87-774: Political party in United Kingdom Bloomsbury Socialist Society Founders Edward Aveling Eleanor Marx A. K. Donald Founded August 1888 ( 1888-08 ) Dissolved 1893 ( 1893 ) Split from Socialist League Merged into Independent Labour Party Ideology Marxism Socialism Political position Left-wing International affiliation Second International Politics of United Kingdom Political parties Elections The Bloomsbury Socialist Society (BSS)
174-689: A Congregationalist minister , and his wife, Mary Ann (d. 1877), daughter of Thomas Goodall, farmer and innkeeper, of Wisbech (now in Cambridgeshire). In 1863, Aveling attended the West of England Dissenters' Proprietary School in Taunton. He was sent there together with his brother Frederick W. Aveling (1851–1937), who later became headmaster of the same school. There is a record of prizes awarded to him in an old school register from 1863 to 1866. "In 1863, he won prizes for Greek, German, Arithmetic, and Grammar and
261-423: A "Lecturer pro tem." New College London, was a congregational academy founded in 1850 with the merging of three former dissenting academies (Daventry, Highbury, and Homerton) into one. Aveling's father had studied at Highbury College. Aveling's brother Frederick had studied here and without doubt their father played an influential role. Aveling's professorship at New College can be traced back to 1872 and his name
348-506: A Fellow of the Linnean Society of London . He had been recommended as a Fellow by the botanists George Henslow and Maxwell Tylden Masters , the zoologist James Murie and the biologist St. George Jackson Mivart , who had written On the Genesis of Species (1871). In 1878 Aveling was also made a Fellow of University College. Aveling's dismissal from his post was officially announced in
435-576: A Lecturer in comparative anatomy and biology at the Medical School of the London Hospital, he gave his Polytechnic lessons in the mornings and, although it is not known for how long he was connected with this institute, he gave it as his permanent address up to the end of May 1881." It was announced in January 1879 :"Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, has been elected to
522-477: A Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at London Hospital, a lecturer on Natural History at New College, London, and lecturer on Animal Physiology and Botany at Birkbeck Institute, also he taught Natural Science at the North London Collegiate School for Girls. Aveling obtained a London D.Sc. in 1876 and he was a lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at the London Hospital from 1875 to 1881. In 1876 he was made
609-632: A Man : And conclude "One ought to know the Structure of all the Bones either in a Humane Body, or in an Apes ; 'tis best in both ; and then to go to the Anatomy of the Muscles." Up until that point, Galen and his teachings had been the authority on human anatomy. The irony is that Galen himself had emphasized the fact that one should make one's own observations instead of using those of another, but this advice
696-526: A brilliancy of brain I have not seen surpassed, and a capacity for work without which the intellectual power would be half wasted, our friends will not wonder that we who know him rejoice that our Mistress Liberty has won this new Knight". Charles Robert Drysdale , founder and first President of the Malthusian League , gave an equally effusive welcome on Aveling's coming out into the open: We are indeed glad to find another lion hearted combatant added to
783-405: A definite conclusion to declare the fact. The duty is mine with especial plainness because for some time past I have written in this journal under the initials E.D. That I have not until this hour openly declared... has been due to no doubt of the cause wherewith I now desire to be identified. It has been due to doubt of myself. In the sacredness and truth of that cause I believe as fully as is within
870-674: A highly illegal act." In 1882, the English secularist George William Foote founded the magazine Progress. A monthly magazine of advanced thought , its sub-editor was Joseph Mazzini Wheeler . Following Foote's imprisonment and Wheeler's tragic illness, Aveling became the editor of this magazine from April 1883-March 1884, it is claimed that he was assisted by Annie Besant, Eleanor Marx and William Archer . Eleanor Marx had already published in Progress as early as March 1883 and then again in May and June 1883
957-659: A member of the regular staff of The Freethinker in January 1882. When Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 he also took over the editorship. The cartoons mainly responsible for Foote being prosecuted in 1882 were stopped by Aveling during his interim editorship, and they were resumed in 1884. Aveling was chiefly answerable for a 'memorial', or petition, calling on Sir William Harcourt to intervene in Foote's case, as Foote himself wrote: "The signatures were procured, at great expense of time and labour, by Dr. E.B. Aveling and an eminent psychologist who desired to avoid publicity." Among
SECTION 10
#17328452040951044-403: A memorial, signed by so many illustrious men, was ever before presented to a Home Secretary for the release of any prisoners. But it made no impression on Sir William Harcourt, for the reason that the signatories were not politicians, but only men of genius." The title page of the edition of The Freethinker from 28 October 1883, is a curiosum in publishing history, as it has Aveling described as
1131-559: A paper "On the Teaching of Botany in Schools" at the monthly evening meeting of the College of Preceptors on 12 March 1879. George Henslow was in the chair. his lecture began with the images of working-class children escaping the pollution of the town situated amidst flowers, citing lines from Shelley's " To a Skylark ": "faint with too much sweet". His peroration at the end was Darwinian, addressing
1218-653: A penchant for amazing charts, he was systematically investigating and correcting the anatomical knowledge of the Greek physician Galen. He noticed that many of Galen's observations were not even based on actual humans. Instead, they were based on other animals such as non-human apes , monkeys , and oxen . In fact, he entreated his students to do the following, in substitution for human skeletons, as cited by Edward Tyson : "If you can't happen to see any of these, dissect an Ape, carefully view each Bone, &c. ..." Then he advises what sort of Apes to make choice of, as most resembling
1305-490: A planned anatomical treatise in which he intended to compare the hands of various animals including bears. Pierre Belon , a French naturalist born in 1517, conducted research and held discussions on dolphin embryos as well as the comparisons between the skeletons of birds to the skeletons of humans. His research led to modern comparative anatomy. Around the same time, Andreas Vesalius was also making some strides of his own. A young anatomist of Flemish descent made famous by
1392-769: A silver medal in botany. In 1867, he won a medical entrance exhibition of £25. He studied surgery under John Marshall (1818–1891) and the English anatomist Christopher Heath (1835–1905), who was assistant surgeon and teacher of operative surgery at University College Hospital ; Aveling trained in minor surgery and the use of medical instruments with Matthew Berkeley Hill (1834–1892), professor of clinical surgery and teacher of practical surgery; and with William Morse Graily Hewit (1828–1893), professor of midwifery at University College and obstetric physician to University College Hospital, he took midwifery and gynecology. Aveling studied medicine with John Russell Reynolds (1828–1896), who in 1867 had just succeeded Sir William Jenner in
1479-507: A sort of Livingstone in art". Aveling had seen at Drury Lane the English composer Arthur Goring Thomas 's opera "Esmeralda" (1883), as well as the Scottish composer Alexander Mackenzie 's opera "Colomba" (1883). In one review Aveling referred to a performance of Hector Berlioz ' opera La Damnation de Faust at the Albert Hall, on Thursday, Feb. 7 1884, that despite his inability to attend,
1566-425: Is also mention of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Gondoliers . Aveling particularly praised the impresario Carl Rosa (1842–1889) and his company as "a musical missionary" and he was clearly familiar with his work, writing that "He brings the classical compositions of foreign composers within the understanding hearing of English people who only know their own language. He is not only a missionary but an explorer −
1653-412: Is now my wife. I remember with what kindness and generosity Marx spoke to me. He spoke in very high terms, terms far too high, of the lecture and prophesied all sorts of good things in the way of future work. It was really as if I were the teacher and he the learner. I fear that at that time I did not nearly properly estimate the inestimable value of such criticism from such a man. The next time I saw him he
1740-401: Is regarded as the founder of modern comparative anatomy. He is credited with determining that whales and dolphins are, in fact, mammals. Also, he concluded that chimpanzees are more similar to humans than to monkeys because of their arms. Marco Aurelio Severino also compared various animals, including birds, in his Zootomia democritaea , one of the first works of comparative anatomy. In
1827-570: Is still given teaching Chemistry and Natural History in 1876, although not by 1878, where Chemistry and Natural History are no longer given. The course of study at New College extended over five years, divided into a scientific course of two years and a theological course of three years. The first year's course in 'Natural History' sciences consisted of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. The second year's course, botany, vegetable physiology, zoology, and comparative and human physiology. Edwin Lankester ,
SECTION 20
#17328452040951914-700: Is the similar bone structures in forelimbs of cats, whales, bats, and humans. All of these appendages consist of the same basic parts; yet, they serve completely different functions. The skeletal parts which form a structure used for swimming, such as a fin, would not be ideal to form a wing, which is better-suited for flight. One explanation for the forelimbs' similar composition is descent with modification. Through random mutations and natural selection, each organism's anatomical structures gradually adapted to suit their respective habitats. The rules for development of special characteristics which differ significantly from general homology were listed by Karl Ernst von Baer as
2001-424: The classical era , continuing in the early modern period with work by Pierre Belon who noted the similarities of the skeletons of birds and humans. Comparative anatomy has provided evidence of common descent , and has assisted in the classification of animals. The first specifically anatomical investigation separate from a surgical or medical procedure is associated by . Leonardo da Vinci made notes for
2088-481: The "Interim Editor" and that further, William James Ramsey, the proprietor, had been sentenced to nine months' imprisonment and Henry Arthur Kemp, as printer and publisher, had been sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Comparative anatomy Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species . It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). The science began in
2175-579: The "witch-hunt" on Aveling and his associates reflected much to his credit, he reached the conclusion in his thesis that "This case was a side-issue in the great controversy over the admission of the free-thinker Bradlaugh to the House of Commons, and it involved Dr. Edward Aveling and Mrs. Annie Besant, two of his associates." However, Tyler's charges against George William Foote and the Blasphemy charge in 1883 did go ahead. In 1880 at their annual conference Aveling
2262-501: The 18th and 19th century, great anatomists like George Cuvier , Richard Owen and Thomas Henry Huxley revolutionized our understanding of the basic build and systematics of vertebrates , laying the foundation for Charles Darwin 's work on evolution . An example of a 20th-century comparative anatomist is Victor Negus , who worked on the structure and evolution of the larynx. Until the advent of genetic techniques like DNA sequencing , comparative anatomy together with embryology were
2349-513: The British Medical Journal on 26 November 1881: "The Board of the London Hospital have dismissed Dr. E. B. Aveling from the post of lecturer on comparative anatomy at the medical school of the hospital. Dr. Aveling made a statement of the progress the class had made during his conduct of it, concluding with the assertion that the real reason for his dismissal was his avowal of certain religious and political views of an unpopular nature." It
2436-489: The Christian Ministry. Throughout these years this would have been very arduous and challenging for him and would have accentuated the differences between religion and science. Illustrating a tradition of sorts, Aveling published his "Botanical Tables, for The Use of Students" (1874) during his tenure at New College, as his introduction clearly shows, and where he states that the tables were only intended to "supplement
2523-549: The Church of England was obligatory he did not pursue his application. Why Aveling wished to knock at the door of Anglican King's College is difficult to say, perhaps it was a deliberate affront to the "medical clerisy" or "medical priesthood" there knowing how they relished in rejecting Nonconformist medical minds. In the National Reformer he wrote of his defiant gesture as the son of a religious dissident and he "consigned them to
2610-796: The Hall of Science, 142, Old Street, in East London, which was also the headquarters of the National Secular Society (NSS). Aveling's first public lecture in the Hall of Science on 10 August 1879 was on the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley . The following week he accompanied Annie Besant to Edinburgh where he acted as chairman for her lecture on "Materialism and Spiritualism". The subjects he taught in his science classes were mathematics, inorganic chemistry, elementary botany, and animal physiology. Both Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner and Annie Besant assisted him. Annie Besant wrote in her autobiography: At
2697-664: The NSS, points towards the most probable grounds for his dismissal, especially with such close proximity to Bradlaugh who was still endeavouring to take up his seat in Parliament as an elected Northampton MP since 1880. In 1877 (three years after his Botanical Tables), he published his "Physiological Tables, for the use of students". The work consisted of detailed structured tables on food, digestion, absorption, circulation, respiration, secretion, nutrition, nervous system, sense organs, motor organs, voice and skeleton, amongst others. The introduction
Bloomsbury Socialist Society - Misplaced Pages Continue
2784-619: The National Reformer, of which the Junior Member for Northampton [i.e. Bradlaugh himself] and Mrs. Besant are the editors, under the heading of "The Christ of Dr. Aveling," and.... in particular to a passage in the "National Reformer" of 5 March 1882; and, whether he will refer to the Public Prosecutor the question of preferring an indictment for blasphemy against the editors of the "National Reformer?" The hon. Member said, he would hand
2871-608: The Professorship of English at the Royal Academy of Music." In February 1879 it was still being announced in the musical journals "Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, has been elected to the professorship of English at the Royal Academy of Music." In August 1882 he was sitting on examining boards for Language. The secretary of the Royal Academy of Music , John Gill, still lists Aveling as an examiner for
2958-399: The Royal Academy of Music....I heard it at the hands of Messrs. Holmes, Parker, Gibson, Hill, and Howell." In November 1882, Aveling heard Carlo Alfredo Piatti perform Beethoven's Trio in G major at St James's Hall, London, accompanied by Wilma Neruda and Ludwig Strauss. Later they played Brahms' Quintet in F minor, where the trio was joined by Louis Ries and Charles Hallé . He attended
3045-626: The United Kingdom Political history of the United Kingdom 1888 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Edward Aveling Edward Bibbins Aveling (29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898) was an English comparative anatomist and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism and socialism . He
3132-479: The actual dissection and observation of plants". Aveling's principal during these years was Rev. Samuel Newth (1821–1898), himself a distinguished scientist who had been a minister at a congregational chapel. Newth had also written elementary textbooks on natural philosophy in the early 1850s, thus together with Edwin Lankester's own writings in this field, it is not difficult to see Aveling carrying on this tradition in his own instructional works. Aveling's laboratory
3219-425: The apparent perfection of Nature, with the acclaimed Christian Darwinist beside him in the chair, he does, however, refer to "gigantic blunders in the universe". Aveling had not yet publicly emerged as an atheist, that would be four months later. What is remarkable here is his emphasis upon the importance of teaching Darwin in schools in 1879. On 30 July 1872, Aveling married Isabel "Bell" Campbell Frank (1849–1892),
3306-697: The appropriateness of Aveling's employment with the Science and Art Department of the Government. On 23 August 1881 Tyler asked a question on the floor of the House of Commons to A. J. Mundella , who served in Gladstone's government as Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education from 1880 to 1885, if the courses undertaken in the Hall of Science and their teachers had any connections or claims to financial support from
3393-451: The associated teaching hospital across Gower Street, University College Hospital, that Aveling made this switch from the medical school to study zoology. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Honours degree in Zoology in 1870. Thomas Henry Huxley was his examiner; Aveling gave the following account in his obituary of Huxley from 1896: As I remember well, he came himself to collect
3480-412: The capacity of my being. But there is ever the possibility of one's own weakness and unworthiness. There is ever the dread of bringing disgrace upon the principle we have publicly declared to be ours. Uncertain therefore of my own power, doubtful of my own worthiness, but full of confidence in freedom of thought and of desire to work therefore I ask for admission into the army of freethinkers and I devote to
3567-419: The cause that is dear to them such thing as I possess..." He said here that he claimed to have held secularist views for two or three years prior to this credo, this has genuine echoes of Shelley's " The Revolt of Islam " and his fashioning of "linked armour for my soul, before it might walk forth to war among mankind" Before 27 July he had hidden his identity by signing articles in the National Reformer with
Bloomsbury Socialist Society - Misplaced Pages Continue
3654-415: The chair of medicine; and clinical medicine (materia medica) under Sydney Ringer (1835–1910). In 1869, he transferred from the medical to the science faculty, winning a £40 exhibition to study botany and zoology in the subject of zoology. It has recently been claimed that it was the direct influence of Ray Lankester , who was Jodrell Professor of Zoology at UCL from 1874 to 1890, and who also lectured at
3741-719: The daughter of a Leadenhall poulterer . The marriage service was conducted by Edward's father at the Union Chapel, Islington . They separated amicably after two years but did not divorce. According to Aveling, the cause of the split was her affair with a parson , although there were spiteful rumours, spread by his brother Frederick, that he had only married her for her money. After her separation from Edward, it appears that she privately taught music. Aveling took out four separate column advertisements in Nature (4 November 1875) all grouped together. At this time he had four teaching positions,
3828-404: The end of the summer. It has been suggested that this tutor was Adolph Sonnenschein. Part of this time was spent on the island of Jersey with his tutor. Twenty months would pass between his leaving Taunton and starting as a medical student at University College London . He was a successful and diligent student, receiving a gold medal in chemistry, a first in practical physiology and histology, and
3915-492: The end of the year of 110 examination entries it produced 32 Firsts, 59 Seconds and only 19 Fails. Encouraged by the examination results in January 1882 Aveling also started a class to prepare candidates for London University matriculation. This state of affairs enraged the establishment anti-secularists and in particular the Conservative MP Sir Henry Tyler , who disliked Bradlaugh, and he brought into question
4002-639: The extracts to the Clerk at the Table, as they were too horrible to read to the House." Aveling himself gave regular accounts of these parliamentary debates and controversies in The National Reformer , and he was thankful for what he called the "gratuitous advertisement" for his science classes at the Hall of Science saying that enrolments had increased due to all the free publicity. The threats petered out and Henry Butterworth argued that Mundella's refusal to join in
4089-463: The father of Ray Lankester, and translator of the German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden 's Principles of scientific botany; or Botany as an inductive science. (1849) had been appointed professor of natural sciences at New College London in 1850 and had held this position for over twenty years, until 1872. Aveling's position was as his successor, and he was therefore essentially training men in science for
4176-411: The fifty-four names and various editors were: G. J. Romanes, Francis Galton, Herbert Spencer, Henry Sidgwick, George Howard Darwin , Thomas Huxley, Ray Lankester, Leslie Stephen, Professor Tyndall, Professor Alexander Bain, Professor E.S. Beesly, Professor Herbert Foxwell, Professor Robert Adamson, Professor George Croom Robertson, R. H. Moncrieff, and Rev. Charles Beard. Foote said:"I doubt whether such
4263-481: The first on the list." At an early age, his secularist period, Aveling's respect for Huxley's literary style remained key: "The scientific precision, the power of generalization, met with in Professor Huxley's works, have not their value lessened by the exquisite style of that distinguished writer." It is not difficult to see the profound influence of Huxley's early conception of Science and Religion (1859) on
4350-494: The flames". In an article later that month in the National Reformer (27 July 1879) Aveling published a statement, that has been called his "secularist credo" entitled " Credo Ergo Laborabo " (I believe, therefore I shall work) declaring that he had become a freethinker: "I desire to make known in a manner as public as possible that I am a free thinker... I regard it, then, as the duty of everyone who doubts to state openly that he doubts, that everyone who believes he has arrived as
4437-454: The following year he gave a lecture at the Orphanage "at the annual prize-giving fête before an audience of patrons and local notabilities. It was on this occasion that he was introduced to Dr. Karl Marx and their young daughter, Eleanor." Aveling later wrote about this encounter in 1897: Marx I only saw twice in my life, and once in his. The first time I saw him he was alive, the second time he
SECTION 50
#17328452040954524-1151: The founding of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), with Aveling being elected to the first National Administrative Council . They had joined the ILP with the goal of shifting its ideology towards Marxism, but were unsuccessful, as the party remained under the influence of Keir Hardie 's Christian socialism . By 1897, Marx and Aveling left the ILP to rejoin the Social Democratic Federation , while Donald retired from political activity entirely. References [ edit ] ^ Boos, Florence S. "The Socialist League, founded 30 December 1884" . Branch . BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History . Retrieved 20 June 2021 . ^ "Bloomsbury Socialist Society formed" . editions.covecollective.org . COVE. 2017-12-22 . Retrieved 20 June 2021 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloomsbury_Socialist_Society&oldid=1241533003 " Categories : Socialism in
4611-559: The frog was Aveling's clever rejoinder to the teachings of the theologian William Paley and his watchmaker analogy as an attempt at a teleological argument for the existence of God using specified complexity. The historian of science, Evelleen Richards has written: "The Press had a field day. The Standard wondered whether the frog was a Conservative or Radical, while the Evening News pointed out that "men like Professor Huxley, who are in receipt of large Government salaries, hold and teach
4698-455: The government. He was concerned "....whether it was correct that Dr. Aveling [who] had recently written that the principles involved in the construction of the frog were "condemnatory of God," and whether he considered that anyone publishing such ideas was a fit teacher for a school in connection with the Science and Art Department, and whether such teaching received the sanction of Her Majesty's Government?" The reference to certain properties of
4785-569: The house in August 1881. On the Wednesday night there was a public meeting held in the Hall of Science, "Mr. Bradlaugh on entering the hall was enthusiastically cheered..." "Dr. Aveling said the scene enacted in Westminster Palace-yard that day was the most extraordinary ever witnessed, and he admired the patience of the people who had been spectators of it. The police had been engaged in what was
4872-458: The initials "E.D." He had also published some of his articles on Darwin using these same initials. Annie Besant's words of approval and gratitude for this deliverance of a "New Soldier" within the ranks of the army of freethinkers, were as follows: "His language is exquisitely chosen and is polished to the highest extent, so that the mere music of speech is pleasant to the ear. Since to this artistic charm are added scholarship and wide knowledge, with
4959-513: The matter of the "Trinity" (i.e. Bradlaugh, Besant & Aveling) again on 21 March 1882 when he asked Mundella, whether Dr. Aveling and Mrs. Besant are still employed in connection with the Science and Art Department of the Government. He also gave notice that he would ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, if his attention had been called to "a series of articles recently published in
5046-461: The opening of the new year (1879) I met for the first time a man to whom I subsequently owed much in this department of work—Edward B. Aveling, a D.Sc. of London University, and a marvelously able teacher of scientific subjects, the very ablest, in fact, that I have ever met. Clear and accurate in his knowledge, with a singular gift for lucid exposition, enthusiastic in his love of science, and taking vivid pleasure in imparting his knowledge to others, he
5133-435: The papers that we had written in the afternoon of one of the three examination days. Of the six or seven students who were in the exam, I happened to be the only one who had written for the full three hours that had been set for the exam. When Huxley took my work from me, he said to me very kindly: "I am pleased to see that three hours did not seem too long for you to answer only three questions. I wouldn't be surprised if you are
5220-595: The premiere of Anton Dvorák 's "Stabat Mater" in England; Aveling, the secularist, writes: "Anton Dvorák has caught that which Rossini almost wholly misses—the intense religious tone essential to the subject". There is here also a description of a performance of Gilbert and Sullivan 's Iolanthe at the Savoy. When Eleanor and Edward came together in 1890 to write the dramatic notices in Ernest Belfort Bax 's Time , there
5307-620: The present moment there is a notice on the Order Book of the House of Commons for the purpose of preventing Dr. E. B. Aveling, for the purpose of preventing Mrs. Besant, for the purpose of preventing my daughters from teaching, as they are entitled to teach, in this Hall—nay, for the purpose of preventing the building itself from being utilised for educational purposes. Shame ! I should have thought that those who cannot agree with us in religious matters would have been glad to see us endeavouring to educate ourselves. Undeterred Sir Henry Tyler raised
SECTION 60
#17328452040955394-475: The primary tools for understanding phylogeny , as exemplified by the work of Alfred Romer . Two major concepts of comparative anatomy are: Comparative anatomy has long served as evidence for evolution , now joined in that role by comparative genomics ; it indicates that organisms share a common ancestor. It also assists scientists in classifying organisms based on similar characteristics of their anatomical structures. A common example of comparative anatomy
5481-497: The prize list of July 1883. Some of Aveling's musical reviews can be found amidst his dramatic notices in his 'Art Corner' in Annie Besant's six-penny monthly journal Our Corner (1883–1888). Here also the Royal Academy is mentioned: " Johannes Brahms , facile princeps among classical composers of to-day, has given us recently two new works. The one, a quintett for strings, I heard for the first time at Mr. Henry Holmes' concert at
5568-605: The ranks of the neo-Malthusians of Great Britain, and one so distinguished as Dr. Aveling has already made himself in the scientific world and in literature. Political economy is the true "science of the poor." Neo-Malthusianism was an accepted principle of secularism, especially after the Bradlaugh-Besant blasphemy trial of 1877 and the publication of Charles Knowlton 's Fruits of Philosophy , at which Drysdale (and his wife) had given evidence. From September 1879 Aveling gave evening science classes every Wednesday and Thursday at
5655-506: The same doctrines on the evolution theory as Dr. Aveling"—a connection that may have gratified Aveling but hardly Huxley who was, among other things, Director of the Science and Arts Department that had certified Besant's teaching qualification and eligibility for a government grant." Bradlaugh himself mentioned this state of affairs in December something that he saw as an insidious form of persecution extending to his family and colleagues: At
5742-526: The same time, Foster was a professor of physiology at the Royal Institute (as was Huxley). On the days that Foster held lectures in London, Aveling accompanied him and prepared at the laboratory all his apparatus and experiments. He wrote that on many days he was in contact with Huxley and the professor of physics John Tyndall : "Quite often I had to borrow apparatuses or reagents from both of them. Tyndall . . .
5829-646: The study of German higher criticism (in the fields of history, philology, science, and theology), as it was seen to challenge and undermine Anglican orthodoxy. He left Taunton in January 1866 "with a bursary of £10 after having matriculated with honours at the examinations set by the University of London." and briefly in the summer joined a theatrical troupe that included the actor Henry Irving , in Liverpool and Manchester, and later received private tuition in medicine and German after he returned to his father at Kingsland at
5916-446: The success of their examination results Aveling made an application to the Science and Art Department for a South Kensington grant. The success of the Hall of Science, with its combination of science and radicalism-the courses were attended by mainly adults of the artisan class and predominantly NSS members attracted attention. In 1881–82 (October–May) the Hall of Science started with 212 pupils, all but 44 of whom were NSS members, and at
6003-450: The two articles on her father appeared, who had died on 14 March 1883. Her first article was biographical, the second "Karl Marx II [Karl Marx's Theory of Value]" explained the theory of surplus value, clearly using unpublished manuscripts, and it has been claimed: "Thus Eleanor Marx, became her father's first biographer and posthumous exponent of his economic theory." Aveling also edited Foote's magazine, The Freethinker . Aveling became
6090-488: The young Aveling, with Huxley proclaiming science and religion as "mortal enemies," as well as his passionate project for a "New Reformation", wanting to see "the foot of science on the necks of her enemies." From 1870 to 1872, he worked as an assistant or demonstrator to the physiologist Michael Foster in Cambridge. Foster, one of his former teachers at UCL, was then an associate professor at Trinity College, Cambridge. At
6177-872: Was a socialist organisation, which broke away from the Socialist League in August 1888. Its meeting place was at the Communist Club, 49, Tottenham Street, Tottenham Court Road. At the third annual conference of the Socialist League held on 20 May 1888, the Anarchist wing of the league prevailed over the Marxist wing in their rejection of parliamentarianism . The BSS was founded in August 1888 by leading Marxists such as Edward Aveling , Eleanor Marx -Aveling, Frederick Lessner and A. K. Donald , with its first Honorary Secretary as W. W. Bartlett. In 1893 they participated in
6264-465: Was a member of the Democratic Federation and then a member of the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . During the imprisonment of George William Foote for blasphemy he was interim editor for The Freethinker and Progress. A monthly magazine of advanced thought . With William Morris he
6351-402: Was also a playwright and actor. Aveling was the author of numerous scientific books and political pamphlets; he is perhaps best known for his popular work The Student's Darwin (1881); he also translated the first volume of Karl Marx 's Das Kapital , and Friedrich Engels ' Socialism: Utopian and Scientific . He was elected vice-president of the National Secular Society in 1880-84, he
6438-488: Was always more or less unfriendly and either patronizingly condescending, and sometimes downright crude. Huxley, on the other hand, showed himself always as the embodiment of kindness, courtesy and willingness." Aveling was elected as a member of the College of Preceptors on 25 November 1871. It was one of the first professional organizations for teachers and it pioneered formal training by examination for teachers. Aveling read
6525-676: Was an ideal teacher. This young man, in January, 1879, began writing under initials for the National Reformer, and in February I became his pupil, with the view of matriculating in June at the London University, an object which was duly accomplished. Aveling's chemistry class was taken by 42 people including the sisters Alice and Hypatia Bradlaugh. Aveling's second year was more ambitious. He gave evening classes in elementary botany, advanced physiology, elementary mathematics and advanced chemistry. Following
6612-638: Was awarded a certificate in French; he is noted as being in Class 11. The following year (in Class 1), the prizes were for Arithmetic and Algebra, together with certificates for French, Greek, Euclid, and German. In 1865, he won prizes for Mathematics, Latin, and Greek, and in 1866, for writing and mapping. In each of those years he was one of the Golden Optimi ." Of particular importance is Aveling's early study of German. The English dissenting colleges laid great emphasis on
6699-480: Was clearly a favourite piece of his and he was already familiar with it: "Unfortunately, I could not be there. I know of no piece of music of modern times that moves me so greatly." On 10 April 1886, at Crystal Palace he heard Franz Liszt play and reviewed the concert. A bibliography of Aveling's extensive musical reviews has yet to be compiled. In June 1879 he applied for the vacant Chair of Comparative Anatomy at King's College London but on finding that adherence to
6786-543: Was dated September at the London Hospital. Aveling suggested to teachers of Physiology that each of these tables "may serve as the foundation of one or more lectures" and that they provided all the physiological facts (except those on reproduction and development), required by the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, and by the ordinary medical examining bodies." Aveling was in the Arts Faculty at New College London , Hampstead, teaching Chemistry and Natural History as
6873-506: Was dead. A good many years ago now, when I was quite a young man, I gave a lecture on "insects and Flowers" at the Orphan Working School, Haverstock Hill, London. It was a fete-day at the school, and besides the children and their teachers a number of those interested in the school were present. As I was a young man of only one or two and twenty, I do not doubt that the lecture was a very bumptious, self-sufficient performance. After it
6960-547: Was elected vice-president of the National Secular Society. He gave a lecture "On the Relation between Science and Freethought" in which he maintained that most scientists are consciously or unconsciously atheists. This would be a subject that he would discuss in person with Charles Darwin the following year. Aveling had accompanied Bradlaugh along with his two daughters into Westminster Hall, at his forcible expulsion from
7047-580: Was looked upon as a crass example of the political persecution of secularists, the National Secular Society and their journal The National Reformer that was being extended to their teaching of science at the Hall of Science as well. Charles Bradlaugh , the President of the National Secular Society (NSS) stated clearly: "Dr. E. B. Aveling has been deprived of his lectureship on Comparative Anatomy at London Hospital because he has publicly identified himself with us." Aveling's election in 1880 to Vice-President of
7134-461: Was lost during the numerous translations of his work. As Vesalius began to uncover these mistakes, other physicians of the time began to trust their own observations more than those of Galen. An interesting observation made by some of these physicians was the presence of homologous structures in a wide variety of animals which included humans. These observations were later used by Darwin as he formed his theory of Natural Selection . Edward Tyson
7221-557: Was lying dead on the simple bed at 45 Maitland Park Road, Haverstock Hill. I stood by the side of his corpse, hand-in-hand with my wife. Note that while the wife mentioned was most likely Eleanor Marx, Aveling never formally married her. In 1874, whilst teaching at the girls school, he gave a series of evening classes on botany and zoology at the Polytechnic College in Regent Street. "In the following year, having been appointed as
7308-423: Was over a number of the visitors were introduced to me. I only remember three of them. One of the three was a not very tall, but very powerfully built, man, with tremendous leonine head, and the strongest and yet gentlest eyes I think I ever saw. The second was a lady of singular refinement and high-breeding. The third was a young girl. The man was Karl Marx. The woman was his wife, Jenny von Westphalen. The young girl
7395-461: Was said to have one of the finest views in London. From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was also a teacher of elementary physics and botany at Frances Buss 's North London Collegiate School for Girls. In 1869 Buss became the first woman Fellow of the College of Preceptors. Aveling also examined boys in botany and physiology during June 1872 from the Orphan Working School in Maitland Park. In October 1872 or
7482-527: Was situated in the tower of New College, from the outset it had been "fitted up with every convenience for chemical and scientific experiments", and Edwin Lankester had been the co-founder of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (Vol. 1, 1853) that was connected to the Royal Microscopical Society and the laboratory would no doubt have reflected his expertise. The roof of the tower
7569-674: Was the sub-editor of The Commonweal . He was an organizer of the mass movement of the unskilled workers and the unemployed in the late 1880s unto the early 1890s and a delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889 . For fourteen years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx, and co-authored many works with her. Aveling was born on 29 November 1849, in Stoke Newington , in north-east London, England. The fifth of eight children of Rev. Thomas William Baxter Aveling (1815–1884),
#94905