46-423: Bourbon King (foaled 1900) was an American Saddlebred stallion. He was known for being the founding sire of the popular Chief family of Saddlebreds. Bourbon King was foaled in 1900. He was a chestnut stallion with a star and white coronets on his hind feet. He was sired by Bourbon Chief and out of Annie C. Bourbon King was bred and owned by Allie G. Jones, who had a farm near North Middletown, Kentucky . Jones
92-676: A South African breed registry had started in 1935, it was not until 1949 that the Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa was formed. The 1950s saw continued growth of the Saddlebred breed, and The Lemon Drop Kid, a fine harness horse, became the first, and only, Saddlebred to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated . In the late 1950s, the Saddle Horse Capital became centered in Shelby County, Kentucky , largely due to
138-415: A full tail , often augmented with an artificial switch , and a full mane . Three-gaited horses may be shown with a shaved off "roached" mane and a full tail, though the trend of the three-gaited horse being presented with the hair at the top of their tails, an area called the dock , trimmed short, has fallen out of style over the past several decades. The use of a set tail in certain types of competition
184-483: A hereditary basis in Saddlebreds and a recessive mode of inheritance. The precise mutation has not yet been located, but researchers believe it to be somewhere on horse chromosome 20. Researching this condition may help more than just the Saddlebred breed as it may "serve as a model for investigating congenital skeletal deformities in horses and other species." Horses with lordosis are generally healthy and unaffected by
230-548: A large collection of Saddlebred-related items and artwork, as well as a 2,500-volume library of breed-related works. There are many magazines which focus on the American Saddlebred: Show Horse Magazine , Bluegrass Horseman , The National Horseman , Saddle and Bridle , and Show Horse International . As a show horse, Saddlebreds were exhibited in Kentucky as early as 1816, and were a prominent part of
276-461: A mare named Great Belles of Fire, in his role as James T. Kirk in Star Trek Generations . Numerous other celebrities besides Shatner have been owners and exhibitors of the breed, including Clark Gable , Will Rogers , Joe Louis , and Carson Kressley . Chestnut (coat) Chestnut is a hair coat color of horses consisting of a reddish-to-brown coat with a mane and tail
322-616: A now-extinct breed called the Narragansett Pacer , a riding and driving breed known for its ambling and pacing gaits. When colonists imported Thoroughbreds to America, beginning in 1706, they were crossed with the Narragansett Pacer, which, combined with massive exports, ultimately led to the extinction of the Narragansett as a purebred breed. To preserve important bloodlines, Canadian Pacers were introduced instead. By
368-547: A role in the development of the Saddlebred in the 19th century include the Morgan , Standardbred and Hackney . The Canadian Pacer had a particularly significant impact. The breed, originally of French origin, was also influential in the development of the Standardbred and Tennessee Walking Horse . The most influential Canadian Pacer on Saddlebred lines was Tom Hall, a blue roan stallion foaled in 1806. After being imported to
414-418: Is caused by one of two recessive alleles at the extension locus (genetics) . Extension has three known alleles: the wildtype "E", necessary for the bay and black coat colors, plus two mutations "e" and "e ", both of which are capable of causing the chestnut color. Each individual horse has two copies of the extension gene. If either copy is "E", then the horse will be bay- or black-based. But if
460-423: Is considered a "base color" in the discussion of equine coat color genetics. Additional coat colors based on chestnut are often described in terms of their relationship to chestnut: Combinations of multiple dilution genes do not always have consistent names. For example, "dunalinos" are chestnuts with both the dun gene and one copy of the cream gene . The chestnut or sorrel color, genetically considered "red",
506-462: Is found on chromosome 3 (ECA3) and is part of the gene that codes for the equine melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). This receptor is part of a signalling pathway which when activated causes melanocytes to produce eumelanin , or black pigment, instead of pheomelanin , or red pigment. The two mutant alleles "e" and "e " code for dysfunctional receptors unable to activate this pathway, so absent "E", only red pigment can be produced. At least one copy of
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#1732848456619552-411: Is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates the production and release of melanin in skin and hair. Red hair color in horses ("e") is created by a missense mutation in the code for MC1R, which results in a protein that cannot bind to MSH. When only mutant copies ("e) of the gene are available, non-functional MC1R proteins are produced. As a result, no black pigment is deposited into the hair and
598-608: The Golden Age of Hollywood were also Saddlebreds, including the horses used in lead roles in My Friend Flicka , National Velvet , Fury and one version of Black Beauty . A part-Saddlebred played the lead role in the TV series Mr. Ed , and a Saddlebred was used in a prominent role in Giant . In the 1990s, William Shatner , an actor and Saddlebred breeder, rode one of his own horses,
644-732: The Golden Age of Hollywood . Saddlebreds are mainly known for their performance in the show ring, but can also be seen in competition in several other English riding disciplines and combined driving , as well as being used as a pleasure riding horse. American Saddlebreds often compete in five primary divisions: Five-Gaited , Three-Gaited, Fine Harness, Park and Pleasure. In these divisions they are judged on performance, manners, presence, quality, and conformation. American Saddlebreds stand 15 to 17 hands (60 to 68 inches, 152 to 173 cm) high, averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm), and weigh between 1,000 and 1,200 pounds (450 and 540 kg). Members of
690-513: The "world's most beautiful horse" by admirers, and is known as the "peacock of the horse world". The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) describes the Saddlebred as follows: "He carries himself with an attitude that is elusive of description—some call it "class", presence, quality, style, or charm. This superior air distinguishes his every movement." Saddlebreds are popularly known as show horses, with horses being shown saddle seat in both three-gaited and five-gaited classes. The former are
736-517: The 1940s, organized the first "All-Negro" horse show in Utica, Michigan, allowing greater opportunities for African-American people to exhibit horses at a time when there was significant racial segregation in the United States . Gas shortages in the 1970s and 1980s put pressure on the recreational dollar, and saw the growth of single breed shows at the expense of the multi-breed traditional horse show. At
782-561: The American Saddlebred began to be exported to South Africa, and it is now the most popular non-racing breed in that country. Saddlebred horse show standards continued to evolve through the 1920s, as the popularity of the breed grew. The Saddlebred industry slowed during World War II , but began to grow again post-war, with Mexico, Missouri earning the title "Saddle Horse Capital of the World". Exports continued, and though attempts to begin
828-820: The British affiliate of the ASHA. Since the founding of the American registry, almost 250,000 horses have been accepted, with almost 3,000 new foals registered annually. It is the oldest still-functioning breed registry in the US. Most common in the eastern US, the breed is also found throughout North America, Europe, Australia, and in South Africa. Located at the Kentucky Horse Park is the American Saddlebred Museum, which curates
874-619: The Morgan, as early as 1857, but the NSHBA was the first national association for an American-developed breed of horse. A member of Morgan's Raiders, General John Breckinridge Castleman , was instrumental in forming the NSHBA. In 1899, the organization name was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders Association, clarifying the breed's name as the "American Saddle Horse," not simply "Saddle Horse." After World War I ,
920-483: The United States from Canada, he was registered as an American Saddlebred and became the foundation stallion of several Saddlebred lines. The American Horse was further refined in Kentucky, where the addition of more Thoroughbred blood created a taller and better-looking horse that became known as the Kentucky Saddler. There were originally seventeen foundation stallions listed by the breed registry, but by 1908
966-538: The beginning of the 21st century, the number of women showing Saddlebreds increased, with female competitors winning several world championships. Today, the Saddlebred is exhibited in the United States in multiple divisions, including assorted in-hand classes; ridden in saddle seat classes for three- and five-gaited horses in both Park and pleasure classes, hunter country pleasure , and western pleasure ; plus pleasure driving , fine harness , roadster harness classes. In five-gaited competition, they are shown with
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#17328484566191012-514: The body coat, but unlike the bay they are never truly black. Like any other color of horse, chestnuts may have pink skin with white hair where there are white markings , and if such white markings include one or both eyes, the eyes may be blue. Chestnut foals may be born with pinkish skin, which darkens shortly afterwards. Chestnut is produced by a recessive gene. Unlike many coat colors, chestnut can be true-breeding; that is, assuming they carry no recessive modifiers like pearl or mushroom ,
1058-480: The breed have well-shaped heads with a straight profile, long, slim, arched necks, well-defined withers , sloping shoulders, correct leg conformation , and strong level backs with well-sprung ribs. The croup is level with a high-carried tail. Enthusiasts consider them to be spirited, yet gentle, animals. Any color is acceptable, but most common are chestnut , bay , brown and black . Some are gray , roan , palomino and pinto. The first-known pinto Saddlebred
1104-460: The breed since the late 1800s. They are considered a gaited breed, as some Saddlebreds are bred and trained to perform four-beat ambling gaits, one being a "slow gait" that historically was one of three possible ambling patterns, and the much faster rack. They have attracted the attention of numerous celebrities, who have become breeders and exhibitors, and purebred and partbred American Saddlebreds have appeared in several films, especially during
1150-713: The breed's popularity continued to grow in the United States, and exports began to South Africa and Great Britain. Since the formation of the US registry, almost 250,000 American Saddlebreds have been registered and can now be found around the world, with separate breed registries established in Great Britain, Australia, continental Europe, and southern Africa. Averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm) in height, Saddlebreds are known for their sense of presence and style, as well as for their spirited, yet gentle, temperament. They may be of any color , including pinto patterns, which have been acknowledged in
1196-577: The condition, and are eligible to compete in many divisions, but a swayback must be penalized as a fault at shows, in addition to other conformation flaws. The Saddlebred has origins in the Galloway and Hobby horses of the British Isles, animals sometimes called palfreys , which had ambling gaits and were brought to the United States by early settlers. These animals were further refined in America to become
1242-549: The conflict include John Hunt Morgan and Basil W. Duke during his time with Morgan's Raiders . Kentucky Saddlers were used during brutal marches with the latter group, and the historical record suggests that they held up better than horses of other breeds. The American Saddlebred Horse Association was formed in 1891, then called the National Saddle Horse Breeders Association (NSHBA). Private individuals had produced studbooks for other breeds, such as
1288-411: The entire coat is red-based. However, the skin of chestnut horses is still generally black, unless affected by other genes. Some chestnut foals are also born with lighter eyes and lightened skin, which darken not long after birth. This is not the same as the blue eyes and pink skin seen at birth in foals carrying the champagne gene . It is a genetic mechanism not fully understood, but may be related to
1334-727: The first national horse show in the United States, held at the St. Louis Fair in 1856. The Kentucky State Fair began running a World Championship show in 1917, offering a $ 10,000 prize for the champion five-gaited horse. Also in 1917, the American Horse Shows Association, now the United States Equestrian Federation, formed and began to standardize show formats and rules. In 1957, the American Saddlebred Pleasure Horse Association
1380-751: The first three volumes of the breed's studbook. A second foundation sire was recognized in 1991, Harrison Chief . This sire was a descendant of the Thoroughbred Messenger , who is also considered a foundation stallion for the Standardbred breed. During the American Civil War , American Saddlebreds were commonly used by the military, and known for their bravery and endurance. Many officers used them as mounts, and included in their numbers are General Lee's Traveller , General Grant's Cincinnati , General Sherman's Lexington, and General Jackson's Little Sorrell. Other generals who used them during
1426-477: The functional "E" allele is required to activate the signal and produce black pigment. In general, alleles that create fully functional MC1R proteins are inherited dominantly and result in a black-based coat color ("E"), while mutated alleles that create "dysfunctional" MC1R are recessive and result in a lighter coat color ("e"). Normally MC1R would bind to the Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) which
Bourbon King - Misplaced Pages Continue
1472-481: The lateral pairs of legs leave the ground together, but strike the ground at different times, the hind foot connecting slightly before the forefoot. In the show ring, the gait should be performed with restraint and precision. The rack is also a four-beat gait, but with equal intervals between each footfall. In the show ring, the gait is performed with speed and action, appearing unrestrained. Lordosis , also known as swayback, low back or soft back, has been found to have
1518-946: The mating between two chestnuts will produce chestnut offspring every time. This can be seen in breeds such as the Suffolk Punch and Haflinger , which are exclusively chestnut. Other breeds including the American Belgian Draft and Budyonny are predominantly chestnut. However, a chestnut horse need not have two chestnut parents. This is especially apparent in breeds like the Friesian horse and Ariegeois pony which have been selected for many years to be uniformly black , but on rare occasions still produce chestnut foals. Chestnuts can vary widely in shade and different terms are sometimes used to describe these shades, even though they are genetically indistinguishable. Collectively, these coat colors are usually called "red" by geneticists. Chestnut
1564-403: The registry decided to list only one and the remainder were identified as "Noted Deceased Sires." Today, two foundation sires of the breed are recognized, both Thoroughbred crosses. The first was Denmark , son of an imported Thoroughbred, who for many years was the only recognized foundation stallion. His son, Gaines' Denmark , was in the pedigrees of over 60 percent of the horses registered in
1610-566: The same or lighter in color than the coat. Chestnut is characterized by the absolute absence of true black hairs. It is one of the most common horse coat colors , seen in almost every breed of horse. Chestnut is a very common coat color but the wide range of shades can cause confusion. The lightest chestnuts may be mistaken for palominos , while the darkest shades can be so dark they appear black . Chestnuts have dark brown eyes and black skin, and typically are some shade of red or reddish brown. The mane, tail, and legs may be lighter or darker than
1656-559: The success of breeders Charles and Helen Crabtree , the latter a renowned equitation coach. Although individual Saddlebreds had been exported to Great Britain throughout the breed's history, the first breeding groups were transported there in 1966. For the next three decades, enthusiasts worked to establish a breeding and showing platform for the breed in the UK. In 1980, the name of the American Saddle Horse Breeder's Association
1702-416: The three common gaits seen in most breeds, the walk, trot and canter . The latter includes the three regular gaits, plus two four-beat ambling gaits known as the slow gait and the rack. Historically, the slow gait could be either a running walk, the stepping pace, or the fox trot, however, the modern five-gaited Saddlebred typically performs a stepping-pace. The stepping pace is a four-beat gait in which
1748-728: The time of the American Revolution , a distinct type of riding horse had developed with the size and quality of the Thoroughbred, but the ambling gaits and stamina of the Pacer breeds. This animal was called the American Horse. Its existence was first documented in a 1776 letter when an American diplomat wrote to the Continental Congress asking for one to be sent to France as a gift for Marie Antoinette . Other breeds which played
1794-414: The time of the American Revolution , the American Saddlebred includes the Narragansett Pacer , Canadian Pacer , Morgan and Thoroughbred among its ancestors. Developed into its modern type in Kentucky, it was once known as the "Kentucky Saddler" and used extensively as an officer's mount in the American Civil War . In 1891, a breed registry was formed in the United States. Throughout the 20th century,
1840-445: The two copies are any combination of "e" and "e " (e/e, e/e , or e /e ), then the horse will be red-based. Alternate extension "e " is rare and there is no known difference in appearance between it and the more common "e". Because the red color is recessive, two bay or black parents can produce a chestnut foal if both carry "e" or "e ". However, two chestnut parents cannot produce a bay or black foal. The extension locus (genetics)
1886-486: Was a stallion foaled in 1882. In 1884 and 1891, two additional pintos, both mares , were foaled . These three horses were recorded as "spotted", but many other pinto Saddlebreds with minimal markings were recorded only by their base color, without making note of their markings. This practice continued into the 1930s, at which time breeders came to be more accepting of "colored" horses and began recording markings and registering horses as pinto. The Saddlebred has been called
Bourbon King - Misplaced Pages Continue
1932-619: Was changed to the American Saddlebred Horse Association (ASHA), membership was opened to non-breeders, and the group began to focus on breed promotion. In 1985, the ASHA became the first breed registry to have their headquarters at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky . A decade later, in 1995, the United Saddlebred Association – UK was formed to register Saddlebreds in Great Britain, and acts as
1978-790: Was common, today, tail sets are generally not allowed on the show grounds for horses in the Pleasure divisions, and horses with unset tails are not penalized in any division. Gingering is prohibited and not used. Outside of breed-specific shows, the Saddlebred is also promoted as suitable for competitive trail riding , endurance riding , dressage , combined driving , eventing , and show jumping . Because they are so closely affiliated with their traditional show ring competition, they are sometimes mistaken for warmbloods or Thoroughbred crosses when participating in other equine events. They are also suitable family horses used for trail , pleasure riding , and ranch work. Many film and television horses of
2024-679: Was elected president of the American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association, the forerunner to the American Saddlebred Horse Association , in 1936. Bourbon King lived to be 30 years old. Bourbon King was a five-gaited horse. He won the Grand Championship at the Louisville Horse Show at age three. Bourbon King was the progenitor of the Chief family, one of the most influential bloodlines in Saddlebreds. His son Edna May's King
2070-680: Was formed to regulate English pleasure classes. Today, the most prestigious award in the breed industry is the American Saddlebred "Triple Crown": winning the five-gaited championships at the Lexington Junior League Horse Show , the Kentucky State Fair World's Championship Horse Show , and American Royal horse show; a feat that has only been accomplished by six horses. The breed's show history also paralleled major historical developments. Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis , who owned and exhibited Saddlebreds into
2116-481: Was the first horse to repeat win the Grand Championship at the Kentucky State Fair . One of Bourbon King's descendants, Wing Commander , was the first five-gaited horse to win six consecutive World Grand Championships. American Saddlebred The American Saddlebred is a horse breed from the United States. This breed is referred to as the "Horse America Made". Descended from riding-type horses bred at
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