The House of Borghese is a family of Italian noble and papal background, originating as the Borghese or Borghesi in Siena , where they came to prominence in the 13th century and held offices under the commune . During the 16th century, the head of the family, Marcantonio, moved to Rome , where they rose in power and wealth following the election of his son Camillo as Pope Paul V in 1605. They were one of the leading families of the black nobility and maintain close ties to the Vatican .
41-494: The family originated with Tiezzo da Monticiano, a 13th-century wool merchant in Siena, whose nephew Borghese gave his name to the family. Among the important Sienese Borghese are: The head of the family, Marcantonio, Patrician of Siena, moved to Rome in 1541 and this Sienese family rapidly gained access to the upper echelons of Roman society, culminating in the election of Marcantonio's son Camillo Borghese as Pope Paul V in 1605. Paul V
82-613: A coup d'état . There are 4 present branches of the Borghese family: Pope Paul V Pope Paul V ( Latin : Paulus V ; Italian : Paolo V ) (17 September 1550 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May 1605 to his death, in January 1621. In 1611, he honored Galileo Galilei as a member of
123-565: A car before. Of this adventure, he left a wonderful memoir, filled with hundreds of photographs, in his book Peking to Paris , that was published in 1908 in eleven different languages: a "publishing raid", as his proud Italian editor noted in the preface of the book. During World War I , Barzini was the official correspondent with the Italian Army ; an account of his experiences was published in The War Illustrated . In 1921, Barzini left
164-473: A cardinal (continuing the trend of nepotism) and also named Alessandro Ludovisi, who would become his immediate successor, Pope Gregory XV , as a cardinal. Paul's insistence of ecclesiastical jurisdiction led to a number of quarrels between the Church and the secular governments of various states, notably Venice , where patricians, such as Ermolao Barbaro (1548–1622) of the noble Barbaro family , argued in favor of
205-510: A matter for controversy. A letter from Bellarmine to Galileo states only the injunction that the heliocentric ideas could not be defended or held; this letter was written expressly to enable Galileo to defend himself against rumors concerning what had happened in the meeting with Bellarmine. In 1618, a Decreto de Nuestro Sanctissimo Padre el Papa Paulo V. en favor dela Immaculada Concepción dela Sanctissima Virgen Madre de Dios y Señora Nuestra (Decree of our most holy father Pope Paul V in favor of
246-682: A newspaper. After the nomination as senator, he continued to work as a correspondent for the Fascist newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia , covering the Spanish Civil War and the Russian Invasion . Barzini had pro- Fascist sentiments since before Mussolini 's rise to power. He signed his name on the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals in 1925, and was made a senator in 1934, serving on
287-714: The Corriere della Sera and moved to the United States , where he directed the Italian-American newspaper Corriere d'America from 1923 until his return to Italy in 1931. In 1932 he became director of the Il Mattino , but in 1933 lost his position when Mussolini mistakenly thought him to be the author of a critical article appeared in the French press. The misunderstanding was soon cleared but Barzini had no further chances to direct
328-801: The Boxer Rebellion , distinguishing himself for his ability to get first hand information. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, he was embedded within the Imperial Japanese Army , and covered its campaigns in Manchuria . As a journalist of the Corriere della Sera , in 1907 he accompanied Prince Scipione Borghese in the famous Peking to Paris motor race , winning it after a journey of two months in an Itala car across China and Siberia , traveling amongst regions and people that had never seen
369-792: The Vatican Library , separating out the Vatican Apostolic Archives . He restored the Aqua Traiana , an ancient Roman aqueduct (named after him Acqua Paola ), bringing water to the rioni located on right bank of the Tiber ( Trastevere and Borgo ) using materials from his demolition of the Forum of Nerva . He had always encouraged Guido Reni . Like many Popes of the time he was also allegedly guilty of nepotism , and his nephew Scipione Borghese wielded enormous power on his behalf, consolidating
410-586: The Borghese and Orsini families. His son Paolo (1624–1646) married Olimpia Aldobrandini , princess of Rossano, and by this marriage enabled the Borghese to lay claim to the Aldobrandini family legacy as well, though this right was only recognised in 1769 after protracted court battles. Along with Paolo's titles, Olimpia passed the title of prince of Rossano to their grandson Marcantonio III (1660–1729), who also became viceroy of Naples . His grandson Marcantonio IV (1730–1800), prince of Sulmona and of Rossano,
451-539: The Catholics of the realm to be submissive and loyal to their sovereign—in all things not opposed to the honour of God. The oath of allegiance James demanded of his subjects, however contained clauses to which no 17th-century Catholic could in conscience subscribe: the oath of allegiance was solemnly condemned in a brief published a matter of weeks later (22 September 1606, extended 23 August 1607). This condemnation served only to divide English Catholics. The other irritant (to
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#1732847715526492-567: The Church. He demanded the release of the priests as not being amenable to the secular law. When this was refused, the Pope threatened an interdict on account of the property laws and the imprisonment of ecclesiastics, which threat was presented to the Senate on Christmas 1605. The Venetian position was ably defended by a canon lawyer, Paolo Sarpi , who extended the matter to general principles defining separate secular and ecclesiastical spheres. In April 1606
533-703: The Commission of the Armed Forces (April 17, 1939 – February 11, 1941), the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Trade and Customs legislation (December 31, 1941 – February 12, 1943 and June 16 to August 5, 1943), Affairs Committee of Italian Africa (April 15, 1942 – June 16, 1943) and the Board of Finance (February 12 to June 16, 1943). He continued to collaborate with Mussolini in the Italian Social Republic , where he directed
574-798: The Immaculate Conception of the blessed Virgin Mary,..) was published in Lima, Peru. Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo on 1 November 1610 and Frances of Rome on 29 May 1608. He also canonized Pompejanus in 1615 and canonized Cardinal Albert de Louvain on 9 August 1621. He also beatified a number of individuals which included Ignatius Loyola (27 July 1609), Philip Neri (11 May 1615), Teresa of Avila (24 April 1614), Aloysius Gonzaga (10 October 1605), and Francis Xavier (25 October 1619). The pope created 60 cardinals in ten consistories held during his pontificate. He named his nephew Scipione Borghese as
615-468: The Pope excommunicated the entire government of Venice and placed an interdict on the city. Father Sarpi strongly advised the Venetian government to refuse to receive the Pope's interdict, and to reason with him while opposing force by force. The Venetian Senate willingly accepted this advice and Fra Paolo presented the case to Paul V, urging from history that the Pope's claim to intermeddle in civil matters
656-505: The Pope, should live. Bellarmine's certificate was used by Galileo for his defense at the trial of 1633 . Trained in jurisprudence, Borghese was made Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Eusebio and the Cardinal Vicar of Rome by Pope Clement VIII . He was elected as Pope in 1605, following the death of Pope Leo XI . Pope Paul V was known for being stern and unyielding, defending the privileges of the Church. He met with Galileo Galilei in 1616 and
697-442: The Pope. Within a year (March 1607) the disagreement was mediated by France and Spain . The Most Serene Republic refused to retract the laws, but asserted that Venice would conduct herself "with her accustomed piety ." The Jesuits, which Venice considered subversive Papal agents, remained banned. No more could be expected. Paul withdrew his censure. The Venetian Republic rewarded Fra Paulo Sarpi, its successful canon lawyer, with
738-565: The assassins found refuge in the Papal States. Paul V's hard-edged Catholic diplomacy cut the ground from under moderate Catholics in England . His letter of 9 July 1606 to congratulate James I on his accession to the throne was three years late and seemed to English eyes merely a preamble to what followed, and his reference to the Gunpowder Plot , made against the life of the monarch and all
779-539: The country. In Rome, he financed the completion of St. Peter's Basilica , improved the Vatican Library , and restored the ancient Roman aqueduct Aqua Traiana . Pope Paul V established the Banco di Santo Spirito in 1605 and is also known for fostering the rise of the Borghese family through nepotism . He died on 28 January 1621, after suffering from a series of strokes and was succeeded by Pope Gregory XV . Camillo Borghese
820-439: The diocese of Iesi until 1599. He held aloof from all parties and factions, devoting all his spare time to his law-books. When Pope Leo XI died, 1605, Cardinal Borghese became pope over a number of candidates including Caesar Baronius and Robert Bellarmine ; his neutrality in the factional times made him an ideal compromise candidate. In character he was very stern and unyielding, a lawyer rather than diplomat, who defended
861-497: The distinction of state counsellor in jurisprudence and the liberty of access to the state archives, which infuriated Pope Paul. In September 1607, after unsuccessfully attempting to lure Father Sarpi to Rome, the Pope responded by putting out a contract on his life. Father Sarpi was the target of at least two assassination plots in September and October. Stabbed three times with a stiletto , Fra Sarpi somehow managed to recover, while
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#1732847715526902-590: The embassy of the Japanese samurai Hasekura Tsunenaga in Rome . Hasekura gave the Pope a letter (from Date Masamune ) which requested a trade treaty between Japan and New Spain . The letter also asked for Christian missionaries to be sent to Japan. The Pope agreed to the dispatch of missionaries, but left the decision for trade to the King of Spain . In Rome, the pope financed the completion of St. Peter's Basilica , and improved
943-598: The exemption of the clergy from the jurisdiction of the civil courts. Venice passed two laws obnoxious to Paul, one forbidding the alienation of real estate in favour of the clergy, the second demanding approval of the civil power for the building of new churches. Two priests charged by the Venetian state with cruelty, wholesale poisoning, murder and licentiousness, were arrested by the Venetian Senate and put in dungeons for trial. Having been found guilty, they were committed to prison. Paul V insisted that they be released to
984-700: The family's new Roman connection. Scipione was a major patron of the arts, and the family art collection burgeoned under his guardianship (formerly housed at the family seat in Rome, Palazzo Borghese , it has since 1903 been established as the Galleria Borghese , located in the family's former property, Villa Borghese ). Marcantonio II (1598–1658), son of Giambattista, was named prince of Sulmona in 1610 (Grandee of Spain of 1st class), again through Paul V's influence, in this case with Philip III of Spain . In 1619 Marcantonio II married Camilla Orsini , becoming heir to both
1025-562: The members of Parliament the previous November, was unfortunate for the Papal cause, for Papal agents were considered by the English to have been involved (the effigy of Pope Paul V is still burnt every year during the Lewes Bonfire celebrations). However, the Pope in that letter pleaded with James not to make the innocent Catholics suffer for the crime of a few, and Paul V also promised to exhort all
1066-662: The new Musée du Louvre . On Napoleon's fall, he separated from Pauline and retired to private life in Florence, dying without issue. Marcantonio IV's second son, prince Francesco Borghese-Aldobrandini (1776–1839), was also a general in the Napoleonic army, and inherited all Camillo's property. Francesco had married Adèle de La Rochefoucauld , daughter of Alexandre-Francois , and their son Marcantonio married Thérèse de La Rochefoucauld , daughter of Alexandre-Jules (brother of Adèle). His great-grandson Prince Scipione Borghese (1871–1927)
1107-517: The official press agency Agenzia Stefani . In 1945, he was convicted for his involvement in the Fascist regime and forbidden to practice the profession of journalist. Barzini died destitute in Milan in 1947. He had four children: Emma, Luigi Jr., Ettore, and Ugo. His son, Luigi Barzini, Jr. was also a journalist and writer and became widely known for his 1964 book "The Italians". His son Ettore, after joining
1148-433: The papacy) in English relations was Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to the English archpriest George Blackwell , reproaching him for having taken the oath of allegiance in apparent disregard of his duty to the Pope. The letter received enough circulation to be referred to in one of James's theological essays (1608), and Bellarmine was soon fencing in a pamphlet exchange with the king of England. In November 1615, Paul V welcomed
1189-488: The papal Accademia dei Lincei and supported his discoveries. In 1616, Pope Paul V instructed Cardinal Robert Bellarmine to inform Galileo that the Copernican theory could not be taught as fact, but Bellarmine's certificate allowed Galileo to continue his studies in search for evidence and use the geocentric model as a theoretical device. That same year Paul V assured Galileo that he was safe from persecution so long as he,
1230-506: The privileges of the Church to his utmost. His first act was to send home to their sees the bishops who were sojourning in Rome, for the Council of Trent had insisted that every bishop reside in his diocese. Paul met with Galileo Galilei in 1616 after Cardinal Bellarmine had, on his orders, warned Galileo not to hold or defend the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus . Whether there was also an order not to teach those ideas in any way has been
1271-603: The rise of the Borghese family. Paul V also established the Bank of the Holy Spirit in 1605. Paul V died on 28 January 1621 of a stroke in the Quirinal Palace and was succeeded as pope by Pope Gregory XV . The pope had been ill for more than three months following a series of strokes, and died six hours following his last stroke the morning of his death. He was interred in the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore . While bishop, he
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1312-522: The title Prince of Vivero on (November 17, 1609). As an extended family, the Borghese became some of the largest landowners of the Roman Campagna , increasing their wealth by their strategic control of their properties and a concerted policy of assuming monopolies of milling grain and the rights to run inns. Thus the Borghese family rose still further in power and wealth. Many of Paul V's official inscriptions include ROMANUS after his name, to reinforce
1353-465: Was a senator of the Roman Republic . His son Camillo Filippo Ludovico (1775–1832) enlisted in the Napoleonic army and later became one of its generals. In 1803 he married Napoleon 's sister, Pauline Bonaparte , the promiscuous widow of General Leclerc . Camillo was named duke of Guastalla in 1806, and governor of Piedmont (1807–1814). Camillo's sale of the Borghese collection of antiquities enriched
1394-765: Was a usurpation; and that in these matters the Republic of Venice recognized no authority but that of God. The rest of the Catholic clergy sided with the city, with the exception of the Jesuits , the Theatines , and the Capuchins . The dissenting clergy were forthwith expelled from Venetian territories. Masses continued to be said in Venice, and the feast of Corpus Christi was celebrated with displays of public pomp and "magnificence", in defiance of
1435-539: Was an Italian Senator and the most noted journalist and war correspondent of the second half of the Italian Belle Époque . Barzini started his career as a journalist in 1898, working for minor Italian magazines and was almost immediately noticed and hired by Luigi Albertini , then director of the Corriere della Sera , the most prestigious Italian newspaper. In 1900, he was sent as war correspondent to Qing Dynasty China , where he witnessed and reported about
1476-500: Was an industrialist and sportsman, remembered for participating in the 1907 Peking to Paris Race with the journalist Luigi Barzini . His nephew Junio Valerio Borghese (1906–1974) was a Navy official under the Fascist regime and awardee of the Gold Medal of Military Valour for his commando actions during World War II. In post-war Italy he became a prominent far-right politician; he fled to Spain in 1970 after being accused of plotting
1517-455: Was an unabashed nepotist, naming his brother Francesco (1556–1620) Duke of Rignano and general of the papal army, his other brother Giambattista (1554–1609) Governor of the Borgo and castellan of Castel Sant'Angelo , and his sister Ortensia's son Scipione Caffarelli (1577–1633), becoming Scipione Borghese on his adoption) a Cardinal and his adoptive son. Paul also bestowed on his nephew Scipione
1558-402: Was born in Rome on 17 September 1550 into the Borghese family of Siena which had recently established itself in Rome. He was the eldest of seven sons of the lawyer and Sienese patrician Marcantonio Borghese and his wife Flaminia Astalli, a Roman noblewoman. Camillo was carefully trained in jurisprudence at Perugia and Padua , and became a canonist of marked ability. In June 1596 Camillo
1599-538: Was involved in the controversy over heliocentrism . He canonized and beatified several individuals during his papacy and created 60 cardinals in ten consistories. His insistence on ecclesiastical jurisdiction led to conflicts with secular governments, notably with Venice , which resulted in an interdict on the city in 1606. This disagreement was eventually mediated by France and Spain in 1607. Pope Paul V's diplomacy also strained relations with England , as his actions were perceived as undermining moderate Catholics in
1640-647: Was made the Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Eusebio and the Cardinal Vicar of Rome by Pope Clement VIII , and had as his secretary Niccolò Alamanni . He then opted for other titular churches like San Crisogono and Santi Giovanni e Paolo . Clement VIII also bestowed upon him episcopal consecration in 1597 after his appointment as Bishop of Jesi ; the co-consecrators were Cardinal Silvio Savelli (former Latin Patriarch of Constantinople ) and Cardinal Francesco Cornaro (former Bishop of Treviso). Bishop Borghese retained
1681-503: Was the principal consecrator of: and the principal co-consecrator of: [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Pope Paul V ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Luigi Barzini Sr. Luigi Barzini Sr. (February 7, 1874 – September 6, 1947) in Orvieto , son of Ettore Barzini and Maria Bartoccini,