31-643: The Boyd massacre occurred in December 1809 when Māori of Ngāti Pou from Whangaroa Harbour in northern New Zealand killed and ate between 66 and 70 European crew members from the British brigantine ship Boyd . This was the highest number of Europeans killed by Māori in a single event in New Zealand. The Māori attack was in retaliation for the whipping of their rangatira or chief of Ngāti Pou, Te Ara, on his voyage back from Sydney Cove , New South Wales aboard
62-571: A foray to the south. The harbour was formed when rising sea levels drowned a river valley about 6,000 years ago. Steep outcrops remain from ancient volcanic rocks. There are extensive mangrove swamps at the head of the harbour, and some of the oldest fossils in the North Island, dating to the Early Permian about 270 million years ago, are in the Whangaroa area. According to Māori traditions,
93-441: A letter describing the events, said: "The captain had been rather too hasty in resenting some slight theft." Whatever the reason, the result was that the captain deprived Te Ara of food and had him tied to a capstan and whipped with a cat-o'-nine-tails . This treatment of Te Ara prompted him to seek utu , or revenge. Te Ara regained the confidence of the captain and persuaded him to put into Whangaroa Bay, assuring him that it
124-459: A rescue mission aboard City of Edinburgh . Berry rescued the four remaining survivors: Ann Morley and her baby, Thomas Davis (or Davison), and Betsy Broughton. The City of Edinburgh crew found piles of human bones on the shoreline, with many evincing cannibalism. Captain Berry captured two Māori chiefs responsible for the massacre, at first holding them for ransom for the return of survivors. After
155-532: A revenge attack. Their target was the pa on Motu Apo island in Wairoa Bay belonging to Te Pahi , the chief who tried to rescue the Boyd survivors and then saw them killed. Te Pahi had later accepted one of the Boyd's small boats and some other booty, and his name was confused with that of Te Puhi, who was one of the plotters of the massacre. This was the belief of Samuel Marsden , the prominent early missionary who said it
186-469: A sealing expedition to islands in the Southern Ocean . On the Boyd he was expected to work his passage on the ship. Some accounts state that he declined to do so because he was ill or because of his status as a chief's son. Another account states that the ship's cook accidentally threw some pewter spoons overboard and accused Te Ara of stealing them to avoid being flogged himself. Alexander Berry , in
217-407: A yard at Kaeo in 1870 and moved it to Totara North in 1872. By 1887 they had built 26 ships. The yard closed in 1905, but some buildings remain. Kauri logs were chained together to make rafts, and towed by steamer. It took three days for the logs to reach Auckland . In the early 20th century Sea Sick Bay near the south head was a whaling station, which by the 1920s had moved to Ranfurly Bay, near
248-472: Is an inlet on the northern coast of Northland , New Zealand. Whangaroa Bay and the Pacific Ocean are to the north. The small settlements of Totara North and Saies are on the west side of the harbour, Waitaruke on the south side, and Whangaroa on the east. State Highway 10 runs through Waitaruke. The name comes from the lament "Whaingaroa" or "what a long wait" of a woman whose warrior husband had left for
279-416: The Boyd . Te Ara had been wrongly accused of onboard theft and was punished with a cat o' nine tails . According to another version, he was the son of a chief and had been punished because he had refused to pay for his passage on the ship by working as a seaman. Local people were already tense and inflamed after a previous ship had brought disease to the area. Three days after the Boyd moored at Whangaroa ,
310-536: The waka Māhuhu-ki-te-rangi explored the Whangaroa harbour during early Māori settlement of New Zealand. The area was settled by descendants of Te Māmaru and Mataatua waka crews. Whaling and other ships visited Whangaroa from 1805 to 1809, including the General Wellesley and Commerce in 1806, and Elizabeth in 1809. Sixty-six members of the crew of the Boyd were killed by local Māori in 1809 after
341-520: The Boyd Massacre reached Australia and Europe, delaying a planned visit of missionaries until 1814. A notice was printed and circulated in Europe advising against visiting "that cursed shore" of New Zealand, at the risk of being eaten by cannibals. Shipping to New Zealand "fell away to almost nothing" during the next three years. Details of the massacre have featured in many non-fiction publications. One of
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#1732859466325372-455: The Māori launched a night attack, killing the crew. After capturing the ship, the passengers were taken on deck where they were killed and dismembered. A few Europeans managed to hide and others were taken ashore, in a rescue attempt, by another Māori chief who had come to trade with the Boyd . In March 1810, European whalers, in the mistaken belief that these Māori had ordered the killings, attacked
403-439: The bodies to their pā (village) to be eaten. At dusk the disguised group manned the longboat, and at nightfall they slipped alongside the Boyd and were greeted by the crew. Other Māori canoes awaited the signal to attack. The first to die was an officer of the ship: the attackers then crept around the deck, stealthily killing all the crew. The passengers were called to the deck and then killed and dismembered. Five people hid up
434-467: The canoes to the entrance of the Kaeo River . The remaining crew stayed aboard with the passengers, preparing the vessel for the voyage to Britain. When the boats were out of sight of Boyd , the Māori attacked the five pākehā (foreigners), killing them all with clubs and axes. The Māori stripped the clothes from the victims and a group donned them to disguise themselves as Europeans. Another group carried
465-588: The crew whipped the son of a chief. The visits ceased as a result, resuming when the Dromedary loaded timber in 1819. Southern right whales were severely depleted by the hunts and almost disappeared from the area, while dolphins and killer whales still visit the harbor more frequently. A Wesleyan mission was founded in June 1823. Hongi Hika attacked local Māori to gain control of millable kauri on 10 January 1827. A party of his warriors, without his knowledge, ransacked
496-567: The entrance to the Shoalhaven River with Berry in 1822. Mrs Morley's child and Betsy Broughton were taken onwards by Berry to Rio de Janeiro , from where they returned to Sydney in May 1812 aboard Atalanta . Betsy Broughton married Charles Throsby, nephew of the explorer Charles Throsby , and died in 1891. In March 1810, sailors from five whaling ships ( Atalanta , Diana , Experiment , Perseverance , Speke , and New Zealander ) launched
527-538: The gunpowder from the barrels in the hold. The gunpowder ignited when a flint was struck burning the ship down to the waterline of its copper sheathing . The Māori declared the burnt-out hull tapu , sacred or prohibited. Boyd was a 395-ton ( bm ) brigantine that had brought convicts to New South Wales and then in October 1809 sailed from Australia's Sydney Cove to Whangaroa on the east coast of New Zealand's Northland Peninsula to pick up kauri spars . The ship
558-449: The island pā of Chief Te Pahi of Ngāpuhi about 60 km south-east of Whangaroa in retribution for the Boyd killings. Between 16 and 60 Maori and one European died in the clash. News of the events delayed the first missionary visits to the country, and caused the number of shipping visits to fall to "almost nothing" over the next few years. After the massacre, the Māori took the Boyd back to their village where they tried to extract
589-526: The mast among the rigging, where they witnessed the events. The next morning the survivors saw a large canoe carrying chief Te Pahi from the Bay of Islands enter the harbour. The chief had come to the area to trade with the Whangaroa Māori. The Europeans called out to Te Pahi's canoe for help. After Te Pahi had gathered the survivors from the Boyd , they headed for shore, but two Whangaroa canoes pursued them. As
620-746: The mercy. Berry's gesture avoided further bloodshed, an inevitability had the chiefs been executed. The four people rescued were taken on board Berry's ship bound for the Cape of Good Hope . However, the ship encountered storms and was damaged, and after repairs arrived in Lima, Peru . Mrs Morley died while in Lima. The boy, called Davis or Davison, went from Lima to England aboard the Archduke Charles , and later worked for Berry in New South Wales . He drowned while exploring
651-564: The mission and it was abandoned. In 1828 Hongi Hika died at Whangaroa, from a wound suffered 14 months earlier in the Hokianga . Europeans settled the harbour in the 1840s, and a Catholic mission was established at Waitaruke. The harbour was a centre for timber milling and gum digging after the arrival of the immigrant ship Lancashire Witch in 1865. Shipyards were established in Totara North in 1872. Thomas Major Lane and William Brown started
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#1732859466325682-478: The most comprehensive was: The massacre was the subject of a 2010 New Zealand children's book : Historical fiction references include: The massacre has also featured in several paintings: 35°02′49″S 173°44′42″E / 35.047°S 173.745°E / -35.047; 173.745 Whangaroa Harbour Whangaroa Harbour ( / ˈ f æ ŋ ər oʊ . ə / ; Māori pronunciation: [faŋaɾɔa] ), previously spelled Wangaroa Harbour ,
713-500: The muskets functional. Chief Piopio sparked a flint this was said to have ignited the gunpowder, causing a massive explosion that killed him and nine other Māori instantly. A fire then swept the ship igniting its cargo of whale oil. Soon all that was left of Boyd was a burnt-out sunken hull. Māori declared the hull tapu , sacred or prohibited. When news of the massacre reached European settlements, Captain Alexander Berry undertook
744-612: The north head. After the Mangamuka Gorge road was sealed in 1961 it became the main route from Whangarei to the Far North, bypassing Whangaroa. Te Kura o Hato Hohepa Te Kamura is a full primary (years 1-8) school in Waitaruke. It has a decile rating of 1 and a roll of 18. Totara North School is a contributing primary (years 1-6) school with a decile rating of 3 and a roll of 39. Both schools are coeducational. Other schools in
775-457: The son of a chief was a privileged figure who did not bow to an outsider's authority. Physical punishment of his son caused the chief to suffer a loss of face (or " mana "), and to Māori this warranted a violent retribution. Three days after Boyd's arrival, the Māori invited Captain Thompson to follow their canoes to find suitable kauri trees. Thompson, his chief officer and three others followed
806-426: The survivors fled along the beach, Te Pahi watched as the pursuers caught and killed all but one. Five people were spared in the massacre : Ann Morley and her baby, in a cabin; apprentice Thomas Davis (or Davison), hidden in the hold; the second mate; and two-year-old Elizabeth "Betsey" Broughton , taken by a local chief who put a feather in her hair and kept her for three weeks before she was rescued. The second mate
837-438: The survivors were returned, Berry told the chiefs that they would be taken to Europe to answer for their crimes unless they released the Boyd's papers. After the papers were given to him, he released the chiefs. He made it a condition of their release that they would be "degraded from their rank, and received among the number of his slaves", although he never expected this condition to be complied with. They expressed gratitude for
868-470: Was Te Ara (George) and his brother Te Puhi who took Boyd as revenge. In the attack between 16 and 60 Māori and one sailor were killed. Te Pahi, who was wounded in the neck and chest, realised that the sailors had attacked him because of the actions of the Whangaroa Maori. Some time before 28 April, he gathered his remaining warriors and attacked Whangaroa, where he was killed by a spear thrust. News of
899-454: Was initially forced to make fish-hooks, but his captors found his skill unsatisfactory, so they killed and ate him, too. The Whangaroa Māori towed Boyd towards their village until it grounded on mudflats near Motu Wai (Red Island). They spent several days ransacking the ship, tossing flour, salt pork, and bottled wine overboard. When up to 20 Māori found a cache of muskets and gunpowder, they smashed barrels of gunpowder and attempted to make
930-426: Was the best place to secure the timber he desired. Upon reaching Whangaroa, Te Ara reported his indignities to his tribe and displayed the whip marks on his back. In accordance with Māori customs, the tribe formed a plan for utu . Under British law, whipping was the common punishment for minor crimes – a British person could be legally hanged for stealing goods to the value of five shillings. In Māori culture, however,
961-500: Was under the command of Captain John Thompson and carried about 70 people. The ship carried several passengers, including ex-convicts who had completed their transportation sentences and four or five New Zealanders who were returning to their homeland. Among the latter was Te Ara, or Tarrah, known to the crew as George, the son of a Māori chief from Whangaroa. Te Ara had spent more than a year on board different vessels that included