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33-526: Bowen Island ( Squamish : Nex̱wlélex̱wm ; Squamish pronunciation: [nəχʷˈlələχʷm] ), British Columbia , is an island municipality that is part of Metro Vancouver , and within the jurisdiction of the Islands Trust . Located in Howe Sound , it is approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide by 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long, and at its closest point is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of

66-607: A brickworks , which supplied bricks to the expanding city of Vancouver . Over the years, local industry has included an explosives factory, logging, mining, and milling, but there is no heavy industry on the island at present. In the first half of the 20th century, life on Bowen was dominated by a resort operated by the Terminal Steamship Company (1900-1920) and the Union Steamship Company (1920 - 1962). These companies provided steamer service to Vancouver, and

99-564: A schwa sound /ə/ , each with phonetic variants. There is a fair amount of overlap between the vowel spaces, with stress and adjacency relationships as main contributors. The vowel phonemes of Squamish are listed below in IPA with the orthography following it. /i/ has four main allophones [e, ɛ, ɛj, i], which surface depending on adjacency relationships to consonants, or stress. /a/ has four main allophones [ɛ, æ, ɔ, ɑ]. /u/ The consonant phonemes of Squamish, first in IPA and then in

132-650: A Squamish-language program was made available at Capilano University . The program, Language and Culture Certificate, is designed to let its respective students learn about the language and culture. Additionally, Simon Fraser University has launched the Squamish Language Academy, in which students learn the Squamish language for two years. The aforementioned programs increase the number of active language learners each year. The vowel system in Squamish phonemically features four sounds, /i/ , /a/ , /u/ , as well as

165-508: A modified Latin script called Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (1990). The Squamish-English bilingual dictionary (edited by Peter Jacobs and Damara Jacobs) was published by the University of Washington Press in 2011. In 1990, the Chief and Council of the Squamish people declared Squamish to be the official language of their people, a declaration made to ensure funding for the language and its revitalization. In 2010,

198-464: A population of 4,256 living in 1,724 of its 2,036 total private dwellings, a change of 15.7% from its 2016 population of 3,680. With a land area of 50.12 km (19.35 sq mi), it had a population density of 84.9/km (219.9/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Bowen Island included: Squamish language The Squamish language was first documented in

231-544: A post office, pharmacy, restaurants, electric bike rentals, kayak rentals, garden and flower shops, and a building supply yard. Bowen Island is served by First Credit Union, and by an Exchange Network ATM operated by North Shore Credit Union . Bowen Island's commercial sector is primarily located within Snug Cove and Artisan Square. It is also served by a weekly newspaper, the Bowen Island Undercurrent . Bowen Island

264-634: A timber building erected in 1932 a little further along on the same road. Also on Miller Road, nearer to Snug Cove, and meeting in Bowen Court, is Bowen Island Community Church, an affiliate of the Congregational Christian Churches in Canada . Lastly, Cates Hill Chapel is a Christian Brethren church founded in 1991. Its present building on Carter Road was opened in 1999. There are also regular meetings held by Unitarians and Quakers . Bowen Island

297-406: A variety of reduplication types, serving to express functions such as pluralization, diminutive form, aspect, etc. Squamish contains a large variety of reduplicative processes due to its lack of inflectional devices that would otherwise mark plurality, which allows for a range of different interpretations. Squamish sentences follow a Verb-Subject-Object form (the action precedes the initiator and

330-459: Is a public-supported home learning program, The Learning Centre, and a growing number of families also unschool . Bowen Island houses a public library in the heritage Old General Store that is also part of British Columbia's InterLink co-operative of public libraries. There are a number of churches on the Island. St Gerard's Catholic Church is located on Miller Road. The United Church is situated in

363-571: Is home to the Canadian branch of L'Abri , a communal Christian retreat centre where visitors come for self-directed study. Finally, Camp Bow-Isle is a summer camp for Christian Scientists . There are regular Buddhist meditation sittings in both the Zen and Vipassana traditions. Bowen's Jewish community celebrates Shabbat and high holidays, and acquired a Torah in 2006. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Bowen Island had

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396-645: Is in the West Vancouver School District and has one public elementary school named Bowen Island Community School. High school students living in Bowen Island (grades 8 to 12) travel to West Vancouver to attend West Vancouver Secondary School , Sentinel Secondary School , or Rockridge . There is also the Island Pacific School, an International Baccalaureate middle school for grades 6 through 9. Some students also travel to West Vancouver to attend French Immersion at École Pauline Johnson. There

429-666: Is located on the southern mainland coast, across Georgia Strait (part of the Salish Sea ) from Vancouver Island . It borders on the qathet Regional District to the north, the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District to the east, and, across Howe Sound , the Metro Vancouver District to the south. The regional district offices are located in the District Municipality of Sechelt . The majority of

462-505: Is served by three scheduled water-transportation operators: Public roads are maintained by the Bowen Island Municipality. There are roadside walking trails in only a few places and the terrain is hilly and winding. Private vehicles are the primary form of transportation and hitchhiking is commonplace. Bowen Island has limited bus service on these TransLink bus routes, which are timed to meet some ferry sailings: The island

495-458: Is typical of Salish language family languages. Because the /ʔ/ character glyph is not found on typewriters and did not exist in most fonts until the widespread adoption of Unicode , the Squamish orthography conventionally represents the glottal stop with the number symbol 7 ; the same character glyph is also used as a digit to represent the number seven. The other special character is a stress mark, or accent (á, é, í or ú). This indicates that

528-450: Is typically accessed via boat or plane; no roads connect the district with the rest of the province. From Vancouver, ferries run from Horseshoe Bay to Gibsons across Howe Sound. At the northern end of the peninsula, ferries run from Earl's Cove to Saltery Bay . 2016 - 2021 Sources Statistic Canada Census. Area A revised from 2,678 (2016) As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada ,

561-498: The First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council considered the language to be "critically endangered" and "nearly extinct", with just 10 fluent speakers. In 2011, the language was being taught using the "Where Are Your Keys?" technique, and a Squamish–English dictionary was also completed in 2011. A Squamish festival was scheduled for April 22, 2013, with two fluent elders, aiming to inspire more efforts to keep

594-454: The 1880s by a German anthropologist; however the grammar of the language was documented by a Dutch linguist in the 1950s. The orthography or spelling system of the language came about in 1960s while the first Squamish dictionary was published only recently, specifically 2011. The language shares certain similarities with languages like Sechelt and Halkomelem which are spoken in similar regions. Anthropologists and linguists have been researching

627-469: The 1950s, August Jack Khatsahlano recalled knowing several Squamish who worked for whalers on the island at the turn of the 20th century. In a conversation with City of Vancouver archivist JA Matthews, Khatsahlano recalled deer hunting on Bowen, saying that at one time he took the biggest deer in British Columbia from the island, weighing in at 195 pounds (88 kg). When Spanish explorers arrived on

660-494: The 1950s, Dutch linguist Aert H. Kuipers worked on the first comprehensive grammar of the Squamish language, later published as The Squamish Language (1967). In 1968, the British Columbia Language Project undertook more documentation of the Squamish language and culture. The Squamish writing system presently in use was devised by Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy, the main collaborators on this project, using

693-631: The 1980s, real estate pressures in Vancouver accelerated growth on Bowen and currently the local economy is largely dependent on commuters who work on the mainland in Greater Vancouver. Prior to becoming a municipality, Bowen Island was part of the Sunshine Coast Regional District , made up of small communities and municipalities. Bowen Island is served by a number of small businesses including marinas, cafes, gift shops, grocery stores,

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726-623: The Horseshoe Bay - Bowen Island Ferry began in 1921. When the Union Steamship resort closed in the 1960s the island returned to a quiet period of slow growth. In the 1940s and 1950s, the artists' colony called Lieben was a retreat for many famous Canadian authors, artists, and intellectuals including Earle Birney , Alice Munro , Dorothy Livesay , Margaret Laurence , A.J.M. Smith , Jack Shadbolt , Eric Nicol and Malcolm Lowry , who finished his last book, October Ferry to Gabriola , there. In

759-613: The Squamish orthography : Other symbols include the glottal stop and stress marks. ⟨ʔ⟩ or 7 represent a glottal stop. Glottalization can occur on a variety of consonants (w, y, l, m, n), and after or before vowels. Glottalized sonorants are written with an apostrophe on top, whereas ejectives are written with an apostrophe after. The following table shows the vowels and consonants and their respective orthographic symbols. Consonants are sorted by place (bilabial to uvular descending) and type (Left – Plosives, Right – Sonorants and Fricatives). Squamish contains no voiced plosives, as

792-472: The Squamish language since the 1880s. After some time a written system was formed for the Squamish language, which was once an oral language. German anthropologist Franz Boas was the first to collect Squamish words, while anthropologist Charles Hill-Tout recorded some Squamish sentences and stories. In the 1930s, anthropologist Homer Barnett worked with Jimmy Frank to collect information about traditional Squamish culture , including some Squamish words. In

825-477: The Sunshine Coast is sparsely populated. The Coast Mountains make up the inland area. Population is concentrated along the coast. Midway up the coast, beginning at the town of Sechelt, the coastal area forms a peninsula separated from the inland area by Sechelt Inlet . The 2016 census reported a total population of 29,970 persons living on a land area of 3,778.17 km (1,458.76 sq mi). The Sunshine Coast

858-465: The area around Howe Sound including Bowen Island. Areas such as Snug Cove and a few other parts of the island were used as campsites for hunting and gathering trips. Historically they would use the warmer spring and summer months to travel to resource gathering sites and move from their permanent winter villages. Bowen Island has a traditional name in the Squamish language, Xwlíl’xhwm, translating to "Fast Drumming Ground", although some authors attribute

891-444: The home, as a way to reinforce the learning that takes place in the Sea to Sky School District schools. So far 15 families in the Squamish area are part of the program ... "The goal is to revive the language by trying to have it used every day at home — getting the parents on board, not just the children." Currently, there are 449 Active Language Learners of the Squamish language. In 2014,

924-479: The initiator of an action precedes the goal). Sentences typically begin with a predicate noun, but may also begin with a transitive , intransitive , or passive verb . The table below summarizes the general order of elements in Squamish. Referents are nominal . Sunshine Coast Regional District The Sunshine Coast Regional District is a regional district in British Columbia , Canada. It

957-419: The language alive. Rebecca Campbell, one of the event's organizers, commented: The festival is part of a multi-faceted effort to ensure the language's long-term survival, not only by teaching it in the schools, but by encouraging parents to speak it at home. Squamish Nation cultural workers, for example, have begun to provide both parents and children with a list of common Squamish phrases that can be used around

990-465: The mainland. There is regular ferry service from Horseshoe Bay provided by BC Ferries , and semi-regular water taxi services. The population of 4,256 is supplemented in the summer by about 1,500 visitors. It has a land area of 50.12 km (19.35 sq mi). The name for Bowen Island is Nex̱wlélex̱wm in the Squamish language of the Squamish people . The Squamish peoples used and occupied

1023-529: The name to the sound made by the ocean as it passes through the tiny pass between the island's northern point and Finisterre Island. The tide rushing in and out is reminiscent of the sound of drums beating quickly. The name "Kwém̓shem" is used for Hood Point. Bowen is still used by people from Squamish and Musqueam for deer hunting. Into the 20th century Bowen Island was actively used by Squamish people for deer and duck hunting, fishing and, later, wage jobs. In conversations with Vancouver archivist Major Matthews in

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1056-500: The vowel should be realized as louder and slightly longer. Squamish, like other Salish languages, has two main types of words: Clitics and full words. Clitics can be articles, or predicative clitics. Squamish words are able to be subjected to reduplication , suffixation , prefixation . A common prefix is the nominalizer prefix /s-/, which occurs in a large number of fixed combinations with verb stems to make nouns (e.g: /t'iq/ "to be cold" -> /s-t'iq/ "(the) cold"). Squamish uses

1089-746: The west coast of Canada, they named many of the features of what is now the Strait of Georgia . Bowen Island was called Isla de Apodaca (after the Mexican town of Apodaca, in northeast Nuevo León state, which was itself named after a benevolent bishop, Salvador de Apodaca y Loreto) by the Spanish Captain José María Narváez in July, 1791. In 1860 Cpt. George Henry Richards renamed the island after Rear Admiral James Bowen , master of HMS Queen Charlotte . In 1871, homesteaders began to build houses and started

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