidate with close ties to the Justice and Development Party , on January 2, 2021 represented a radical and unprecedented intervention in the university's governance. Resistance and acts of protest by faculty, students , and alumni immediately followed. More than 150 students were detained. The new rector dismissed

1320-403: Is subject–object–verb . Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender . The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance , age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. Turkish is a member of

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1440-464: Is a regular business day of the Grand National Assembly . The president is elected for a term of office of five years and is eligible for one re-election. An exception exists when a president's term ends with a parliamentary decision (i.e., impeachment and removal from office). In this case, the president may be re-elected for an additional term, with the incomplete term not counting against

1560-526: Is based on the dialect of Istanbul . This Istanbul Turkish ( İstanbul Türkçesi ) constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp , Ömer Seyfettin and others. Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the levelling influence of the standard used in mass media and in the Turkish education system since the 1930s. Academic researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ağız or şive , leading to an ambiguity with

1680-453: Is convicted by the Court would be removed from office. The provision of this article shall also apply to the offenses for which the president allegedly worked during his term of office. Before the 2017 constitutional referendum , the president was not accountable for its actions and orders, except for impeachment due to high treason . All presidential decrees, except those which the president

1800-411: Is empowered to enact on his own, had to be signed by the prime minister and the minister concerned, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and other laws. Thus, the prime minister and the concerned ministers were accountable for these decrees, not the president. The decisions and orders signed by the president on his own initiatives may not be appealed to any judicial authority, including

1920-473: Is entitled to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and prosperity and in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and do my utmost to preserve and exalt the glory and honour of the Republic of Turkey and perform without bias the functions that I have assumed. The inauguration happens in the Grand National Assembly . The oath is broadcast live on TBMM-TV regardless of it

2040-462: Is gender segregation of dorms and their removal from central campus grounds; as of Fall 2023, the South Campus has been exclusively reserved for women's dorms. Gyms and pools have also had new rules instituted mandating gender segregation. While the layout and texture of the historical core of the university remains intact, heavy security measures and police presence has had the effect of depopulating

2160-484: Is held at the South Campus and other university venues. Usually, some 300 to 800 students from all over the world come to compete in various events. Faculty of Arts and Sciences Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty of Education Turkish language To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish —the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of

2280-490: Is held on the last Sunday within forty-five days following the day the office is vacant. The president elected in this way continues his duty until the election date of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. For the president who has completed the remaining term, this period is not counted as a term. If the elections are not completed, the current president's office continues until the new one takes office. In

2400-412: Is home to Aptullah Kuran Library, which contains more than 740,000 printed books, 800,000 e-books, 55,000 e-journals as well as an extensive collection of Braille books, and a collection of rare books and manuscripts. However, in 2023 the building was evacuated and will be demolished due to earthquake risk. As of 2024, open shelf access has been suspended and library services minimized. The Kandilli Campus

2520-630: Is mutually intelligible with Azerbaijani . In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire , such as Iraq, Bulgaria, Cyprus , Greece (primarily in Western Thrace ), the Republic of North Macedonia , Romania, and Serbia. More than two million Turkish speakers live in Germany; and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in

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2640-586: Is on the opposite side of the Bosphorus in Çengelköy , and hosts the historic Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI). The Kilyos Sarıtepe campus, located on the Black Sea coast, is home to a private beach . It is the first self-sufficient university campus in the world, meeting all of its electricity demands from its own wind power plant. In 2022, the Anadolu Hisarı Campus, which

2760-612: Is one of the official languages of Cyprus . Turkish has official status in 38 municipalities in Kosovo , including Mamusha, , two in the Republic of North Macedonia and in Kirkuk Governorate in Iraq. Cyprus has requested the European Union to add Turkish as an official language, as it is one of the two official languages of the country. In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is

2880-426: Is the 12th and current president of Turkey, who has held the office since 28 August 2014. The office of the President was established with the proclamation of the republic on 29 October 1923. In the voting held on the same day, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was unanimously elected as the first president. From this date until 2014, all presidents except Kenan Evren were elected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Among

3000-642: Is usually made to match the sound. However, in a few cases, such as ad 'name' (dative ada ), the underlying form is retained in the spelling (cf. at 'horse', dative ata ). Other exceptions are od 'fire' vs. ot 'herb', sac 'sheet metal', saç 'hair'. Most loanwords, such as kitap above, are spelled as pronounced, but a few such as hac 'hajj', şad 'happy', and yad 'strange' or 'stranger' also show their underlying forms. Native nouns of two or more syllables that end in /k/ in dictionary form are nearly all /ğ/ in underlying form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly /k/. The vowels of

3120-431: Is usually referred to as yumuşak g ("soft g"), written ⟨ğ⟩ in Turkish orthography , represents a vowel sequence or a rather weak bilabial approximant between rounded vowels, a weak palatal approximant between unrounded front vowels, and a vowel sequence elsewhere. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens

3240-558: The 2007 referendum , the Grand National Assembly would elect one of its members as the President. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to recite the presidential Oath of Office , found in Article 103, Section 1 of the Constitution . This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution: In my capacity as President of the Republic, I swear upon my honour and integrity before

3360-690: The Aegean region, with its usage extending to Antalya . The nomadic Yörüks of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish. This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey, who speak Balkan Gagauz Turkish . The Meskhetian Turks who live in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Russia as well as in several Central Asian countries, also speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, originating in

3480-533: The Arnavutköy campus of the American College for Girls; despite continuing to call itself a college it became merely a high school." On September 10, 1971, Robert College bequeathed today's South Campus of 118 acres, including buildings, the library, laboratories, and all facilities and personnel, to the Turkish government. Boğaziçi University was officially established as a Turkish public university. Since then,

3600-496: The Bosphorus strait . It has seven faculties and two schools offering undergraduate degrees and seven institutes offering graduate degrees. Traditionally, the language of instruction is English. Boğaziçi University is a center of attraction for students who excel in the nation-wide entrance examination, as well as for distinguished faculty. Its liberal approach has fostered an interdisciplinary and international research environment, and

3720-536: The Constitutional Court . The only accountability the president had was impeachment for high treason on the proposal of at least one-third of the total number of the members of the parliament and by the decision of at least three-fourths of the total number of the members. The Presidential Complex in Ankara is the official residence of the president. It was formally inaugurated as the official residence of

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3840-661: The Germanic runic alphabets . With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages ( c.  6th –11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia , covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia all the way to Europe and the Mediterranean . The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks , in particular, brought their language, Oghuz —the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into Anatolia during

3960-605: The Laz language ). Kastamonu is spoken in Kastamonu and its surrounding areas. Karamanli Turkish is spoken in Greece, where it is called Kαραμανλήδικα . It is the literary standard for the Karamanlides . At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian, although only syllable-finally. The phoneme that

4080-629: The Oghuz group of the Turkic family. Other members include Azerbaijani , spoken in Azerbaijan and north-west Iran , Gagauz of Gagauzia , Qashqai of south Iran and the Turkmen of Turkmenistan . Historically the Turkic family was seen as a branch of the larger Altaic family, including Japanese , Korean , Mongolian and Tungusic , with various other language families proposed for inclusion by linguists. Altaic theory has fallen out of favour since

4200-437: The Ottoman Empire period ( c.  1299 –1922) is termed Ottoman Turkish , which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as kaba Türkçe or "vulgar Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for

4320-566: The Ottoman Empire —spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Perso-Arabic script -based Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with the Latin script -based Turkish alphabet . Some distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination . The basic word order of Turkish

4440-599: The Seljuq Turks , who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the Ottomans , the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic and Persian . Turkish literature during the Ottoman period, particularly Divan poetry , was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during

4560-527: The Trabzon region of northeastern Turkey follows the reduced vowel harmony of Old Anatolian Turkish , with the additional complication of two missing vowels (ü and ı), thus there is no palatal harmony . It is likely that elün meant "your hand" in Old Anatolian. While the 2nd person singular possessive would vary between back and front vowel, -ün or -un, as in elün for "your hand" and kitabun for "your book",

4680-570: The Turkish Language Association ( Türk Dil Kurumu or TDK), which was founded in 1932 under the name Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of linguistic purism : indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and of foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin. These changes, together with

4800-470: The president of the Republic of Türkiye ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı ), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey . The president directs the executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish military . The president also heads the National Security Council . The office of the president of Turkey was established with

4920-415: The proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye on 29 October 1923, with the first president and founder being Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . Traditionally, the presidency was mostly a ceremonial position, with real executive authority being exercised by the prime minister of Turkey . However, constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 constitutional referendum abolished the office of prime minister, and vested

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5040-573: The 11th century. Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from the Kara-Khanid Khanate , published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk ( ديوان لغات الترك ). Following the adoption of Islam around the year 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and

5160-411: The 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his lengthy speech to the new Parliament in 1927, used the formal style of Ottoman Turkish that had been common at the time amongst statesmen and the educated strata of society in the setting of formal speeches and documents. After

5280-453: The 1960s, and a majority of linguists now consider Turkic languages to be unrelated to any other language family, though the Altaic hypothesis still has a small degree of support from individual linguists. The nineteenth-century Ural-Altaic theory, which grouped Turkish with Finnish , Hungarian and Altaic languages, is considered even less plausible in light of Altaic's rejection. The theory

5400-531: The 1961 Constitution made after the 1960 coup, it was decided that presidents should cut off any relation with political parties. Evren, who was governing the country as the head of state and the head of the National Security Council after the 1980 coup, was appointed to the Presidency on 7 November 1982, when the constitution was adopted by popular vote, in accordance with the first provisional article of

5520-416: The 1982 Constitution. With the 2007 constitutional amendment referendum, it was decided that the president would be elected by the people, and in the first elections held on 10 August 2014 after this change, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected president by the people. The president, who is the head of state, is also the head of government after the 2017 constitutional amendment referendum. As head of state ,

5640-651: The Archive and Documentation Center (staff dismissed, archives transferred to the university library and documentation center), Byzantine Studies Research Center (despite donation from an international funding agency for hosting various activities and supporting researchers and students), Human Development Research Center (while organizing an international conference), the Nazım Hikmet Arts and Culture Research Center and Telecommunications and Informatics Technologies Research Center . On June 10, 2022, four professors from

5760-547: The Articles 104 of the Constitution . The president performs also the duties of selection and appointment, and other duties conferred by the Constitution and statutes. According to the constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum , in the event of a temporary absence of the president on account of illness, travel abroad or similar circumstances, the vice president of Turkey serves as Acting President, and exercises

5880-578: The Assembly, and ten days after its distribution, the report would be discussed on the floor. Upon the approval of two-thirds of the total number of the Assembly by secret vote, the person or persons, about whom the investigation was conducted, may be tried before the Constitutional Court . The trial would be finalized within three months, and if not, a one-time additional period of three months shall be granted. A president about whom an investigation has been initiated may not call for an election . A president who

6000-426: The Assembly, each nominated by the political parties in proportion to their representation therein. The commission would submit its report indicating the outcome of the investigation to the speaker within two months. If the investigation is not completed within this period, the commission's time renewed for another month. Within ten days of its submission to the speaker, the report would be distributed to all members of

6120-521: The French loanword parti ). Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example betik (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean " script " in computer science . Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are: Turkish is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey and by the Turkish diaspora in some 30 other countries. The Turkish language

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6240-464: The Great Turkish Nation and before history to safeguard the existence and independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the country and the nation, and the absolute sovereignty of the nation, to abide by the Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, the principles and reforms of Atatürk, and the principles of the secular republic, not to deviate from the ideal according to which everyone

6360-515: The Latin alphabet for speakers of eastern dialects. Some immigrants to Turkey from Rumelia speak Rumelian Turkish , which includes the distinct dialects of Ludogorie , Dinler, and Adakale, which show the influence of the theorized Balkan sprachbund . Kıbrıs Türkçesi is the name for Cypriot Turkish and is spoken by the Turkish Cypriots . Edirne is the dialect of Edirne . Ege is spoken in

6480-567: The Latin script, encoded for many of the dialectal variations between Turkish dialects, the modern Latin script fails to do this. Examples of this are the presence of the nasal velar sound [ŋ] in certain eastern dialects of Turkish which was represented by the Ottoman letter /ڭ/ but that was merged into /n/ in the Latin script. Additionally are letters such as /خ/, /ق/, /غ/ which make the sounds [ɣ], [q], and [x], respectively in certain eastern dialects but that are merged into [g], [k], and [h] in western dialects and are therefore defectively represented in

6600-490: The SOV structure has diminished relevance and may vary. The SOV structure may thus be considered a "pragmatic word order" of language, one that does not rely on word order for grammatical purposes. Consider the following simple sentence which demonstrates that the focus in Turkish is on the element that immediately precedes the verb: Ahmet Ahmet yumurta-yı President of Turkey The president of Turkey , officially

6720-681: The Second Kilyos Dormitory is for males. The Superdorm and Kandilli Dorms also provide accommodation to Boğaziçi University students. The Kandilli Dormitory for female students opened in 2017 on the Kandilli Campus. The waste water collected from the bathrooms at the Kandilli Dorm is reused in the toilet reservoirs after treatment. Boğaziçi University ranks first in Turkey and 197th internationally according to U.S. News & World Report 2021 Best Global Universities Rankings, and shares

6840-466: The TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries. In 1935, the TDK published a bilingual Ottoman-Turkish /Pure Turkish dictionary that documents the results of the language reform. Owing to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before

6960-539: The Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨ı⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ . The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back , rounded and unrounded and vowel height . Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high]. The only diphthongs in

7080-516: The United States, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Due to the cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic members of the diaspora speak the language with native fluency. In 2005, 93% of the population of Turkey were native speakers of Turkish, about 67 million at the time, with Kurdish languages making up most of

7200-534: The administration has prevented the faculty from determining which classes will be taught, and by whom. In 2022, the offices of many research centers were evicted with very little or no notice. Belongings of the centers - files, documents, equipment, research projects, etc.-  were put in trash bags and dumped in remote locations on the campus.  The centers thus removed from their offices include The Istanbul Mathematical Sciences Center , Peace Education Application and Research Center , and Social Policies Forum ,

7320-649: The administration. The contracts of a number of academicians (both foreign and Turkish) were annulled. A number of retired and emeritus professors were banned from teaching and prohibited from entering the campus. Across virtually all faculties and academic units, duly elected faculty and administrators have been purged, with deans, department chairs, and vice-chairs removed from office and replaced by appointment. These purges have continued into 2024. As many as 100 new faculty members have been added outside of normal protocols. There has been significant and unprecedented disruption of both teaching and research activities. Notably,

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7440-488: The adoption of the new Turkish alphabet in 1928, shaped the modern Turkish language spoken today. The TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August 1983, when it was again made into a governmental body in the constitution of 1982 , following the military coup d'état of 1980 . Modern standard Turkish

7560-406: The aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a language reform to replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents. By banning the usage of imported words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by

7680-429: The appointed administration, including those by individuals, deans, and academic departments. Alumni of Boğaziçi University have supported the resistance by joining the vigils, organizing various events and public declarations. A large number of national and international institutions, as well as individuals including Noam Chomsky , David Harvey , and Judith Butler have acknowledged and expressed their support for

7800-451: The appointed names were close to the government or directly from the AK Party. Student and faculty resistance continues unabated in spite of legal bans. As of 2024, daily protest vigils had taken place for more than 1,000 days. Unprecedented academic interventions followed immediately after the appointment of the first imposed rector Melih Bulu who initiated a set of operations to transform

7920-474: The areas of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin and sharing similarities with Azerbaijani , the language of Azerbaijan. The Central Anatolia Region speaks Orta Anadolu . Karadeniz , spoken in the Eastern Black Sea Region and represented primarily by the Trabzon dialect, exhibits substratum influence from Greek in phonology and syntax ; it is also known as Laz dialect (not to be confused with

8040-420: The campus and minimizing student socialization. Students, who made Boğaziçi a hub of vivid social and cultural activity, now prefer to spend time outside the campus grounds. Peaceful student demonstrations have been interrupted with force, as imposed rectors allowed anti-terror teams on the university grounds, resulting in the detainment and arrest of many students on different occasions. The ongoing resistance to

8160-415: The campuses. As of July 2024, the situation had escalated to the point that even members of the Turkish parliament were being barred from attending ceremonies on campus. Student life is being closely monitored by the usurping administration, with many students subjected to disciplinary investigation and punishment, and many student club activities constrained or censored. Especially vulnerable were members of

8280-462: The constitutional amendments approved in the referendum, the Grand National Assembly may initiate an investigation of the president, the vice president or any member of the Cabinet upon the proposal of simple majority of its total members, and within a period less than a month, the approval of three-fifths of the total members. The investigation would be carried out by a commission of fifteen members of

8400-513: The continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. Many of these new words, particularly information technology terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as bölem to replace fırka , "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval ( fırka has been replaced by

8520-524: The country is very high. The rising presence of this very similar language in Azerbaijan and the fact that many children use Turkish words instead of Azerbaijani words due to satellite TV has caused concern that the distinctive features of the language will be eroded. Many bookstores sell books in Turkish language along Azerbaijani language ones, with Agalar Mahmadov, a leading intellectual, voicing his concern that Turkish language has "already started to take over

8640-510: The discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the Old Turkic language written using the Old Turkic alphabet , which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to a superficial similarity to

8760-482: The earlier faculty deans to appoint himself or candidates from outside the university to their positions. Bulu was dismissed from the rectorship by President Erdoğan on July 15, 2021. Following this, Naci İnci , another government-backed contender was appointed to the office, despite receiving a 95% no confidence vote and the existence of 17 alternative candidates approved by the faculty. The imposition of Bulu and İnci as rectors in spite of outspoken opposition from

8880-523: The election of the President are regulated in Article 101 of the Constitution and in the Presidential Election Law. In the election to be held by universal suffrage, the candidate who receives the absolute majority of the valid votes is elected president. If this majority is not achieved in the first round, a runoff is held on the second Sunday following this vote. The two candidates who received

9000-470: The election of the president is held together with the general election of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on the first Sunday following the sixtieth day after the vacancy of the office. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason and there is more than one year remaining for the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the presidential election

9120-447: The event that the Turkish Grand National Assembly decides that it is not possible to hold new elections due to the war, the presidential election is postponed for one year. If the reason for the postponement has not disappeared, this process can be repeated according to the procedure in the postponement decision. 2017 constitutional referendum extended the president's accountability beyond impeachment due to high treason . According to

9240-520: The faculty signaled a political takeover of Boğaziçi. The extensive executive powers granted to rectors under the Higher Education Law (which were de facto never implemented at Boğaziçi University due to its democratic governance history and institutional practice) mean that the university has become a microcosm of the country's one-man rule. On June 4, 2024, the Constitutional court of Turkey,

9360-558: The fifth rank among Turkish universities according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2021 (internationally: 601 – 800). Taşoda Music Festival is organized by Boğaziçi University Music Club every spring. It is the most important amateur music festival held in Turkey and takes its name from Music Club's studio at the South Campus. Every May the Boğaziçi Sports Festival

9480-413: The first round. If only one candidate remains for the second round, this ballot shall be then conducted as a referendum. A presidential candidate receives the majority of the valid votes shall be elected as president. If that candidate fails to receive the majority of the valid votes in the election, the presidential election will be scheduled to be renewed. Before the constitutional amendments approved in

9600-512: The former for female students, the latter for males. They have similar 1980s modernist architectural designs. The Third North Campus Dorm was opened for female students in 2010. The Fourth Dormitory of the North Campus has been in service since 2011, and mainly accepts graduate students. The Kilyos Campus Dormitories are approximately one hour's drive away from Boğaziçi South and North campuses. The First Kilyos Dormitory serves female students while

9720-523: The former presidents, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, İsmet İnönü and Celâl Bayar served as presidents affiliated with a political party. Atatürk and İnönü continued to serve as both the chairman and the president of the Republican People's Party , while Celâl Bayar resigned from the Democrat Party chairmanship when he started his presidency, but continued to be a party member during his presidency. With

9840-539: The highest court in the land, nullified the decree that allowed Erdoğan to appoint rectors. The annulment decision will come into force after 12 months, and the Turkish Grand National Assembly will have to make new legal regulations within this period. Nevertheless, on August 16, without waiting for any new regulation by the Parliament, Erdoğan appointed rectors to 13 universities. It has been noted that

9960-468: The lack of ü vowel in the Trabzon dialect means -un would be used in both of these cases — elun and kitabun . With the exceptions stated below, Turkish words are oxytone (accented on the last syllable). Turkish has two groups of sentences: verbal and nominal sentences. In the case of a verbal sentence, the predicate is a finite verb, while the predicate in nominal sentence will have either no overt verb or

10080-466: The language are found in loanwords and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel. The principle of vowel harmony, which permeates Turkish word-formation and suffixation, is due to the natural human tendency towards economy of muscular effort. This principle is expressed in Turkish through three rules: The second and third rules minimize muscular effort during speech. More specifically, they are related to

10200-429: The language reform, the Turkish education system discontinued the teaching of literary form of Ottoman Turkish and the speaking and writing ability of society atrophied to the point that, in later years, Turkish society would perceive the speech to be so alien to listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995. The past few decades have seen

10320-513: The linguistic concept of accent , which is also covered with these words. Several universities, as well as a dedicated work-group of the Turkish Language Association, carry out projects investigating Turkish dialects. As of 2002 work continued on the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect- atlas of the Turkish language. Although the Ottoman alphabet, being slightly more phonetically ambiguous than

10440-402: The modern Turkish language. While visiting the region between Adıyaman and Adana , Evliya Çelebi recorded the "Turkman language" and compared it with his own Turkish: Reforms Kemalism After the foundation of the modern state of Turkey and the script reform , the Turkish Language Association (TDK) was established in 1932 under the patronage of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , with

10560-399: The most votes in the first ballot participate in this voting and the candidate who receives the majority of the valid votes is elected president. If one of the presidential candidates who gains the right to run for the second round is unable to participate in the election for any reason, the second round shall be conducted by substituting the vacant candidacy in conformity with the ranking in

10680-474: The names Robert Academy , Robert College , and Robert College Yüksek (' Yüksek" meaning "high" in Turkish ) . In 1971, the Bebek campus and academic staff of Robert College were turned over to the Republic of Turkey to be transformed into a public university named Boğaziçi University, the renamed continuation of Robert College's university section (i.e. Robert College Yüksek ). The rest of Robert College moved into

10800-410: The national and natural dialects of Azerbaijan". However, the presence of Turkish as foreign language is not as high as Russian. In Uzbekistan, the second most populated Turkic country, a new TV channel Foreign Languages TV was established in 2022. This channel has been broadcasting Turkish lessons along with English, French, German and Russian lessons. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and

10920-467: The peaceful coexistence of different lifestyles and worldviews. In 1863, Robert College was founded in Bebek by Christopher Robert , a wealthy American philanthropist, and Cyrus Hamlin , a Congregational missionary devoted to education. Six years after its foundation, the first campus (the current-day Boğaziçi South Campus) was built on the ridge near Rumeli Hisarı (the Rumelian Castle ) with

11040-537: The permission of Sultan Abdulaziz . According to a college catalogue compiled for the 1878–1879 academic year, "the object of the College is to give to its students, without distinction of race or religion, a thorough education equal in all respects to that obtained at a first-class American college and based upon the same general principles." After Cyrus Hamlin , the college was administered by George Washburn (1877–1903) and Caleb Gates (1903–1932). The college, which

11160-485: The personal ending, so for example Necla, siz öğretmen misiniz ? ('Necla, are you [formal, plural] a teacher?'). Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally subject–object–verb , as in Korean and Latin , but unlike English, for verbal sentences and subject-predicate for nominal sentences. However, as Turkish possesses a case-marking system, and most grammatical relations are shown using morphological markers, often

11280-435: The phenomenon of labial assimilation: if the lips are rounded (a process that requires muscular effort) for the first vowel they may stay rounded for subsequent vowels. If they are unrounded for the first vowel, the speaker does not make the additional muscular effort to round them subsequently. Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality", and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony: Practically,

11400-420: The powers of the president until the president comes back. If the office of the presidency becomes vacant for any reason, the presidential election shall be held within forty-five days and in the meantime, the vice president shall act as and exercise the powers of the president until the next president is elected. If one year or less remains for the general election, the parliamentary election will be conducted at

11520-638: The preceding vowel. In native Turkic words, the sounds [c] , [ɟ] , and [l] are mainly in complementary distribution with [k] , [ɡ] , and [ɫ] ; the former set occurs adjacent to front vowels and the latter adjacent to back vowels. The distribution of these phonemes is often unpredictable, however, in foreign borrowings and proper nouns. In such words, [c] , [ɟ] , and [l] often occur with back vowels: some examples are given below. However, there are minimal pairs that distinguish between these sounds, such as kar [kɑɾ] "snow" vs kâr [cɑɾ] "profit". Turkish orthography reflects final-obstruent devoicing ,

11640-398: The presidency with full executive powers, effective upon the 2018 general election . The president is directly elected by eligible Turkish voters for a five-year term. The president of Turkey is referred to as Cumhurbaşkanı ("Republic leader"), and previously archaically as Cumhurreisi or Reis-i Cumhur , also meaning "head of the republic/people". Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

11760-645: The president by Erdoğan on the country's Republic Day , 29 October 2014. From 1923 to 2014, the Çankaya Mansion served as the residence of the presidents. The Presidential State Guesthouse  [ tr ] serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. The Huber Mansion , the Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion and the Vahdettin Pavilion have been used as presidential workplace or as summer residence. The president's duties are stated in

11880-644: The president represents the Turkish government to its own people, and represents the nation to the rest of the world. Insulting the head of state is prohibited by Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code . Leaders of political parties are generally expected to run as a presidential candidate for their party. However, they can also decide not to run as a candidate and contribute to the process of nominating other individuals. From 1961 until 2017, Turkish presidents were required to sever all relations, if any, with their political party. This convention existed to ensure

12000-624: The president's impartiality in presiding over the Turkish constitutional system. However, the presidency's reorientation in 2017 into a chief executive office abolished this convention, given a president's assumption of office as winners of a partisan electoral contest. The presidents of Turkey are widely perceived as regional power due to the country's strategic importance, geopolitical influence, economic and military strength, cultural heritage, and historical ties. Their active engagement in regional diplomacy, mediation efforts, humanitarian assistance, and economic cooperation underscores Turkey's role as

12120-440: The principles of i-type vowel harmony in practice: Türkiye' dir ("it is Turkey"), kapı dır ("it is the door"), but gün dür ("it is the day"), palto dur ("it is the coat"). These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony: The road sign in the photograph above illustrates several of these features: The rules of vowel harmony may vary by regional dialect. The dialect of Turkish spoken in

12240-427: The protests against the interventions of the new administration, a series of investigations were initiated against full- and part-time academicians, as well as retired and emeritus professors. Several faculty members were banned from teaching and entering the campus for months. The contracts of a number of teaching staff were not renewed; in cases taken to court, court decisions in favor of academicians were disregarded by

12360-461: The rector candidates accepted an informal agreement to reject the appointment, in the case they did not come in first and their name was the one submitted to the President. In 2016, the President did not appoint the Boğaziçi University candidate who received 86% of the votes but instead appointed Mehmed Özkan , the deputy of the former elected rector. Nevertheless, Özkan subsequently received

12480-401: The remainder. Azerbaijani language , official in Azerbaijan, is mutually intelligible with Turkish and speakers of both languages can understand them without noticeable difficulty, especially when discussion comes on ordinary, daily language. Turkey has very good relations with Azerbaijan, with a multitude of Turkish companies and authorities investing there, while the influence of Turkey in

12600-536: The resistance of Boğaziçi University. Boğaziçi University operates on seven campuses in Istanbul. Four of these campuses (South Campus, North Campus, Hisar Campus, and Uçaksavar Campus) are within walking distance to each other on a hill above the affluent district of Bebek on the European side of Istanbul, overlooking the Bosphorus (hence the name). All these campuses have been subject to major physical and functional transformations, with Uçaksavar Campus being reduced to

12720-500: The resistance. Many academicians have published articles in national and international press discussing the resistance and its rationale. The means of resistance of the faculty members include refusal to cooperate with the imposed administration, daily vigils, weekly bulletins, lawsuits, public statements, departmental joint declarations, open courses and presenting and defending the BU case at international conferences and academic associations. Over 200 lawsuits have been filed against

12840-415: The same time. If more than a year remains, the newly elected president will continue to serve until the next general election. Before the constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum , the speaker of the Grand National Assembly served as Acting President in cases where the presidency is temporarily or permanently vacant and exercises presidential powers until the president returns to duty or

12960-488: The seizure of administrative control, which began with the 2021 Boğaziçi University protests , has received support through declarations and awards by national and international academic institutions and associations. The violations of academic freedom at the university have received significant attention in the media as well. Several mainstream TV channels have covered the resistance extensively on prime time news programs. Many TV stations have interviewed faculty members about

13080-412: The student LGBTI+ community, whose student club was banned, activities censored, and group members criminalized. In June 2023, the majority of student club offices located at a central dorm building located on the main campus (South Campus) were forcefully removed by security forces, and club facilities were relocated to a building situated at the fringes of the campus. One policy element of the new regime

13200-419: The two-term limit. The term of the incumbent president continues until the president-elect takes office. Before the constitutional amendment approved in the 2007 referendum , the president used to be elected for a single seven-year term. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason and there is one year or less before the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly,

13320-432: The twofold pattern (also referred to as the e-type vowel harmony) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the e-form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the a-form. The fourfold pattern (also called the i-type) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back. The following examples, based on the copula -dir ("[it] is"), illustrate

13440-530: The university has gradually transformed from a small liberal arts college into a major research university. At its inception, the university had a president and an administration, which was answerable to councils and committees made up of faculty members. All faculty, both senior and junior, attended the general assemblies, where important questions were discussed and decisions were made. The 1980 Turkish coup d'état affected participatory democracy at universities negatively, as it did many other institutions. During

13560-624: The university's modus operandi . Such interventions continue in an accelerated manner under the second imposed rector, Naci İnci, since July 15, 2021. According to reporting by the Arab Studies Institute, “Decades-long procedures and rules concerning meetings, agenda setting, voting, and approval of minutes were consistently violated, Senate and Executive Board members being muted during on-line meetings and being treated with disrespect. Casting multiple votes to obtain favorable results in meetings became regular practice.” Two new faculties and

13680-434: The university's Council of Information Technologies revealed the violation of General Data Protection Regulation rights of 60,000+ Boğaziçi members (students, academicians, personnel, and graduates). The whistleblowers have been met with reprisal including campus bans, lawsuits, and attempts to bar them from public service. Additional accusations of technical mismanagement have stemmed from an arbitrary and disruptive change to

13800-421: The university's campuses have been constantly surrounded by armed vehicles and police forces. The presence of increasing numbers of security personnel and plainclothes police officers in the campus is coupled with the installation of hundreds of surveillance cameras around the university premises. Except for select members of pro-government media organizations, journalists are not allowed on the campuses. More than

13920-637: The university's domain name. Finally, the seizure of the university also affected the institutional support system of the university such as the Boğaziçi Alumni Association which has been expelled from its social center in the main campus and the Boğaziçi University Foundation which has been taken over by the appointed administration by virtue of the right given to the rector by the original Trust Deed to periodically introduce new trustees. Since immediately after Bulu's appointment,

14040-450: The years of martial law, Boğaziçi University was under the administration of a rector externally appointed by the newly established Council of Higher Education . During the normalization of politics in the post-coup period, faculty members of BU proposed a system for the election of the rector in 1992. Accordingly, the faculty members were to elect the rector. The Council of Higher Education accepted this model for all Turkish universities with

14160-479: Was based mostly on the fact these languages share three features: agglutination , vowel harmony and lack of grammatical gender. The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in modern Mongolia . Erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khagan , these date back to the Second Turkic Khaganate (dated 682–744 CE). After

14280-522: Was established as an institution of higher learning independent of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) yet holding a significant number of missionaries among its faculty in its earlier years, adopted an entirely secular and non-denominational educational model in 1923 in compliance with the new republican principles of Turkey . Before 1971, Robert College, had junior high school , high school , and university sections under

14400-497: Was previously under the administration of Marmara University , was transferred to Boğaziçi University. The university has ten dormitories on its different campuses. Boğaziçi's First Men's and Women's Dorms are housed in some of the oldest buildings in the historic South Campus and offer students the chance to participate in the university's active social life. There are also four dormitories on Boğaziçi's North Campus. The First and Second North Campus Dormitories were opened in 198,

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