73-628: The Bohemian Grove is a restricted 2,700-acre (1,100-hectare) campground in Monte Rio, California . Founded in 1878, it belongs to a private gentlemen's club known as the Bohemian Club . In mid-July each year, the Bohemian Grove hosts a more than two-week encampment of some of the most prominent men in the world. The tradition of a summer encampment was established six years after the Bohemian Club
146-523: A 2007 book titled Dude, You're a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School , suggested that these boys used the fag slur as a way to assert their own masculinity , by claiming that another boy is less masculine; this, in their eyes, makes him a fag, and its usage suggests that it is less about sexual orientation and more about gender. One-third of the boys in Pascoe's study claimed that they would not call
219-566: A decision supporting the practices of the club, noting that club members at the Grove "urinate in the open without even the use of rudimentary toilet facilities" and that the presence of females would alter club members' behavior. However, the judge's decision was overruled by the State Fair Employment and Housing Commission, which on October 17, 1981, ordered the club to begin recruiting and hiring women as employees. The Bohemian Club then filed
292-450: A glow on the festivities, and club members retired at a late hour to the modest comfort of blankets laid on the dense mat of Redwood needles. This festive gathering was repeated the next year without Edwards, and became the club's yearly encampment. By 1882, the members of the Club camped together at various locations in both Marin and Sonoma counties, including the present-day Muir Woods and
365-417: A homosexual peer a fag , leading Pascoe to argue that fag is used in this setting as a form of gender policing , in which boys ridicule others who fail at masculinity, heterosexual prowess, or strength. Because boys do not want to be labeled a fag, they hurl the insult at another person. Pascoe felt the fag identity does not constitute a static identity attached to the boy receiving the insult. Rather, fag
438-564: A judge ruled it did not fit the legal definition of an employer. In May 2024, another lawsuit was filed. Monte Rio, California Monte Rio ( Spanish : Monte Río , meaning "River Mountain") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County , California along the Russian River near the Pacific Ocean . The town of Guerneville lies northeast of Monte Rio, and Jenner is to
511-554: A petition in California Superior Court, which ruled in favor of the club, finding "the male gender [to be] a bona fide occupational qualification." It was revealed that the trial judge had previously participated in club activities, yet the request that he be disqualified was denied. The Fair Employment and Housing Commission appealed to the California Court of Appeal which reversed the lower court's decision, holding that
584-491: A proposed law concerning whether tax-exempt organizations (including fraternal clubs) should be exempt from the Unruh Civil Rights Act . Outside the central camp area, which is the site of the old-growth grove, but within the 2,712 acres (1,098 ha) owned by the Bohemian Club, logging activities have been underway since 1984. Approximately 11,000,000 board feet (26,000 m) of lumber equivalents were removed from
657-410: A recording of the voice of club member Walter Cronkite was used as the voice of The Owl during the ceremony. Each year, a Grove Play is performed for one night during the final weekend of the summer encampment. The play is a large-scale musical theatrical production, written and composed by club members, involving some 300 people, including chorus, cast, stage crew and orchestra. The first Grove Play
730-458: A redwood grove that once stood near Duncans Mills , several miles down the Russian River from the current location. From 1893, Bohemians rented the current location, and in 1899 purchased it from Melvin Cyrus Meeker, who had developed a successful logging operation in the area. Gradually over the next decades, members of the Club purchased land surrounding the original location, expanding it to
803-582: A seven-story hotel downtown. Portions of the 1942 Academy Award-winning film Holiday Inn were filmed at the Village Inn Resort in Monte Rio. The trains no longer run, and the area now is mainly inhabited by year-round residents. Despite heavy logging during the second half of the 19th century, the Sonoma Lumber Company preserved a 160-acre (65 ha) grove of old-growth redwood trees , which
SECTION 10
#1732852066613876-552: Is a fluid identity that boys strive to avoid, often by naming another as the fag. As Pascoe asserts, "[the fag identity] is fluid enough that boys police their behaviors out of fear of having the fag identity permanently adhere and definitive enough so that boys recognize fag behavior and strive to avoid it." There is a long history of using both fag and faggot in popular culture, usually in reference to gay and bisexual men. Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman 's 1995 documentary The Celluloid Closet , based on Vito Russo 's book of
949-455: Is about Matthew Shepard , a gay man from Wyoming whose 1998 murder brought national and international attention to hate crime legislation at both the state and federal level. In December 2007, BBC Radio 1 caused controversy by editing the word faggot from their broadcasts of the Kirsty MacColl and The Pogues song " Fairytale of New York ", deeming it potentially homophobic; however,
1022-497: Is clearly a logging project, not a project to reduce fire hazard". Reed F. Noss, a professor at the University of California, Davis , has written that fires within redwood forests do not need to be prevented, that young redwoods are adapted to regenerate well in the destruction left behind by the fires typical of the climate. After controversy raised by opponents of the harvesting plan, the Club moved to establish their qualification for
1095-460: Is no known connection with the word's modern usage. The Yiddish word faygele ( lit. ' little bird ' ), itself a pejorative term for a gay man, has been claimed by some to be related to the American usage. Faygele ( pronounced [feɪɡələ] ) is the nickname for a young girl named Faigie ('bird') after Moses ' wife Zipporah ( Hebrew for 'bird'). The similarity between
1168-497: Is water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Monte Rio had a population of 1,152. The population density was 582.9 inhabitants per square mile (225.1/km ). The racial makeup of Monte Rio was 1,047 (90.9%) White , 10 (0.9%) African American , 6 (0.5%) Native American , 11 (1.0%) Asian , 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 16 (1.4%) from other races , and 61 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79 persons (6.9%). The Census reported that 93.6% of
1241-512: The 2nd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Jim Wood . In the United States House of Representatives , Monte Rio is in California's 2nd congressional district , represented by Democrat Jared Huffman . Faggot Faggot , often shortened to fag in American usage, is a derogatory slur used to refer to gay men . In American youth culture around
1314-615: The Sonoma County Board of Supervisors informed the club that after that year, the county would no longer provide law enforcement security. Despite the high levels of security always present, there have been numerous high-profile successful infiltrations of the Bohemian Grove: The Bohemian Club is a private club; only active members and their guests may visit. Guests have been known to include politicians and notable figures from other countries. Particularly during
1387-540: The atomic bomb . Those attending this meeting included Ernest Lawrence , J. Robert Oppenheimer , the S-1 Executive Committee heads, such as the presidents of Harvard , Yale , and Princeton , along with representatives of Standard Oil and General Electric as well as various military officials. At the time, Oppenheimer was not an S-1 member, although Lawrence and Oppenheimer hosted the meeting. Grove members take particular pride in this event and often relate
1460-563: The census of 2000, there were 1,104 people, 549 households, and 233 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 753.5 inhabitants per square mile (290.9/km ). There were 807 housing units at an average density of 550.8 per square mile (212.7/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.76% White , 0.72% African American , 0.54% Native American , 0.72% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 1.99% from other races , and 4.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.34% of
1533-524: The "Spring Jinks" in June or the main July encampment. Bohemian Club members can schedule private day-use events at the Grove any time it is not being used for Club-wide purposes, and they are allowed at these times to bring spouses, family, and friends, although female and minor guests must be off the property by 9 or 10 pm. After 40 years of membership, the men earn "Old Guard" status, giving them reserved seating at
SECTION 20
#17328520666131606-522: The Bohemian "City Club" building and as daytime guests of the Grove, but not to the upper floors of the City Club nor as guests to the main summer encampment at the Grove. Annual "Ladies' Jinks" were held at the Club especially for spouses and invited guests. In 2019, Sonoma County Board of Supervisors member Lynda Hopkins, who was elected to the district encompassing the Grove, wrote an open letter criticizing
1679-427: The Bohemian Club's private status did not shield it from the "same rules which govern all California employers." The Supreme Court of California denied review in 1987, effectively forcing the club to begin hiring female workers during the summer encampment at the Grove in Monte Rio. This ruling became quoted as a legal precedent and was discussed during the 1995–96 floor debate surrounding California Senate Bill SB 2110,
1752-595: The Bohemian Redwood Rescue Club, sought to have the NTMP annulled. The ruling called on the Bohemian Club to draft a new NTMP offering alternatives to its proposed rate of logging. At present the Bohemian Club is not allowed to log any of its property. In June 2023, a group of former workers sued Bohemian Grove alleging wage theft and unfair labor practices. The club was dismissed from the lawsuit in January 2024 after
1825-451: The Grove is limited to daylight hours and central areas close to the main gate. Male workers may be housed at the Grove within the boundaries of the camp to which they are assigned or in peripheral service areas. High-status workers stay in small private quarters, but most are housed in rustic bunkhouses . The Bohemian Grove is protected by a sophisticated security team year-round. The Bohemian Club employs ex-military personnel to help secure
1898-621: The Grove's daily talks, as well as other perks. The Club motto is "Weaving Spiders Come Not Here," which implies that outside concerns and business deals (networking) are to be left outside. When gathered in groups, Bohemians usually adhere to the injunction, although discussion of business often occurs between pairs of members. Important political and business deals have been developed at the Grove. The main encampment area consists of 160 acres (65 ha) of old-growth redwood trees over 1,000 years old, some over 300 feet (91 m) tall. Sleeping quarters, or "camps", are also scattered throughout
1971-615: The UK and some other countries, the words queer , homo , and poof are much more common as pejorative terms for gay men. The word faggot in the UK also refers to a kind of meatball . In British English, 'fag' is common slang for a cigarette , sometimes also used to describe a tedious task. Use of fag and faggot as the term for an effeminate man has become understood as an Americanism in British English , primarily due to entertainment media use in films and television series imported from
2044-591: The United States. When Labour MP Bob Marshall-Andrews was overheard supposedly using the word in a bad-tempered informal exchange with a straight colleague in the House of Commons lobby in November 2005, it was considered to be homophobic abuse. Through ethnographic research in a high school setting, CJ Pascoe examined how American high school boys used the term fag during the early 2000s. Pascoe's work, culminating in
2117-472: The area. They use high-end security equipment, including thermal/night vision cameras, motion detectors, and vibration sensing alarm systems. The level of security is particularly heightened during the time periods that members are on-site. During these times, the local Sheriff's office, California Highway Patrol, and, if warranted by the guest-list, the United States Secret Service help to secure
2190-464: The areas and roads surrounding the encampment. Although no woman has ever been given full membership in the Bohemian Club, the four female honorary members were hostess Margaret Bowman , poet Ina Coolbrith (who served as librarian for the club), actress Elizabeth Crocker Bowers , and writer Sara Jane Lippincott . Since Coolbrith's death in 1928, no other woman has been made a member. These honorary members and other female guests have been allowed into
2263-405: The average family size was 2.75. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 35.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP
Bohemian Grove - Misplaced Pages Continue
2336-547: The club's establishment by newspaper journalists, it was commandeered by prominent San Francisco-based businessmen, who provided the financial resources necessary to acquire further land and facilities at the Grove. However, they still retained the " bohemians "—the artists and musicians—who continued to entertain international members and guests. The Grove is particularly famous for a Manhattan Project planning meeting that took place there in September 1942, which subsequently led to
2409-466: The edit did not extend to other BBC stations, such as BBC Radio 2 . Following widespread criticism and pressure from listeners, the decision was reversed and the original unedited version of the song was reinstated, with clarification from Andy Parfitt, the station controller, that in the context of the song the lyrics had no "negative intent". Eminem used the word in numerous works, such as " Rap God " (2013), along with an inflammatory lyric containing
2482-617: The following example under the word " drag ": "All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight." The word fag is used in 1923 in The Hobo: The Sociology of the Homeless Man by Nels Anderson: "Fairies or Fags are men or boys who exploit sex for profit." The word was also used together with another homophobic slur, bulldyke , by a character in Claude McKay 's 1928 novel Home to Harlem , indicating that it
2555-490: The grove. There were 118 as of 2007. These camps, which are frequently patrilineal , are the principal means through which high-level business and political contacts and friendships are formed. The preeminent camps are: The Grove features the following gathering places: Camp valets are responsible for the operation of the individual camps. The head valets are akin to general managers at a resort, club, restaurant, or hotel. Service staff include female workers whose presence at
2628-475: The head of the lake in the Grove. This statue was designed by sculptor and two-time club president Haig Patigian . It was constructed in the late 1920s. Since 1929, the Owl Shrine has served as the backdrop of the yearly Cremation of Care ceremony. The Cremation of Care ceremony is a theatrical production in which some of the club's members participate as actors. It was first conducted in 1881. The production
2701-493: The honor of the "Old Guard" status to his frequent role as veteran counselor to later presidents. Other behavior at the campground has led to numerous claims and even some parody in popular culture. One example was President Richard Nixon 's comments from a May 13, 1971, tape recording talking about upper-class San Franciscans: "The Bohemian Grove, which I attend from time to time—it is the most faggy goddamned thing you could ever imagine, with that San Francisco crowd." In 2019,
2774-407: The midsummer encampment, the number of guests is strictly limited due to the small size of the facilities. The Bohemian Club's all-male membership includes artists and musicians, as well as many prominent business leaders, government officials , former U.S. presidents , senior media executives, and people of power. Members may invite guests to the Grove. Guests may be invited to the Grove for either
2847-420: The perimeter of the basin in which it resides. Writer and journalist William Henry Irwin said of the Grove, You come upon it suddenly. One step and its glory is over you. There is no perspective; you cannot get far enough away from one of the trees to see it as a whole. There they stand, a world of height above you, their pinnacles hidden by their topmost fringes of branches or lost in the sky. Not long after
2920-544: The permit by offering 163 acres (66 ha) to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation in Missoula, Montana , for a conservation easement. A further 56.75 acres (22.97 ha) were written off as not being available for commercial logging, bringing the total to 2,316 acres (937 ha) and thereby qualifying for the permit. Opponents and their lawyers interpreted the relevant law as counting all timberland and not just
2993-587: The population lived in households and 6.4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 576 households, out of which 85 (14.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 151 (26.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 43 (7.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 32 (5.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 42 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 37 (6.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 247 households (42.9%) were made up of individuals, and 61 (10.6%) had someone living alone who
Bohemian Grove - Misplaced Pages Continue
3066-407: The population. There were 549 households, out of which 19.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.0% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 57.4% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and
3139-612: The portion subject to the logging permit. They stated that if the total of timberland is counted, 2,535.75 acres (1,026.18 ha) are owned by the Club, so the permit should not be granted. On March 10, 2011, Judge René A. Chouteau rejected the Non-Industrial Timber Management Plan (NTMP) that the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection had approved. The suit, brought by the Sierra Club and
3212-411: The queen. A large wood carving of St. John in cleric robes with his index finger over his lips stands at the shore of the lake in the Grove, symbolizing the secrecy kept by the Grove's attendees throughout its long history. Since the founding of the club, the Bohemian Grove's mascot has been an owl , symbolizing wisdom. A 30-foot (9 m) hollow owl statue made of concrete over steel supports stands at
3285-400: The role the Bohemian Club had in making it difficult for women to get into politics, their lack of investment in the community despite members' personal wealth, and the anachronistic and hegemonic attitudes she felt described the Grove. The club's patron saint is John of Nepomuk , who, according to legend, died at the hands of a Bohemian monarch rather than disclose the confessional secrets of
3358-407: The same name , notes the use of fag and faggot throughout Hollywood film history. The Think Before You Speak campaign has sought to stop fag and gay being used as generic insults. In 1973, a Broadway musical called The Faggot was praised by critics but condemned by gay liberation proponents. Larry Kramer 's 1978 novel Faggots discusses the gay community including the use of
3431-468: The second-growth stands from 800,000 board feet (1,900 m) per year to 1,700,000 board feet (4,000 m) over the course of the 50-year permit. The board had been advised by Tom Bonnicksen, a retired forestry professor, that they should conduct group selection logging to reduce the risk of fire burning through the dense second-growth stands, damaging the old-growth forest the Club wants to protect. The Club stated that an expansion of logging activities
3504-550: The slang term in 20th-century American English is unrelated to any historical death penalties for homosexuality; moreover, homosexuality in England and its colonies was never punished by immolation but instead by the accused being hanged and their property taken. The word faggot with regard to homosexuality was used as early as 1914, in Jackson and Hellyer's A Vocabulary of Criminal Slang, with Some Examples of Common Usages which listed
3577-488: The slur faggot , although the lines containing it are often excised for radio play, and in live performances by singer/songwriter Mark Knopfler . The song was banned from airplay by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council in 2011 but the ban was reversed later the same year. Ironically, the song in context makes it clear he is actually mocking the jealous and homophobic nature of the antagonist in
3650-583: The slur, as well as for deadnaming his transgender uncle. In November 2009, the South Park episode " The F Word " dealt with the overuse of the word fag . The boys use the word to insult a group of bikers, saying that their loud motorcycles ruined everyone else's nice time. Officials from the dictionary, including Emmanuel Lewis , visit the town and agree that the meaning of the word should no longer insult homosexuals but instead be used to describe loud motorcycle riders who ruin others' nice times. The episode
3723-409: The song by adopting a third-person point of view to show the irony, bigotry, and ignorance of the character. In 1989, Sebastian Bach , lead singer of the band Skid Row , created a controversy when he wore a T-shirt with the parody slogan "AIDS: Kills Fags Dead". The 2001 song " American Triangle " by Elton John and Bernie Taupin uses the phrase, "God hates fags where we come from." The song
SECTION 50
#17328520666133796-582: The story to new attendees. Former U.S. president Herbert Hoover was inducted into the Old Guard on March 4, 1953; he had joined the club exactly 40 years prior, which is the requirement for the status. Redwood branches from the Grove were flown to the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City , where they were used to decorate a banquet room for the celebration. In his acceptance speech, Hoover compared
3869-522: The surrounding redwood and Douglas fir forest from 1984 to 2007. The club's forester, Edward Tunheim, resigned his post in 2006 over club pressure to increase logging. Tunheim was concerned that excessive logging would encourage more brushy undergrowth and thus increase the fire danger. In 2007, the Bohemian Club board filed an application for a nonindustrial logging permit available to landowners with less than 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) of timberland, which would allow them to steadily increase their logging in
3942-458: The term being removed from " Fall ". A number of rappers have also used the slur in songs supporting the LGBT community. In 2012, Macklemore used the word faggot in the song " Same Love " in reference to the use of the homophobic slur in cyberbullying . Kendrick Lamar 's 2022 song " Auntie Diaries " is also supportive of the LGBT community; however, it sparked controversy for its repeated use of
4015-399: The term to old women is possibly a shortening of the term "faggot-gatherer", applied in the 19th century to people, especially older widows, who made a meager living by gathering and selling firewood. It may also derive from the sense of "something awkward to be carried" (compare the use of the word baggage as a pejorative term for old people in general). An alternative possibility is that
4088-459: The time (Guthrie had removed the word from live performances of the song in the 21st century). Phil Ochs uses the slur in his 1969 song "I Kill Therefore I Am". In the song, which is written from the point of view of a hateful police officer, he uses the slur to describe the student activists who protested the Vietnam War . The Dire Straits 1985 song " Money for Nothing " makes notable use of
4161-529: The trees by the club ..." The Cremation of Care was separated from the other Grove Plays in 1913 and moved to the first night to become "an exorcising of the Demon to ensure the success of the ensuing two weeks." The Grove Play was moved to the last weekend of the encampment. The ceremony takes place in front of the Owl Shrine. The moss- and lichen-covered statue simulates a natural rock formation, yet holds electrical and audio equipment within it. For many years,
4234-580: The turn of the 21st century, its meaning extended as a broader reaching insult more related to masculinity and group power structure. The usage of fag and faggot has spread from the United States to varying extents elsewhere in the English-speaking world (especially the UK ) through mass culture, including film, music, and the internet. The first recorded use of faggot as a pejorative term for gay men
4307-483: The two words makes it possible that it might at least have had a reinforcing effect. There is an urban legend , called an "oft-reprinted assertion" by Douglas R. Harper, creator of the Online Etymology Dictionary , that the modern slang meaning developed from the standard meaning of faggot as "bundle of sticks for burning" with regard to burning at the stake . This is unsubstantiated; the emergence of
4380-605: The west. The population was 1,152 at the 2010 census, up from 1,104 at the 2000 census. Bohemian Grove is located in Monte Rio. Starting in the 1870s, Monte Rio was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito, California ferry. Redwood lumber from local sawmills was shipped to build San Francisco. After the sawmills left, the area became known as Vacation Wonderland with trains transporting San Franciscans to summer cabins and even
4453-445: The word in an editorial. During the correspondence between the editors and a gay reader, the editors clarified that they would only use the word to describe a "practicing homosexual". They defended the use of the word, saying that it was important to preserve the social stigma of gays and lesbians. Arlo Guthrie uses the slur in his 1967 signature song " Alice's Restaurant ", noting it as a potential way to avoid military induction at
SECTION 60
#17328520666134526-455: The word is connected with the practice of fagging in British public schools , in which younger boys performed (potentially sexual) duties for older boys, although the word faggot was never used in this context, only fag . There is a reference to the word faggot being used in 17th-century Britain to refer to a "man hired into military service simply to fill out the ranks at muster ", but there
4599-566: The word within and towards the community. A description of Pamela Moore 's 1956 novel Chocolates for Breakfast in the Warner Books 1982 culture guide The Catalog of Cool reads: "Her fifteen-year-old heroine first balls a fag actor in H'wood, then makes it with some hermetic, filthy rich, hotel-bound Italian count." In its November 2002 issue, the New Oxford Review , a Catholic magazine, caused controversy by its use and defense of
4672-538: Was $ 38,299, and the median income for a family was $ 46,336. Males had a median income of $ 29,135 versus $ 28,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 20,262. About 12.1% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. In the California State Legislature , Monte Rio is in the 2nd Senate District , represented by Democrat Mike McGuire , and in
4745-470: Was 50.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.2 males. There were 930 housing units at an average density of 470.5 per square mile (181.7/km ), of which 56.9% were owner-occupied and 43.1% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.1%. 57.0% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 36.5% lived in rental housing units. As of
4818-406: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87. There were 226 families (39.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.54. The population was spread out, with 132 people (11.5%) under the age of 18, 63 people (5.5%) aged 18 to 24, 253 people (22.0%) aged 25 to 44, 528 people (45.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 176 people (15.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
4891-510: Was devised by James F. Bowman with George T. Bromley playing the High Priest. It was originally set up within the plot of the serious "High Jinks" dramatic performance on the first weekend of the summer encampment, after which the spirit of "Care", slain by the Jinks hero, was solemnly cremated. The ceremony served as a catharsis for pent-up high spirits, and "to present symbolically the salvation of
4964-569: Was formed in 1872. Henry "Harry" Edwards , a stage actor and founding member, announced that he was relocating to New York City to further his career. On June 29, 1878, somewhat fewer than 100 Bohemians gathered in the Redwoods in Marin County near Taylorville (present-day Samuel P. Taylor State Park ) for an evening sendoff party in Edwards' honor. Freely flowing liquor and some Japanese lanterns put
5037-734: Was in the 1914 A Vocabulary of Criminal Slang , while the shortened form fag first appeared in 1923 in The Hobo by Nels Anderson . Its immediate origin is unclear, but it is based on the word for "bundle of sticks", ultimately derived, via Old French , Italian and Vulgar Latin , from Latin fascis . The word faggot has been used in English since the late 16th century as an abusive term for women, particularly old women, and reference to homosexuality may derive from this, as female terms are often used with reference to homosexual or effeminate men (cf. nancy , sissy , queen ). The application of
5110-484: Was needed to prevent fires, and that money made from the sale of the lumber would be used to stabilize access roads and to clear fire-promoting species such as tanoaks and underbrush. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife instead recommended single-tree logging to preserve the habitats of murrelets and spotted owls in senescent trees. Philip Rundel, a University of California, Berkeley professor of biology, said that redwoods are not very flammable and "This
5183-510: Was performed in 1902; for three years during World War II (1943–45) the stage was dark. In 1975, an observer estimated that the Grove Play cost between $ 20,000 and $ 30,000, an amount that would be as high as $ 170,000 in today's dollars. In 1978, the Bohemian Club was charged with discrimination by the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing over its refusal to hire female employees. In January 1981, an administrative law judge issued
5256-470: Was sold to San Francisco's Bohemian Club in 1899. The club purchased dozens of other parcels in the area, and now owns 2,712 acres (1,098 ha), which are used for its summer retreats. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km ), of which 1.9 square miles (4.9 km ) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km ), or 3.68%,
5329-537: Was used during the Harlem Renaissance . Specifically, one character says that he cannot understand: "a bulldyking woman and a faggoty man". Originally confined to the United States, the use of the words fag and faggot as slurs for gay men has spread elsewhere in the English-speaking world, but the extent to which they are used in this sense has varied outside the context of imported US popular culture. In
#612387