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22-480: 7; see text Boykinia is a small genus of plants related to the saxifrages . It contains at least nine species, known as brookfoams . Brookfoams are glandular rhizomatous creeping perennials with highly lobed or toothed leaves and inflorescences of petite flowers. They are native to North America (the west coast from Alaska to Baja California and the southeastern United States) and Asia (Japan). Seven species are accepted. This Saxifragaceae -related article

44-668: A Fulbright Research Scholar in 1959 and spent his time as a National Science Foundation senior postdoctoral fellow at the University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia and studying the plant communities of New Caledonia , Australia , and New Guinea . When he moved to California in 1962, he quickly learned the flora of California, which led him to write the essay entitled "The vascular plant communities of California" in 1976. According to Systematic Botany , Thorne has advocated for "the conservation of California's endangered natural environments; his advocacy and leadership helped result in

66-596: A second lieutenant in aerial navigation in 1943. Then, after 7 months in Italy in 1944 as a B-24 bomber navigator with 40 missions over eastern and southern Europe, he served as an instructor and as an examinations officer at Ellington Field , Texas, from 1944 to 1945. After serving in the armed forces, he earned his Ph.D. in economic botany at Cornell University in 1949, studying under professors Walter Muenscher and Arthur Eames. While at Cornell, he met and married Mae Zukel in 1947. Bob Thorne died on Tuesday, March 24, 2015, at

88-901: A single species, but about 400 of the species are in the type genus Saxifraga . The family is predominantly distributed in the northern hemisphere, but also in the Andes in South America. Species are herbaceous perennials (rarely annual or biennial ), sometimes succulent or xerophytic , often with perennating rhizomes . The leaves are usually basally aggregated in alternate rosettes, sometimes on inflorescence stems. They are usually simple, rarely pinnately or palmately compound. Their margins may be entire, deeply lobed, cleft, crenate or dentate and petiolate with stipules. The inflorescences are bracteate racemes or cymes. The flowers are hermaphroditic (bisexual), rarely unisexual ( androdioecious ), actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic ). The perianth

110-476: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saxifragaceae See text Saxifragaceae is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants , within the core eudicot order Saxifragales. The taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the scope much reduced in the era of molecular phylogenetic analysis. The family is divided into ten clades , with about 640 known species in about 35 accepted genera . About half of these consist of

132-636: Is distinguished by being referred to as Saxifragaceae sensu stricto ( s.s. ), corresponding to the Saxifragoideae a natural monophyletic group. Historically, the Saxifragaceae has been placed in either the orders Rosales or Saxifragales . This reduced Saxifragaceae, corresponding to subfamily Saxifragoideae and its 30 genera, is now placed within the Saxifragales. There, with three other subfamilies (Ribesoideaee, Iteoideae and Pterostemonoideae) it forms

154-403: Is inferior to semi-inferior with two (sometimes three) carpels usually fused at the base, sometimes free, each topped with stylodium and capitate stigma. The ovules are few to many, with axile or parietal placentation and two to three styles . The fruit is usually a septicidal capsule or follicle, with numerous small seeds . Saxifragaceae has long been considered in a pivotal position in

176-444: Is placed on a hypanthium that may be free or may be partly fused with the ovary (which is then semi-inferior). There are usually five sepals , but there may be three to ten, fused with the hypanthium, occasionally petaloid. The petals are clawed, sometimes cleft at the tip or finely dissected. Flowers have five to ten stamens , free and opposite the petals, with the anthers usually basifixed and opening by lengthwise slits. The ovary

198-464: The Bering Land Bridge facilitating plant migration. The family and type genus name are derived from the two Latin words saxum (rock), and frango (to break), but the exact origin is unknown, although surmised to refer to either growing in crevices in rocks or medicinal use for kidney stones . Primarily Northern hemisphere temperate and arctic regions, and also tropical montane, including

220-634: The Pomona College Herbarium in Claremont, California, from 1990 to the present. Other appointments include: Field Botanist, U.S. Public Health Service , Georgia, Summer 1946. Botany Assistant, 1945–1947; Instructor in Botany, 1948–1949; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Visiting Associate Professor, University of Virginia , Mountain Lake Biological Station, Summer 1956. Thorne became

242-839: The Americas, Europe, North Africa (including montane Ethiopia) and temperate and subtropical Asia to Luzon and New Guinea. In the Americas it extends south to central Mexico and the Andes to Tierra del Fuego . Centres of diversity are western N America, East Asia and the Himalayas. The largest concentration of genera are in the Pacific North West. Some Saxifraga and Chrysosplenium are circumboreal . Others have disjunct distributions between E Asia and N America, while other taxa have separate narrow distributions in southern S America. Some species are found in wet woodlands, swamplike conditions and wet cliff edges. Robert F Thorne Thorne

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264-829: The Saxifragaceae alliance, while Penthoroideae and Tetracarpaeoideae are closely related within the core Saxifragales as shown in the cladogram . The remaining subfamilies are all transferred to more distant orders within the rosid and asterid clades. Peridiscaceae (4) Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) Hamamelidaceae (27) Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae) Daphniphyllum (Daphniphyllaceae) Crassulaceae (34) Aphanopetalum (Aphanopetalaceae) Tetracarpaea (Tetracarpaeaceae) Penthorum (Penthoraceae) Haloragaceae s.s. (8) Iteaceae (including Pterostemonaceae ) (2) Ribes (Grossulariaceae) Saxifragaceae s.s. (33) Numerous attempts have been made to subdivide Saxifragoideae (Saxifragaceae s.s. ). These have included dividing

286-772: The age of 94. Thorne was the assistant professor of botany at the University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , from 1949 to 1953, associate professor from 1954 to 1960, and professor from 1961 to 1962. He was a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota , Lake Itasca Biological Station in the summer of 1962 before moving to California , where he became taxonomist and curator for Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and professor for Claremont Graduate School (now Claremont Graduate University ) in Claremont, California . He became taxonomist and curator emeritus as well as professor emeritus at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Claremont Graduate School in 1987. He also became curator emeritus of

308-512: The circumscription has been considerably reduced, with many of the subfamilies being either elevated to separate families, or placed as components of other families, often quite distant. For instance subfamily Parnassioideae was raised to the level of family Parnassiaceae , and eventually a subfamily of Celastraceae (order Celastrales ). Similarly the Hydrangoideae is now the family Hydrangeaceae (order Cornales ). The reduced Saxifragaceae

330-458: The cladogram: Saxifraga Leptarrhena Saniculiphyllum Boykinia Astilbe Heuchera Cascadia Darmera Peltoboykinia Micranthes Saxifragaceae s.s. has about 33–35 genera and about 640 species. About half of the genera (18 of 33) are monotypic , but Saxifraga has about 400 species, and has generally been divided into sections. The crown group of Saxifragaceae diversified at about 38  Mya (Mid–Late Eocene ), with

352-488: The conservation of Santa Catalina Island ’s biota." Thorne gained an international reputation through "his contributions to our understanding of the evolution of flowering plants... and that has culminated recently in two... publications, one outlining his classifications of monocots (Thorne 2000) and the other on the dicotyledons (Thorne 2001)." Thorne was a guide and teacher for the many staff, students, researchers, and visitors of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden through

374-402: The evolution of angiosperm lineage, located in an ancestral "Saxifragalean stock". Historically the Saxifragaceae have included many very morphologically disparate taxa in systems based on morphology alone, and has been very difficult to classify and characterize phenotypically . Consequently many different classifications have been published, differing considerably in both the relationship of

396-438: The family by the placentation of the ovules, as either parietal (e.g. Heuchera ) or axile (e.g. Saxifraga ). None of these has been supported by molecular data. Molecular data indicate that the family can be considered as a number of informal clades , with two main lineages, saxifragoids and heucheroids and further subdivision of heucheroids into nine subclades or groups: The clades and subclades are related as shown in

418-443: The family to other angiosperms, and its internal structure, for instance the systems of Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren (1983), Engler (1890), Hutchinson (1973), Schulze-Menz (1964), Takhtajan (1980) and Thorne (1992) ( for a history, see Morgan & Soltis (1993) . In its broadest circumscription , it included 17 subfamilies. This construction is referred to as Saxifragaceae sensu lato ( s.l. ). Within those subfamilies,

440-432: The large majority of genera (30) were located within subfamily Saxifragoideae, the core group, with all but two of the remainder only having 1-3 genera. The circumscription of the family has changed considerably in recent years, in large part due to molecular phylogenetic work showing the family s.l. to be polyphyletic , and probably represents the most extreme example, with at least 10 evolutionary lines. Consequently

462-578: The two main lineages diversifying arising at about 30 Mya (Late Miocene/Early Oligocene ). The present day heucheroid diversity dates later than the Miocene ( see sublabels in Cladogram II ). Ancestral Saxafragaceae emerged in either East Asia or Western North America, with subsequent dispersal West to Europe and south to South America. From the Eocene to the late Miocene these ancestral land masses were joined by

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484-547: Was born on July 13, 1920, in Spring Lake, New Jersey . He was educated through high school in Gulfport and St. Petersburg, Florida . He graduated summa cum laude in 1941 with a major in botany from Dartmouth College and earned a M.S. degree in economic botany in 1942 at Cornell University . He spent about three years serving in the armed forces during World War II , first at Hondo Navigation School, Texas , graduating as

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