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85-568: Blora ( Javanese : ꦧ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦫ ) is a regency in the northeastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia . Its capital is the town of Blora . The regency is located in the easternmost part of Central Java and borders the Bengawan Solo River and the East Java province. It covers an area of 1,955.83 km and it had a population of 829,728 at the 2010 Census and 884,333 at the 2020 Census;

170-407: A dialect continuum from northern Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi Regency in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible . A table showing the number of native speakers in 1980, for the 22 Indonesian provinces (from the total of 27) in which more than 1% of the population spoke Javanese: According to the 1980 census, Javanese

255-501: A Javanese peasant, is one of the longest-living social phenomena in modern Javanese history. It antedated by about two decades the general awakening of organizational activity which Indonesians have come to call their Kebangkitan Nasional despite an early eclipse, it managed to survive in its original locale (though barely ever spreading to adjacent areas for longer periods of time) throughout the colonial period. At its peak, when it probably counted some three thousand households, it disturbed

340-526: A Western orbit." The word Samin comes from the Javanese word Sami, which means the same. Surontiko Samin was born in 1859 in the village Ploso Kediren, Randublatung in Blora , central Java , Indonesia . Originally he was named Raden Kohar, but later he changed his name to Samin which means underprivileged. Samin was a very poor Javanese peasant farmer who spent the later part of his life developing and preaching

425-619: A crime newscast). In later broadcasts, JTV offers programmes in the Central Javanese dialect (called by them basa kulonan , "the western language") and Madurese. The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname , New Caledonia , and other countries. The largest populations of speakers are found in

510-415: A day of reckoning was at hand, in which the white man would be over-thrown, and a new golden age of peace and tranquility would come into being. The Samin movement spread into neighboring districts, and Communist agitators were quick to seize the opportunity to utilize the popular discontent for their own objectives. With the capture and deportation of Samin and the influx of more cautious civil administrators,

595-435: A manifestation of indigenous socialism, peasant virtue, and patriotic resistance to colonialism. Saminism, in fact, has survived into the era of Indonesian independence. The sheer stubbornness, with which some Javanese in a rather remote part of the island have clung to the ideas of their long-dead founder, deserves careful attention. And the fact that it did not cease when colonial rule ended, the fact that civil servants serving

680-501: A new Javanese language magazine, appeared in 2005 is not published in the Javanese heartlands, but in Jakarta. Since 2003, an East Java local television station ( JTV ) has broadcast some of its programmes in the Surabayan ( Suroboyoan ) dialect, including Pojok Kampung  [ id ] ("Village Corner", main newscast), Kuis RT/RW ("RT/RW Quiz"), and Pojok Perkoro ("Case Corner",

765-562: A number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Sundanese , Madurese , and Balinese . Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians . There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia (concentrated in the West Coast part of the states of Selangor and Johor ) and Singapore . Javanese

850-646: A regency on that same day. The War of Mangkubumi ended with the Giyanti agreement , in 1755, which was known as palihan negari . Because of this agreement, Mataram was divided into two kingdoms, the Surakarta Sultanate under Paku Buwana III , and Yogyakarta , under Sultan Hamengkubuwono I . In the now-divided kingdom, Blora was in the Surakarta Sultanate as part of the Mancanegara Timur area. However,

935-448: A strong santri culture. It is growing rapidly in the Blora and Ngawen subdistrict. It is usually performed to fill recitation events, circumcisions and weddings. There are two types of Kadrohan, traditional and modern. Traditional hadro does not use melodic instruments. In the middle of the performance, the narration of Berjanjen or Manaqib Syeh Abdul Qodir Jailani is usually read. Karawitan

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1020-418: A three-day period, Dangir and his colleagues were released from jail. It was later argued that Dangir was not a Samin or a Samat because these words were meaningless to him. He did not personally know Soertontiko Samin, but learned the religion of Adam through another individual who was known for being one of Samin's disciples. This was enough for Dangir to become a “wong sikep,” a Samin villager. Soerontiko Samin

1105-466: A variety of other pronoun whose use varies depending on the dialect or level of speech. I You He, She, It panjenenganipun Modern Javanese usually employs SVO word order. However, Old Javanese sometimes had VSO and sometimes VOS word order. Even in Modern Javanese, archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made. Examples: Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) into (pp.)

1190-559: Is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken primarily by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java , Indonesia . There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people. Javanese is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers . It has several regional dialects and

1275-669: Is a 2nd class road, because most people prefer Semarang-Surabaya via Rembang , due to the wider road there. Blora is also situated on a southern railway connection that links most big cities in Java. However, Blora's main train station is located in Cepu District. Therefore, people often refer to the Cepu train station. Except for the two above, Blora is just like any other regencies in Java, which has several local public transportation services, such as bemo, becak, etc. Ngloram (Kapuan) Domestic Airport

1360-538: Is a complex system of verb affixes to express differences of status in subject and object. However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the topic–comment model , without having to refer to conventional grammatical categories. The topic is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So the example sentence has a simpler description: Dhèwèké  = topic ; teka  = comment; ing karaton  = setting. Javanese has many loanwords supplementing those from

1445-583: Is a traditional music that is often performed at weddings. The purpose is to entertain guests at weddings with Javanese music. The main instrument is a set of gamelan. 6°57′0″S 111°25′0″E  /  6.95000°S 111.41667°E  / -6.95000; 111.41667 Javanese language Javanese ( / ˌ dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / JAH -və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v ə -/ JAV -ə- , /- ˈ n iː s / -⁠ NEESS ; basa Jawa , Javanese script : ꦧꦱꦗꦮ , Pegon : باسا جاوا ‎ , IPA: [bɔsɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ] )

1530-514: Is also called kawi or 'of poets, poetical's, although this term could also be used to refer to the archaic elements of New Javanese literature. The writing system used to write Old Javanese is a descendant of the Pallava script from India. Almost half of the entire vocabularies found in Old Javanese literature are Sanskrit loanwords, although Old Javanese also borrowed terms from other languages in

1615-643: Is also spoken by traditional immigrant communities of Javanese descent in Suriname , Sri Lanka and New Caledonia . Along with Indonesian , Javanese is an official language in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia. Javanese is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, although its precise relationship to other Malayo-Polynesian languages is hard to determine. Using

1700-581: Is also used for religious purposes. Modern Javanese emerged as the main literary form of the language in the 16th century. The change in the literary system happened as Islam started to gain influence in Java. In its early form, Modern Javanese literary form was based on the variety spoken in the north coast of Java , where Islam had already gained foothold among the local people. Many of the written works in this variety were Islamic in nature, and several of them were translation from works in Malay. The Arabic abjad

1785-409: Is at Ngloram (Kapuan), Cepu District with a 900-metre long runway , located at 7°11′41″S 111°32′51″E  /  7.19472°S 111.54750°E  / -7.19472; 111.54750 , built in 1978, but officially closed in 1980. In 2013, expansion and land acquisition was still in progress. Six years after that, the airport reactivation plan was started. Agriculture is the main sector of

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1870-523: Is carried out in village and family agendas, such as sedekah bumi . It is performed either with or without a storyline. Tayub Blora is often held in various agendas in Blora, usually held at weddings. In addition, Tayub Blora is often performed in annual village agendas. To preserve the culture of Blora, the local government held the Tayub Nusantara Festival at Tirtonadi Blora Park. Kadrohan or Terangan in Blora comes from districts that have

1955-523: Is on the right.] Saminism Movement Because Surontiko Samin was illiterate, and also his followers and other Saminist leaders, there is no written first-hand accounts of the Saminist movement. This has posed a problem for historians and social scientist because of the lack of written records from the Saminists themselves. It is perhaps no exaggeration to say that the movement founded by Surontiko Samin,

2040-531: Is one of the forms of life. A Samin male is supposed to embrace both his wife and the land. This was later used as a motive for not paying taxes and taking timber freely out of the forest. Samins were known for speaking in low Javanese and using language puns. Later Soerontiko Samin and his eight disciples were banished by the government from Blora to other islands in 1907. Samin later died in exile while living in Padang, Sumatra in 1914. The government thought by eradicating

2125-612: Is spoken among descendants of plantation migrants brought by the Dutch during the 19th century. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, it is also used as a literary language . It was the court language in Palembang , South Sumatra , until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century. Javanese is written with the Latin script , Javanese script , and Arabic script . In

2210-484: Is the only language of Western Indonesia to possess a distinction between dental and retroflex phonemes. The latter sounds are transcribed as "th" and "dh" in the modern Roman script, but previously by the use of an underdot : "ṭ" and "ḍ". Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, is an agglutinative language, where base words are modified through extensive use of affixes . Javanese has no specific personal pronoun to express plural except for kita which

2295-407: Is used in media, ranging from books to TV programs, and the language is also taught at schools in primarily Javanese areas. Although Javanese is not a national language , it has recognized status as a regional language in the three Indonesian provinces with the biggest concentrations of Javanese people: Central Java , Yogyakarta, and East Java . Javanese is designated as the official language of

2380-459: Is within me.” Saminists believe in the “Faith of Adam” in which stealing, lying, and adultery are forbidden. However, compliance with laws was voluntary because they recognized no authority and often withdrew from other societal norms. In the after life Saminists believe that if one is good in this life and keeps his pledge to the religion, “he will come to life again in the form of a man” when he dies, but if he fails to do his duties and remember

2465-605: The Cilegon incident in 1888. Two years later, Saminism , a mystical religious sect, rose from the Randublatung region in Blora and Bojonegoro Regency in 1890, and gained prominence in the early 20th century. Headed by a Javanese peasant, Surontiko Samin , it followed the teachings of the Islamic prophet Adam but owed little to the religion. Stressing the village structure, mysticism, and sexuality, it became an early protest movement and

2550-656: The Greater North Borneo subgroup, which he proposes as an alternative to Malayo-Sumbawan grouping. However, Blust also expresses the possibility that Greater North Borneo languages are closely related to many other western Indonesian languages, including Javanese. Blust's suggestion has been further elaborated by Alexander Smith, who includes Javanese in the Western Indonesian grouping (which also includes GNB and several other subgroups), which Smith considers as one of Malayo-Polynesian's primary branches. In general,

2635-584: The Maritime Southeast Asia . The form of Old Javanese found in several texts from 14th century onward (mostly written in Bali) is sometimes referred to as "Middle Javanese". Both Old and Middle Javanese written forms have not been widely used in Java since early 16th century. However, Old Javanese works and poetic tradition continue to be preserved in the Javanese-influenced Bali, and the variety

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2720-536: The Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. Previously, Central Java promulgated a similar regulation—Regional Regulation 9/2012 —but this did not imply an official status for the language. Javanese is taught at schools and is used in some mass media , both electronically and in print. There is, however, no longer a daily newspaper in Javanese. Javanese-language magazines include Panjebar Semangat , Jaka Lodhang , Jaya Baya , Damar Jati , and Mekar Sari . Damar Jati ,

2805-746: The lexicostatistical method, Isidore Dyen classified Javanese as part of the "Javo-Sumatra Hesion", which also includes the Sundanese and "Malayic" languages. This grouping is also called "Malayo-Javanic" by linguist Berndt Nothofer, who was the first to attempt a reconstruction of it based on only four languages with the best attestation at the time (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese , and Malay ). Malayo-Javanic has been criticized and rejected by various linguists. Alexander Adelaar does not include Javanese in his proposed Malayo-Sumbawan grouping (which also covers Malayic , Sundanese , and Madurese languages). Robert Blust also does not include Javanese in

2890-432: The (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle ta from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost, and definiteness is expressed by other means if necessary. Verbs are not inflected for person or number. There is no grammatical tense ; time is expressed by auxiliary words meaning "yesterday", "already", etc. There

2975-552: The 19th century, Madurese was also written in the Javanese script. The original inhabitants of Lampung , the Lampungese, make up only 15% of the provincial population. The rest are the so-called "transmigrants", settlers from other parts of Indonesia, many as a result of past government transmigration programs . Most of these transmigrants are Javanese who have settled there since the 19th century. In Suriname (the former Dutch colony of Surinam ), South America, approximately 15% of

3060-424: The 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative headquarters and the number of villages in each district, together with their postcodes. Notes: (a) including 2 kelurahan (Randublatung and Wulung). (b) including 6 kelurahan (Balun, Cepu, Karangboyo, Ngelo, Ngroto and Tambakromo). (c) including one kelurahan -

3145-582: The Dutch as they saw no reason to. The taxes were high and the local people barely had enough to get by. Also, Samists would freely cut wood from the teak forests after informing the village head before taking it. Dangir's testimony is a recorded interrogation after Dagir was arrested in 1928. Local officials wanted to learn more about Dangir along with other followers of Saminism. Officials asked several questions regarding Soerontiko Samin, Samin beliefs, motivations, everyday life and other specific questions directed toward Dangir and his family. The interrogation

3230-450: The Dutch by refusing to obey their orders during the colonization era. After that, the Dutch mocked people who they considered stubborn as nyamin. “I’ve experienced several occasions when even educated people used the word nyamin to ridicule people who are extremely benevolent. This strengthens the negative stereotyping and sometimes hurts us,” said Hardjo's son Bambang Sutrisno. Followers of Sedulur Sikep, Agama Adam or Samin want to leave

3315-497: The Dutch colonial era to the current Indonesian government, Blora is one of the poorest in Central Java. The ubiquitous natural resources in the regency are not able to raise the standard of living of its people. This is because all of the natural resources benefits the central government and company employees, most of which are outside Blora, without a clear program to improve the economy of the local people. Barongan Gembong Amijoyo

3400-461: The Indonesian Republic appear to be almost as perplexed by Saminism as were their Dutch predecessors also indicates that it cannot be simply subsumed under the broader heading of nationalism. Recent political developments of a far more radical-political form in the heartland of Saminism appear to us to have been distinctive and by no means directly related to Saminism. In the late 19th century

3485-453: The Samin live miserable life as they devote themselves to benevolence. “We have to consider whether our words may hurt or offend others. We can show people through our words and attitude that we respect them and only by doing that, others will in turn respect us,” said Hardjo. Hardjo also said that inaccurate stereotyping of being resistant to progress came after Surosentiko urged his people to resist

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3570-628: The basic vocabulary, such as pikir ("to think", from the Arabic fikr ), badan ("body"), mripat ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ma'rifah , meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: pikir  = galih , idhep (Austronesian) and manah , cipta , or cita (from Sanskrit); badan  = awak (Austronesian) and slira , sarira , or angga (from Sanskrit); and mripat  = mata (Austronesian) and soca or nétra (from Sanskrit). Dutch loanwords usually have

3655-404: The central lowland is mainly used for agricultural purposes (rice fields). During the dry season, most of Blora Regency has a water supply shortage, either for drinking or irrigation, especially in limestone and mountainous areas. In the rainy season, several areas are prone to landslides. Blora Regency had a population of 884,333 in 2020, an increase of 54,605 since the 2010 census. Almost all of

3740-418: The colonial Dutch had taken over much of Indonesia. The Dutch sought after the natural resources which were abundant in the land. These resources included spice lands and many forests. One forest in particular was the teak forest which lay in near the village Bojonegoro in north-central Java. This forest was communal land which provided resource to the native people who otherwise had nothing. This area contained

3825-409: The colonial bureaucracy with forebodings of massive peasant resistance, producing a flurry of attention out of all proportion (as some few contemporaries realized) to the occasion ; subsequently it dropped from view, provoking no more than a few lines in the annual surveys published by the Dutch authorities, yet already capturing the imagination of some Indonesian intellectuals who came to view it as

3910-408: The district centre. (d) comprising 12 kelurahan (Bangkle, Beran, Jetis, Karangjati, Kauman, Kedungjenar, Kunden, Mlangsen, Sonorejo, Tambahrejo, Tegalgunung and Tempelan) and 16 desa . (e) including 2 kelurahan (Ngawen and Punggursugih). An inter-provincial road passes through Blora, connecting Semarang , the capital of Central Java , to Surabaya , the capital of East Java via Purwodadi . It

3995-420: The doctrine Samin or Saminism, which rejected the concept of colonial Dutch rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was Samin's first wife who may have been the cause of his obsession with rebelling against the social norms of the time. She accused him of not being a true Muslim and tried to have their marriage annulled by the local religious leader. “Into Samin's preaching crept a note of prophetic warning that

4080-604: The economy. In the forestry sub-sector, Blora is one of the main producers of high quality teak wood in Java . The Cepu area has long been known as an area full of petroleum, which has been exploited since the Dutch East Indies era. Blora received international attention in 2001 when oil reserves of ~250 million barrels were discovered in Cepu. In March 2006, the contract between the government and contractors (PT. Pertamina EP Cepu, Exxon Mobil Cepu Ltd, and PT Ampolex Cepu)

4165-651: The field to support their family without begging. When the officials asked him specific questions about Saminism, Dangir told them they did not believe in God, paradise or hell. This was against the Islamic beliefs shared by the majority of those living in the area. It is suggested that Dangir and his colleagues were not arrested for obstructing official business or by being Samin. They were arrested for not listening to instructions to return home while complaining in front of their district office. After officials received enough information over

4250-455: The following form : CSVC, where C = consonant , S = sonorant ( /j/, /r/, /l/, /w/ , or any nasal consonant ), and V = vowel . As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables; words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of disyllabic words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a disyllabic root is of the following type: nCsvVnCsvVC. Apart from Madurese , Javanese

4335-404: The form of not paying taxes and continuing to take teak out of the forests for their own use. "This was an era of a growing administrative supervision and centralization of the government on all political and social levels, even the remotest villages. Tax assessors, agricultural agents, and a host of other public servants descended upon the village society, which was thus drawn almost perforce within

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4420-434: The highest percentage of teak forest land in Java. Dutch officials declared it Dutch colonial property and denied access to the forest for local people. In the 1890s after much struggle between the Dutch and the local people, Surontiko Samin, a peasant farmer in the area, started preaching pacifist resistance toward the Dutch colonial authorities. Rather than revolting against the Dutch, Samin encouraged peaceful resistance in

4505-481: The history of the Javanese language can be divided into two distinct phases: 1) Old Javanese and 2) New Javanese. The earliest attested form of Old Javanese can be found on the Sukabumi inscription at Kediri regency, East Java which dates from 804 CE. Between the 8th and the 15th century, this form of Javanese flourished in the island of Java. Old Javanese is commonly written in the form of verses. This language variety

4590-558: The leadership and source of Saminism that the religion would dissolve and discontinue. Followers of Samin still exist in modern-day Indonesia particularly in central and eastern Java. Very little has changed physically for the Samin people today. The changing of times has offered them modern day conveniences, but they still face hardships within their own communities and surrounding areas. Followers of Samin still endure persecution from others who consider them slow and resistant to change. Unlike other local communities suffering from conflict,

4675-551: The movement collapsed. But in other areas of Java, notably in Bantam , Indonesian resentment toward Dutch administrative reform is led to similar outbreaks.” Saminist do not see any distinction of religions, therefore Samin people will never deny or hate religion. Though Saminists are generally non-Muslims, some followers abide by the Muslim religion. Most, however, do not believe in the existence of Allah nor heaven or hell, but instead “God

4760-601: The name of Dangir was arrested for carrying out passive resistance. Dangir was 25 years old when he was interrogated and came from the Genengmulyo village. Officials interrogated Dangir to better understand the Samin religion and the followers’ mindsets. During the interview he expressed their code of conduct and everyday lifestyle. Dangir stated that orang sikep, or more commonly known as Saminists, should live moral lives abstaining from stealing, cheating, coveting, trading, having illicit sex, and lying. Orang Sikep have to work hard in

4845-400: The native Austronesian base. Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting influence. The Old Javanese–English Dictionary contains approximately 25,500 entries, over 12,600 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit. Such a high number is no measure of usage, but it does suggest the extent to which the language adopted Sanskrit words for formal purposes. In a typical Old Javanese literary work about 25% of

4930-446: The official estimate as of mid-2023 was 901,621, comprising 450,993 males and 450,628 females. According to folklore, the word Blora is derived from the word belor which means mud. It then evolved into mbeloran , then blora . This folk etymology could partly explain the origin of this name, as the word evolved from Old Javanese instead of the modern belor . See the explanation below. The word Blora means low, watery ground. The name

5015-701: The population is Muslim (98%). The gender ratio in mid 2023 was 100.08 (males per 100 females). Blora Regency is divided into 16 districts or kecamatan , sub-divided into 271 rural villages or desa , and 24 urban villages or kelurahan . Before the division in the 2000s, Blora Regency (at that time the Blora Level II District ) was divided into an administrative city , five regent assistants, 19 (nineteen) sub-districts , nine sub-district representatives , 429 rural villages or desa , and 26 urban villages or kelurahan . The present districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at

5100-482: The population of Jakarta are of Javanese descent, so they speak Javanese or have knowledge of it. In the province of West Java , many people speak Javanese, especially those living in the areas bordering Central Java , the cultural homeland of the Javanese. Almost a quarter of the population of East Java province are Madurese (mostly on the Isle of Madura ); many Madurese have some knowledge of colloquial Javanese. Since

5185-542: The population of some 500,000 are of Javanese descent, among whom 75,000 speak Javanese. A local variant evolved: the Tyoro Jowo-Suriname or Suriname Javanese . The phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below. In closed syllables the vowels /i u e o/ are pronounced [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ] respectively. In open syllables, /e o/ are also [ɛ ɔ] when the following vowel is /i u/ in an open syllable; otherwise they are /ə/ , or identical ( /e...e/, /o...o/ ). In

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5270-558: The present day, the Latin script dominates writings, although the Javanese script is still taught as part of the compulsory Javanese language subject in elementary up to high school levels in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java. Javanese is the twenty-second largest language by native speakers and the seventh largest language without official status at the national level. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people. At least 45% of

5355-472: The regency is a hilly area that forms a series of Northern Limestone Mountains as well as the southern area (Kendeng Mountains) that stretches from east of Semarang to Lamongan ( East Java ). The capital of Blora Regency is located right on the slope of the Northern Limestone Mountains. Half of Blora Regency's area is forested, especially in the northern, eastern, and southern regions, while

5440-510: The regent of Wilatikta did not agree to join the sultanate, so he chose to resign from his position. Resistance by the people against the Dutch, which was pioneered by the peasants, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was caused by the worsening social and economic conditions of the rural population at that time. In 1882, a head tax was imposed by the Dutch, which was very burdensome for landowners (farmers). In other areas in Java, tax increases have led to peasant revolts, such as

5525-733: The religion section blank on their e-ID. They do not claim to be followers of Islam or to any of the other five religions currently recognized by the Indonesian government. They have left their religion blank for four years prior to the new e-ID. "Despite being few in numbers, Samin teachings have spread to Blora, Kudus, Pati, Rembang and Bojonegara. During religious lessons at school, Sedulur Sikep, better known as Samin, children are singled out because of their non-religious beliefs. Children who study at formal education institutions are forced to learn Islam even if they have their own religious beliefs outside of Islam". “The school should know that we are outside

5610-477: The religion well, “his soul will enter into the form of an animal or plant later after death.” Marriage is very important for the Samin people. Marriage is viewed as a tool to achieve virtue and to take pride in having children. Very simple ceremonies are performed for pregnancy, birth, circumcision, marriage and death. The goal of the Saminism movement centered around non-violent tactics. They would not pay taxes to

5695-490: The same form and meaning as in Indonesian, with a few exceptions such as: The word sepur also exists in Indonesian, but there it has preserved the literal Dutch meaning of "railway tracks", while the Javanese word follows Dutch figurative use, and "spoor" (lit. "rail") is used as metonymy for "trein" (lit. "train"). (Compare a similar metonymic use in English: "to travel by rail" may be used for "to travel by train".) Malay

5780-534: The six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung . The language is spoken in Yogyakarta , Central and East Java , as well as on the north coast of West Java and Banten . It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, who are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including Lampung , Jambi , and North Sumatra provinces. In Suriname, Javanese

5865-409: The standard dialect of Surakarta, /a/ is pronounced [ɔ] in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an [ɔ] . The Javanese "voiced" phonemes are not in fact voiced but voiceless, with breathy voice on the following vowel. The relevant distinction in phonation of the plosives is described as stiff voice versus slack voice . A Javanese syllable can have

5950-413: The stratification of Javanese into speech levels such as ngoko and krama , which were unknown in Old Javanese. Books in Javanese have been printed since 1830s, at first using the Javanese script , although the Latin alphabet started to be used later. Since mid-19th century, Javanese has been used in newspapers and travelogues, and later, also novels, short stories, as well as free verses. Today, it

6035-474: The total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia . There are three main dialects of the modern language: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form

6120-556: The vocabulary is from Sanskrit. Many Javanese personal names also have clearly recognisable Sanskrit roots. Sanskrit words are still very much in use. Modern speakers may describe Old Javanese and Sanskrit words as kawi (roughly meaning "literary"); but kawi words may also be from Arabic . Dutch and Malay are influential as well; but none of these rivals the position of Sanskrit. There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than in Malay, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered

6205-399: Was also adopted (as Pegon ) to write Javanese. The rise of Mataram in the 17th century shifted the main literary form of Javanese to be based on the inland variety. This written tradition was preserved by writers of Surakarta and Yogyakarta , and later became the basis of the modern written standard of the language. Another linguistic development associated with the rise of Mataram is

6290-476: Was because Blora was known for its teak forests. News from Babad Giyanti and Serat Kuntharatama stated that Mangkubumi became a king on 11 December 1749, the day Blora Regency was created. Along with the appointment of Mangkubumi as a king, other officials were also appointed. The leader of the Mangkubumen warriors, Wilatikta , was appointed as the first regent of Blora. Blora's status changed from apanage into

6375-613: Was derived from way and lorah combined ( wailorah ), which means water and cliff, respectively. During its evolution, the Modern Javanese language evolved voiced plosive [b] from the previous approximant [w] in Old Javanese in the same manner as in Persian. Modern Javanese has also monophthongized Old Javanese "ai" or "ay" into "e", and lost its h's in many places, almost similar to that of French from Latin. Therefore, wailorah became bailorah , then bailora, and finally blora . Blora

6460-418: Was influenced by Indonesian’s first person plural inclusive pronoun. Pronoun pluralization can be ignored or expressed by using phrases such as aku kabèh 'we', awaké dhéwé 'us', dhèwèké kabèh 'them' and so on. Personal pronoun in Javanese, especially for the second and third person, are more often replaced by certain nouns or titles. In addition to the pronoun described in the table below, Javanese still has

6545-600: Was opposed to the local rulers as much as it was against the Dutch East Indies colonial administration, refusing to pay the new Dutch head tax. After 1907, many followers were detained and arrested by the Dutch. The movement survived until the 1960s. During the administrative restructuring of Java during 1925–8, Blora briefly became one-half of the new Blora Residency ; it was abolished in 1931. The regency has an area of 1,955.83 km (755.15 sq mi). Blora Regency consists of both lowland and hilly areas between 20 and 280 metres high above sea level. The northern part of

6630-457: Was performed in Javanese , but was later translated into Dutch and English . "Agama Adam" literally means the religion of Adam in Indonesian . Samin is in reference to its founder Soerontiko Samin. Wong Sikep and Samat are names given to distinguish followers of Samin or Saminists. Below is a summary of what information was gathered from Dangir's testimony. November 26, 1928 a Samin villager by

6715-586: Was signed, and Exxon Mobil Cepu Ltd.) was appointed as the field operator, in accordance with the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) of the three contractors. According to the latest developments, the Banyu Urip Field Plan of Development (POD) has been approved by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. Even though Blora is known for its teak forests and petroleum, which have been managed since

6800-408: Was the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago before the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945; and Indonesian, which was based on Malay, is now the official language of Indonesia. As a consequence, there has been an influx of Malay and Indonesian vocabulary into Javanese. Many of these words are concerned with bureaucracy or politics. [Javanese Ngoko is on the left, and Javanese Krama

6885-429: Was the one who introduced the religion of Adam that later influenced many through their personal views of authority. The religion of Adam believes in the life form of man and the life form of food and clothing. People are at the highest form of life when they are separated by male and female. In the religion of Adam it states that there are two main functions for humans: procreation and working the land to supply food; which

6970-592: Was under Amangkurat IV's rule. When Mataram was under the administration of Pakubuwono II (1727–1749), there was a rebellion led by Mangkubumi and Mas Sahid, Mangkubumi succeeded in controlling Sukawati, Grobogan , Demak , Blora, and Yogyakarta . Finally, Mangkubumi was appointed by the people to be a king in Yogyakarta. From the Pajang era to the Mataram era, the Blora Regency was an important area for kingdoms. This

7055-590: Was under the Kingdom of Pajang . The Duchy of Jipang did not rule for long, because it was seized by the Mataram Kingdom . Blora was in the eastern part of the kingdom ( Bang Wetan ). During the reign of Pakubuwono I (1704–1719), Blora was given to his son, Pangeran Blitar, and appointed as a duke. The area of Blora at that time was 22.5 km. In 1719–1727, the Mataram Kingdom was led by Amangkurat IV, so Blora

7140-516: Was under the administration of the Duchy of Jipang in the 16th century, which was itself still ruled by the Demak Sultanate at the time. The Duke of the duchy was Arya Penangsang , better known as Aria Jipang. The area under the control of the duchy includes Pati, Lasem, Blora, and Jipang. But, after Joko Tingkir (Hadiwijaya) inherited the throne, the capital was moved into Pajang . After that, Blora

7225-543: Was used daily in approximately 43% of Indonesian households. By this reckoning there were well over 60 million Javanese speakers, from a national population of 147,490,298. In Banten, the descendants of the Central Javanese conquerors who founded the Islamic Sultanate there in the 16th century still speak an archaic form of Javanese. The rest of the population mainly speaks Sundanese and Indonesian, since this province borders directly on Jakarta. At least one third of

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