95-448: Black Mist Scandal (黒い霧事件, kuroi kiri jiken ) may refer to: Black Mist Scandal, a political scandal involving Eisaku Satō Black Mist Scandal (Japanese baseball) , a game-fixing scandal Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Black Mist Scandal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
190-514: A worldwide protest cycle in 1968 . After more than a year of conflict, Satō's administration responded by calling in riot police to forcibly clear the university campuses. Thereafter, Satō allowed the Security Treaty to automatically renew in 1970, dashing the hopes of activist groups who staged large street protests in an attempt to eliminate it. The successful resolution of the university crisis, continued robust economic growth, and above all,
285-487: A 1969 Shukan Asahi interview with novelist Shūsaku Endō , Hiroko accused Satō of being a rake and a wife-beater . His hobbies included golf, fishing, and the Japanese tea ceremony . Nobusuke Kishi (his older brother) and Shinzō Abe (his grandnephew) were also both prime ministers. Satō received the following awards: Kakuei Tanaka Kakuei Tanaka ( 田中 角栄 , Tanaka Kakuei , 4 May 1918 – 16 December 1993)
380-703: A November 1969 conversation with US President Nixon to allow the stationing of nuclear warheads in Okinawa even after it was restored to Japanese sovereignty. Overcrowded universities, increasing student radicalization, hopes for an abrogation of the US-Japan Security Treaty after its initial 10-year term ended in 1970, and growing opposition to Japan's material and ideological support for America's war in Vietnam helped precipitate large scale protests at hundreds of Japanese schools and universities in 1968–1969, part of
475-735: A US$ 150 million loan to Taiwan . He visited Taipei in September 1967. In 1969, Satō insisted that the defense of Taiwan was necessary for the safety of Japan. Satō followed the United States in most major issues, but Satō opposed the Nixon visit to China . Satō also bitterly opposed the entry of the PRC into the United Nations in 1971. On 22 June 1965, the Satō government and South Korea under Park Chung Hee signed
570-596: A candidate for the party in Niigata Prefecture for the first postwar election in April 1946 . During this first bid for a Diet seat, Tanaka relied on local political notables and associates from Riken to support his campaign. He worked around the election laws of the time by opening a branch office in Kashiwazaki and placing large "Tanaka" sign on the building to gain name recognition. However, his bid unraveled as three of
665-464: A caricature of Tanaka dodging various celebrities in a quest to collect gold bars and grow wealthy, with the title punning on the Japanese term for "prime minister", Sōri (総理). Tanaka remained in convalescence through the election of 1986 , where he retained his Diet seat. On New Year's Day of 1987, he made his first public appearance since the stroke, and was clearly in poor condition: half of his face
760-566: A child. Tanaka excelled in school, but his family’s poverty meant he could not pursue higher education after graduating from higher elementary school at the age of fourteen. Instead, Tanaka found work as a manual laborer, but he later quit this job and went to Tokyo in 1934, hoping to work under the Viscount Masatoshi Ōkōchi , head of the Riken Concern, who had championed the development of rural prefectures like Niigata. In Tokyo, Tanaka
855-792: A coma. He was held in an emergency unit in the restaurant for four days before being moved to hospital. He died at 12:55 a.m. on 3 June at the Jikei University Medical Center, aged 74. After a public funeral, his ashes were buried in the family cemetery at Tabuse . Satō was posthumously honored with the Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum , the highest honor in the Japanese honors system. Satō married Hiroko Matsuoka ( 松岡 寛子 , 5 January 1907 – 16 April 1987) in 1926 and had two sons, Ryūtarō and Shinji . Hiroko's father, Matsusuke Satō,
950-471: A combination of good management and good luck, brought it back into operation in 1951. In that year's election, he was re-elected to the Diet in a landslide victory , and many of the railroad's employees came out to campaign for him. That year's election was also the first in which he was supported by billionaire capitalist Kenji Osano [ ja ] , who would remain one of Tanaka's most loyal supporters to
1045-569: A fourth term, and resigned from office in 1972. His heir apparent, Takeo Fukuda , won the Sato faction's support in the subsequent LDP presidential election, but the more popular MITI minister, Kakuei Tanaka , won the vote, ending the Satō faction's longstanding dominance in Diet politics. Upon leaving the premiership in 1972 to an approval rating of 19% (by April) and a fractured party, Satō moved back to his home in Setagaya Ward , Tokyo, staying out of
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#17328554408111140-412: A hundred people who would assist him in the campaign. Tanaka targeted rural voters; he became known for his diligence in visiting remote villages. He was elected in third place out of five seats. He took his Diet seat as a member of the new Democratic Party (民主党, Minshuto ). In the Diet, he became friends with former prime minister Kijūrō Shidehara and joined Shidehara's Dōshi Club . Then in 1948,
1235-469: A large faction in the party by political maneuvering and extensive use of money. After a power struggle with Takeo Fukuda , Tanaka succeeded Eisaku Satō as prime minister in 1972. Domestically, he pursued his "Plan to Remodel the Japanese Archipelago", an infrastructure development program, before it was shelved due to inflation and the 1973 oil crisis . In 1972, Tanaka established relations with
1330-551: A large number of new LDP representatives dubbed " Koizumi Children " in the 2005 election, and Ichiro Ozawa , who did the same for the Democratic Party of Japan in the 2009 election. However, neither the "Koizumi Children" nor the "Ozawa Children" showed the same degree of loyalty as the Tanaka faction, with many "Koizumi Children" voting against Koizumi's reform agenda, and many "Ozawa Children" voting against Ozawa in his 2010 bid for
1425-514: A major point of contention between the two countries. Tanaka reportedly asked Zhou "What is your view on the Senkaku Islands? Some people say things about them to me," to which Zhou replied "I do not want to talk about it this time. If there wasn't oil, neither Taiwan nor the United States would make this an issue." Just two months after taking office, Tanaka met Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong . During 1973 and 1974, Tanaka visited
1520-492: A number of schools with the goal of entering Naval Academy , but he later decided to go into the construction industry instead. After finishing engineering school in 1936 he found employment as an engineer at a architectural firm. In 1937, while running errands for the firm, Tanaka had a chance meeting with the Viscount Masatoshi Ōkōchi in an elevator. Ōkōchi, apparently impressed with Tanaka's energy and ambition, helped
1615-473: A previous marriage. They soon had two children of their own: a son named Masanori in 1942, who died young in 1947, and a daughter named Makiko in 1944. The marriage allowed Tanaka to take control of Sakamoto Construction, which he merged with his own business to form the Tanaka Construction Company in 1943. Tanaka revived his relationship with Riken, serving regularly as a subcontractor. In
1710-491: A public inquiry in the Diet (among other things, Tanaka had purchased a geisha and used her name for a number of shady land deals in Tokyo during the mid-sixties). The Diet commission called Etsuzankai's treasurer, Aki Sato , as its first witness. Unknown to the committee members, Sato and Tanaka had been involved in a romantic relationship for several years, and Tanaka took pity on Sato's troubled upbringing. Rather than let her take
1805-521: A stroke on 27 February and became hospitalized, sparking uncertainty over the future of his faction. His daughter Makiko spirited him from the hospital after authorities refused to give the former prime minister an entire floor, and the Diet session halted entirely while details of Tanaka's condition leaked out to the press. Susumu Nikaido , the titular chairman of Tanaka's faction, mounted a campaign against Takeshita to attempt to win over members of Tanaka's faction amid uncertainty as to his condition, which
1900-548: A vice admiral, and Nobusuke Kishi , who served as prime minister from 1957-1960. Satō studied German law at Tokyo Imperial University and in 1923, passed the senior civil service examinations. Upon graduation the following year, he became a civil servant in the Ministry of Railways . He served as Director of the Osaka Railways Bureau from 1944 to 1946 and Vice-Minister for Transport from 1947 to 1948. Satō entered
1995-513: Is normalizing Japanese relations with the People's Republic of China , which occurred around the same time as Richard Nixon 's efforts to do the same for Chinese relations with the United States. In 1972, Tanaka met with Chinese premier Zhou Enlai to discuss the normalization of relations between the two countries . Among other matters, they discussed the Senkaku Islands , which would later become
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#17328554408112090-444: The 1973 oil crisis . In October 1974, the popular Bungeishunjū magazine published an article detailing how businesspeople close to Tanaka had profited by setting up paper companies to purchase land in remote areas immediately prior to the announcement of public works projects nearby. Although this implied a degree of corruption, none of the activity detailed was actually illegal. The article inspired Tanaka's LDP rivals to open
2185-508: The Diet in 1949 as a member of the Liberal Party . He served as Minister of Postal Services and Telecommunications from July 1951 to July 1952. Sato gradually rose through the ranks of Japanese politics, becoming chief cabinet secretary to then prime minister Shigeru Yoshida from January 1953 to July 1954. He later served as minister of construction from October 1952 to February 1953. After
2280-508: The Kariwa District of Niigata Prefecture , now part of Kashiwazaki . He was born to a farming family, the second son of Kakuji Tanaka and his wife Fume. His older brother had died young so Tanaka was treated as the eldest son. He otherwise had six sisters, two elder and four younger. Niigata Prefecture was part of what was called ura Nippon : the ”back of Japan” facing the Sea of Japan , which
2375-555: The Liberal Democratic Party and became finance minister from 1958 to 1960 under Nobusuke Kishi and international trade and industry minister from 1961 to 1962 under Hayato Ikeda . In 1964, Satō succeeded Ikeda as LDP president and prime minister. He had the support of Japanese business and finance, and presided over a period of rapid economic growth. In foreign policy, he oversaw the normalization of diplomatic relations with South Korea and maintained close relations with
2470-609: The People's Republic of China . Although he had entered office with a very high popularity rating, this declined quickly amid allegations of corruption before his resignation in 1974. In 1976, Tanaka was arrested and charged with taking ¥500 million in bribes in the Lockheed scandal , and in 1983 was sentenced to four years in prison. However, Tanaka remained free on appeal to the Supreme Court until his death in 1993. Throughout his legal problems, he maintained influence through his faction,
2565-732: The Three Non-Nuclear Principles on 11 December 1967, promising the non-production, non-possession, and non-introduction of nuclear weapons inside Japan. Therafter, Satō shepherded Japan's entery into the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Diet passed a resolution formally adopting the Non-Nuclear Principles in 1971. For these actions, Satō would receive the Nobel Peace Prize as a co-recipient in 1974. However, recent inquiries show that behind
2660-638: The Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea , which normalized relations between Japan and South Korea for the first time. Relations with Japan had previously not been officially established since Korea's decolonization and division at the end of World War II. During Satō's term, Japan participated in the creation of the Asian Development Bank in 1966 and held a ministerial level conference on Southeast Asian economic development. It
2755-554: The 1949 general election, and was released from prison in January after securing bail . He was re-elected, and made a deal with Chief Cabinet Secretary Eisaku Satō to resign his vice-ministerial post in exchange for continued membership in the DLP. The Tokyo District Court found Tanaka guilty in 1950, and Tanaka responded by filing an appeal. In the meantime, he took over the failing Nagaoka Railway that linked Niigata to Tokyo, and through
2850-431: The 1969 announcement of the United States' commitment to return Okinawa to Japan, made Satō broadly popular with the Japanese public and allowed him to win a then unprecedented third consecutive term as prime minister. However, Satō's popularity soon nosedived, in the aftermath of so-called " Nixon Shocks " of 1971. In July 1971, the Japanese government was stunned by Nixon's dramatic announcement of his forthcoming visit to
2945-476: The 1976 " Lockheed Election ". The two old rivals did not cooperate for long, however: in 1978, Tanaka threw his faction behind Ohira's. After Ohira died in 1980, the Tanaka faction elected Zenkō Suzuki . In 1982, Yasuhiro Nakasone was elected president of the LDP (and therefore as prime minister) amid allegations from opponents that he would be under Tanaka's control. The Lockheed trial ended on 12 October 1983. Tanaka
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3040-489: The 1990s and 2000s than it did under Tanaka and Takeshita in the 1980s, as electoral reforms enacted in 1994, coupled with new campaign finance regulations and the ongoing economic slump that followed the Japanese asset price bubble , weakened the power of factions in Japanese politics. Tanaka built his faction largely by recruiting and supporting new candidates. This technique was used to some success by two prominent politicians decades later: Junichiro Koizumi , who recruited
3135-426: The 300,000–400,000 range, and linking these cities to Tokyo, Osaka and other cores by high-speed rail, a revolutionary view at a time when only one Shinkansen line existed. Tanaka's government expanded the welfare state through measures such as the doubling of national pension benefits, the introduction of free medical care for the elderly, the provision of child allowances in 1972, and the indexation of pensions to
3230-473: The American diplomatic corps that he was said to have played a larger role in the repatriation of Okinawa than Satō himself. In June 1972, he published his book, "A Plan for Remodeling the Japanese Archipelago." He made a de facto government pledge with the purpose of "promoting regional decentralization". This book initially sold 910,000 copies, partly because Tanaka later took the position of prime minister, and
3325-600: The DPJ presidency. Makiko Tanaka , who was not associated with Etsuzankai, was elected to her father's old seat in Niigata in the 1993 election and became foreign minister in the Koizumi cabinet in 2001. Due in part to her father's historical role in Sino-Japanese relations , she became popular in the People's Republic of China and publicly opposed several anti-PRC actions by Japan and
3420-558: The Diet and Imperial Palace. This practice made Etsuzankai the most tightly knit political organization in Japanese history, and it also furthered Tanaka's increasingly gangster-like image. Tanaka became a member of the Liberal Democratic Party when it formed in November 1955, from the merger of the Liberal Party and the Democratic Party . In November 1956 there was a party leadership race to succeed Ichirō Hatoyama . A split occurred in
3515-678: The Doshi Club defected to the new Democratic Liberal Party , and Tanaka instantly won favor with the DLP's leader, Shigeru Yoshida . Yoshida appointed Tanaka as a Vice Minister of Justice, the youngest in the nation's history. Then, on 13 December, Tanaka was arrested and imprisoned on charges of accepting ¥1m (US$ 13,000) in bribes from coal mining interests in Kyūshū . Yoshida and the DLP dropped most of their ties with Tanaka, removed him from his official party posts, and refused to fund his next re-election bid. Despite this, Tanaka announced his candidacy for
3610-606: The LDP leadership election in November 1987 and served as prime minister until resigning amid the Recruit scandal in June 1989. While his appeal lingered in the Court's docket, Tanaka's medical condition deteriorated. He announced his retirement from politics in October 1989, at the age of 71, in an announcement made by his son-in-law Naoki Tanaka . The announcement ended his 42-year career in politics;
3705-597: The Liberal Party merged with the Japan Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democratic Party , Satō served as chairman of the party executive council from December 1957 to June 1958, followed by a post as minister of finance in the cabinet of his brother Nobusuke Kishi from 1958-1960. As minister of finance, Sato requested the US to fund conservatives. Satō also served in the cabinets of Kishi's successor as prime minister, Hayato Ikeda . From July 1961 to July 1962, Satō
3800-538: The People's Republic of China . Many Japanese were chagrined by the failure of the United States to consult in advance with Japan before making such a fundamental change in foreign policy, and the sudden change in America's stance made Satō's staunch adherence to non-relations with China look like he had been played for a fool. The following month, the government was again surprised to learn that, without prior consultation, Nixon
3895-506: The U.S. to allow violations of the principles. Facing mounting economic problems and falling approval ratings in the early 1970s, Satō resigned in 1972 and was succeeded as prime minister by Kakuei Tanaka , quickly losing his political influence when his protégé Takeo Fukuda did not succeed him. Satō was born on 27 March 1901, in Tabuse , Yamaguchi Prefecture , the third son of businessman Hidesuke Satō and his wife Moyo. His father had worked in
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3990-786: The United States, France, Britain, West Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. He appeared on the US television program Meet the Press to have a direct dialogue with Americans during his visit to the US in July/August 1973. His visit to Europe was the first visit by a Japanese prime minister since 1962, and his visit to the USSR was the first since 1956. His state visit to Indonesia as invited by President Soeharto to discuss Indo-Japanese trade relations
4085-454: The United States, allowing the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty to renew in 1970 and arranging for the return of Okinawa to Japan in 1972. In 1967, Satō introduced the " Three Non-Nuclear Principles " (the non-production, non-possession, and non-introduction of nuclear weapons ), and in 1968 signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize . However, it was later revealed that Satō had made secret agreements with
4180-411: The United States, based on the fact that the scandal originated with congressional testimony in the US. Tanaka's trial did not end his political influence. His faction had 70 to 80 members prior to his arrest in 1976, but grew to over 150 members by 1981, more than one-third of the total LDP representation in the Diet. In retaliation for Miki's actions, Tanaka persuaded his faction to vote for Fukuda in
4275-549: The United States, including Koizumi's visits to Yasukuni Shrine . She left the LDP in 2002 and subsequently became a minister in the last days of Democratic Party of Japan government in 2012. She lost her seat in the December 2012 general election , by which point Etsuzankai had disbanded with only a few elderly surviving members. In January 2024, the Mejiro Goten , Tanaka's former Tokyo residence, burned down. Makiko Tanaka ascribed
4370-702: The Yamaguchi Prefectural Office, but quit in 1898, and started a sake brewing business in Kishida, Tabuse. The family had a history in sake brewing and had held the right for sake brewing for generations. Satō's great-grandfather was a samurai of the Chōshū Domain , with their outsized influence in Meiji era Japan, with more Meiji and Taisho prime ministers coming from Yamaguchi than any other prefecture. His two older brothers were Ichirō Satō , who would become
4465-676: The Yoshida school between the factions of Eisaku Sato and Hayato Ikeda; Sato supported his brother Nobusuke Kishi and Ikeda supported Mitsujirō Ishii . Tanaka followed Sato rather than Ikeda, even though Tanaka’s stepdaughter married a nephew of Ikeda that same month. Nevertheless, Tanaka maintained close ties with the Ikeda and befriended his right-hand man Masayoshi Ōhira . Nobusuke Kishi narrowly lost to Tanzan Ishibashi , but Ishibashi soon fell ill, so Kishi succeeded him in March 1957. When Kishi reshuffled
4560-503: The cabinet in July, Tanaka received his first cabinet post, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications . In this role, he granted the first television broadcasting licenses in Japan. Tanaka was a friend of the commissioned postal system, by which local notables were commissioned by the state to serve as local postmasters. Under his tenure, Tanaka forged a strong relationship between the postmasters and
4655-627: The contract, ¥15 million in Japanese war bonds, at a bank in Seoul before it became worthless. In addition, none of his major buildings were damaged in the firebombing of Tokyo. In November 1945, Tanaka met with Tadao Oasa [ ja ] , a veteran politician who served as adviser to the Tanaka Construction Company. Oasa was in the middle of forming the Japan Progressive Party (日本進歩党, Nihon Shinpoto ) and asked Tanaka to contribute money, which he happily did. Oasa later recruited Tanaka as
4750-422: The current unusual parliamentary situation, there is a need for refreshing the people's minds as quickly as possible." In the " Second Lockheed Election " of December 1983, Tanaka retained his Diet seat by an unprecedented margin, winning more votes than any other candidate in the country. The LDP performed poorly, and Prime Minister Nakasone publicly vowed to distance the party from Tanaka's politics, stating that
4845-468: The end. Tanaka's most important support base, however, was a group called Etsuzankai (越山会, literally "Niigata Mountain Association"). Etsuzankai's function was to screen various petitions from villagers in rural parts of Niigata. Tanaka would answer these petitions with government-funded pork barrel projects. In turn, the local villagers all financially supported Etsuzankai, which, in its turn, funded
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#17328554408114940-514: The entire Japanese government. He was a popular prime minister due to the growing economy; his foreign policy, which was a balancing act between the interests of the United States and China, was more tenuous, and his grip on domestic politics was challenged by growing opposition to his administration's support for the American military operations in Vietnam . Satō is the last Prime minister of Japan to visit Taiwan during his term. In 1965, Satō approved
5035-847: The eyes of the media but remaining in the Diet. His reputation, however, quickly began to be rehabilitated, starting in November of that year with his awarding of the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum . Satō opened up to the media after the award, with outlets noting his visual image change, with a longer hairstyle reminiscent of the post-presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. Satō quickly settled into his life as an elder statesman. In January 1973, Satō and his wife were invited to President Richard Nixon's second inauguration . Satō maintained close relations with Nixon, sending him his personal condolences upon his resignation , and Nixon attended his funeral. Upon returning to Japan, his successor,
5130-514: The faction of Eisaku Sato. After the resignation of Nobusuke Kishi, Tanaka supported Hayato Ikeda as his successor. Under Ikeda, Tanaka became chairman of the Policy Affairs Research Council, and eventually Minister of Finance . Tanaka's term as minister of finance saw some of the highest economic growth in Japanese history. Satō succeeded Ikeda in 1964. When Satō reshuffled the cabinet and party leadership in June 1965 Tanaka
5225-427: The faction until refusing to stand in the 2005 general election due to a fundraising scandal, and died shortly thereafter. The remnants of the faction, formally known by this time as Heisei Kenkyūkai (Heisei Research Council), remained active under the leadership of Yūji Tsushima , who resigned prior to the 2009 general election , passing control to Fukushiro Nukaga . The faction raised much less in donations during
5320-411: The family fell into poverty. This was exacerbated by Kakuji’s gambling and drinking. To support the family, Tanaka’s mother worked in the fields even after everyone else went to sleep, so Tanaka was often taken care of by his grandmother. Tanaka contracted diphtheria at the age of two and the aftereffects caused him to stutter , but he lost it by practicing his speech by himself for long periods as
5415-574: The first post-war prime minister of Japan to visit Okinawa. In 1969, Satō struck a deal with U.S. president Richard Nixon to repatriate Okinawa : this deal was controversial because it allowed the U.S. forces in Japan to maintain bases in Okinawa after repatriation. Okinawa was formally returned to Japan on 15 May 1972, which also included the Senkaku Islands (also known as the Diaoyu Islands in China and
5510-537: The initially-popular Kakuei Tanaka , who had been handed a rebuke with 17 seat losses in the 1972 Japanese general election , looked to Satō to repair relations within the LDP, especially towards his rival Takeo Fukuda . Both men were Satō's protegés, and Satō advised Tanaka in the forming of his post-election cabinet, notably including Fukuda as director-general of the Administrative Agency. Although privately critical towards Tanaka's government, Satō remained in
5605-422: The largest faction in the LDP, and continued to serve as kingmaker for subsequent premiers, which earned him the nickname "Shadow Shōgun " ( 闇将軍 , Yami-shōgun ) , among others. A debilitating stroke he suffered in 1985 led to the collapse of his political faction, with most members regrouping under the leadership of Noboru Takeshita in 1987. Kakuei Tanaka was born on 4 May 1918, in the village of Futada in
5700-462: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Mist_Scandal&oldid=992203395 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Eisaku Sat%C5%8D Eisaku Satō ( 佐藤 栄作 , Satō Eisaku , 27 March 1901 – 3 June 1975)
5795-608: The midst of the Pacific War, Riken and Tanaka Construction received many government contracts for military facilities and factories. Luck favored Tanaka in the endgame of the war. Tanaka received a particularly profitable contract to relocate a piston ring factory from Tokyo to Daejeon in Korea . The rebuilding in Korea had just begun by the time it was abandoned due to the surrender of Japan , but Tanaka had been able to go to cash in his advance on
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#17328554408115890-487: The national security leadership. The incident henceforth became well known as the Malari Incident ( Peristiwa Malari ). Upon taking office in 1972, Tanaka published an ambitious infrastructure plan for Japan which called for a new network of expressways and high-speed rail lines throughout the country. It was a plan that Tanaka once wrote in his book "Theory of Remodeling the Japanese Islands". He envisioned moving more economic functions to secondary cities with populations in
5985-443: The notables supposed to support him ran as candidates themselves, as did the brother of the Riken Kashiwazaki factory manager, splitting Tanaka's support base. Tanaka only captured 4% of the vote, finishing in eleventh place whereas the district was filling eight seats. Tanaka was better prepared for the next election, which came in April 1947 . He had set up Tanaka Construction branch offices in Kashiwazaki and Nagaoka , employing
6080-401: The party should be "cleansed" with a new code of ethics. Nakasone placed six members of the Tanaka faction on his 1984 cabinet, including future prime minister Noboru Takeshita . Amid Tanaka's objections, Noboru Takeshita formed a "study group" called Soseikai on 7 February 1985, which counted among its ranks 43 of the 121 Tanaka faction members. Weeks after this defection, Tanaka suffered
6175-577: The public eye a unifier within the LDP. Satō shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Seán MacBride in 1974. He was awarded for representing the Japanese people's will for peace, and for signing the nuclear arms Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970. He was the first Asian to accept the Nobel Peace Prize. (In 1973, Vietnamese politician Le Duc Tho had become the first Asian to win the prize, but Tho had rejected it. ) Satō began working with McBride shortly after, joining Amnesty International . In April 1975, as part of his last foreign visit before his death, Satō
6270-424: The rate of inflation in 1973. In 1973, the Pollution Health Damage Compensation Law was passed with the purpose of paying victims of specific diseases in certain Government-designated localities compensation benefits and medical expenses, together with providing health and welfare services required by these families. The Japanese economy, and thus Tanaka's popularity, was severely hurt by the inflationary effects of
6365-473: The re-election campaigns of local Diet members, including Tanaka. At its peak, Etsuzankai had 100,000 members. The projects funded by Etsuzankai included the Tadami River hydroelectric power project, the New Shimizu Tunnel , and, perhaps most infamously, the Jōetsu Shinkansen high-speed rail line. During the 1950s, Tanaka brought Etsuzankai members to his residence in Tokyo by bus, met with each of them individually, and then provided them with tours of
6460-487: The remnants of his faction, now led by former Prime Minister Takeshita, remained the most powerful bloc within the LDP at the time of his retirement. In 1993, a number of members of his faction broke away from the LDP to form part of an Eight-party Alliance government under Morihiro Hosokawa . Tanaka was later diagnosed with diabetes , and died of pneumonia at Keio University Hospital at 2:04 p.m. on 16 December 1993. Following his death, his home in northern Tokyo
6555-406: The scenes, Satō was more accommodating towards US plans of stationing nuclear weapons on Japanese soil. In December 2008, the Japanese government declassified a document showing that during a visit to the US in January 1965, he was discussing with US officials the possibility of using nuclear weapons against the People's Republic of China . In December 2009, his son reported that his father agreed in
6650-461: The stand, he announced his resignation on 26 November 1974. The announcement was read by Chief Cabinet Secretary Noboru Takeshita . The Tanaka faction supported Takeo Miki 's "clean government" bid to become prime minister, and Tanaka once again became a rank-and-file Diet member. On 6 February 1976, the vice chairman of the Lockheed Corporation told a United States Senate subcommittee that Tanaka had accepted $ 1.8 million in bribes through
6745-424: The subject, since 1971, of a Sino-Japanese sovereignty dispute; see Senkaku Islands dispute ). In his early years as prime minister, Sato had argued that Japan needed to develop nuclear weapons of its own to match those of China, but the United States government was staunchly opposed to this, and the Johnson administration pressured Japan to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Accordingly, Satō introduced
6840-463: The trading company Marubeni during his term as prime minister, in return for having All Nippon Airways purchase 21 Lockheed L-1011 aircraft in 1972. Although Henry Kissinger tried to stop the details from making their way to the Japanese government, fearing that it would harm the two countries' security relationship, Miki pushed a bill through the Diet that requested information from the Senate. Tanaka
6935-616: The two battling heirs of the Satō administration, and their rivalry was dubbed by the Japanese press as the "Kaku-Fuku War." Tanaka made a record showing in the 1967 general election, and Satō re-appointed him as secretary general in November 1968, moving Fukuda to the post of finance minister. In 1971, Satō gave Tanaka another important stepping stone to taking over the government: minister of international trade and industry . As head of MITI, Tanaka gained public support again by standing up to U.S. negotiators who wanted Japan to impose export caps on several products. He had so many contacts within
7030-410: The young LDP, and the postmasters would serve as important supporters for the party. Tanaka left cabinet in June 1958. He was appointed deputy secretary-general of the LDP in June 1959. Around this time, Tanaka came to be regarded as one of the "five commissioners of the Sato faction," along with Shigeru Hori , Kiichi Aichi , Tomisaburo Hashimoto and Raizo Matsuno : the principal executives who managed
7125-457: The young man start his own architectural firm in Tokyo. The fledgling firm was successful as it received contracts from the Riken Concern, but after only two years Tanaka was drafted into the army and sent to Manchuria , where he served as an enlisted clerk in the 24th Cavalry Regiment, reaching the rank of superior private ( jōtōhei ) in March 1940. He contracted pneumonia and pleurisy and
7220-539: The younger brother of prime minister Nobusuke Kishi . Satō graduated from Tokyo Imperial University in 1924 and joined the Ministry of Railways . After the war, he entered the National Diet in 1949 as a member of the Liberal Party , and served in a series of cabinet positions under Shigeru Yoshida , including posts and telecommunications minister from 1951 to 1952, construction minister from 1952 to 1953, and chief cabinet secretary from 1953 to 1954. Satō later joined
7315-525: Was Minister of International Trade and Industry . From July 1963 to June 1964 he was concurrently head of the Hokkaidō Development Agency and of the Science and Technology Agency . Satō succeeded Ikeda after the latter resigned due to ill health. He would go on to serve the longest stint of any prime minister up until that time, and by the late 1960s he appeared to have single-handed control over
7410-586: Was "besieged" by supporters and journalists. Tanaka's faction remained within the Liberal Democratic Party even after his death. It split in 1992, after Noboru Takeshita was sidelined by the Recruit scandal , with Tsutomu Hata and Ichiro Ozawa leaving the LDP and forming the Japan Renewal Party . Keizo Obuchi inherited what was left of the Tanaka faction, supported the election of Ryutaro Hashimoto as prime minister, and himself became prime minister from 1999 to 2000. After Obuchi's death, Hashimoto led
7505-458: Was Eisaku's paternal uncle. After Matsusuke died in 1911, Hiroko was raised by her maternal uncle, diplomat Yōsuke Matsuoka . Their son Shinji followed his father into politics, serving in both houses and as a cabinet minister. Shinji's son-in-law, Masashi Adachi , currently serves in the House of Councillors , and formerly worked as an aide for his cousin-in-law, Eisaku's grandnephew, Shinzo Abe . In
7600-545: Was a Japanese politician who served as prime minister of Japan from 1964 to 1972. He is the third longest-serving Japanese prime minister, and the second by longest uninterrupted service . Satō is best remembered for presiding over a long period of economic growth and Japan's re-emergence as a leading world power after World War II . Born in Yamaguchi Prefecture , Satō was a member of the Satō–Kishi–Abe family and
7695-523: Was a Japanese politician who served as prime minister of Japan from 1972 to 1974. Known for his background in construction and earthy and tenacious political style, Tanaka is the only modern Japanese prime minister who did not finish high school or graduate from a university. Born in Niigata Prefecture to a poor farmer, Tanaka left school at age 14. He later received an engineering education and founded his own construction company in 1936. In 1940, he
7790-692: Was appointed Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party . His tenure saw the emergence of a number of corruption scandals involving LDP Diet members, collectively known as the Black Mist Scandal. Although Tanaka himself was not implicated, Satō replaced him with Takeo Fukuda in December 1966. Tanaka was given a low-profile position as chairman of the LDP Urban Policy Research Commission. Fukuda and Tanaka soon became
7885-521: Was arrested on 27 July 1976, initially on charges of violating Japanese foreign exchange restrictions by not reporting the payment. He was released in August on a ¥200m (US$ 690,000) bond. Tanaka was located in the Tokyo Detention House . Many Tanaka supporters viewed the scandal as an effort by American multinational corporations to "get" Tanaka in response to his hard-line stance in trade talks with
7980-527: Was chosen as the LDP representative to attend the funeral of Chiang Kai-Shek . However, upon protest from the Chinese government of Satō's role as "official envoy of the LDP president", his role was relegated to a "friendship representative". On 19 May 1975, Satō attended a dinner in Shikiraku, a restaurant in Tokyo's Tsukiji district, attended by Fukuda. During the event, he suffered a massive stroke, resulting in
8075-597: Was drafted into the army and served in Manchuria until 1941; during the Pacific War , he made a fortune from government contracts. After the war, Tanaka was first elected to the National Diet in 1947. He joined the Liberal Democratic Party on its foundation in 1955, and held a series of cabinet positions, including posts and telecommunications minister from 1957 to 1958, finance minister from 1962 to 1965, and international trade and industry minister from 1971 to 1972. He built up
8170-438: Was found guilty and sentenced to 4 years in jail and a 500 million yen fine. Rather than cave in, he filed an appeal and announced that he would not leave the Diet as long as his constituents supported him. This sparked a month-long war in the Diet over whether or not to censure Tanaka; eventually, Prime Minister Nakasone, himself elected by Tanaka's faction, dissolved the Diet and called for a new election, stating that "in view of
8265-589: Was imposing a 10 percent surcharge on imports, a decision explicitly aimed at hindering Japan's exports to the United States, and was unilaterally suspending the convertibility of dollars into gold, which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed currency exchange rates. The resulting decoupling of the yen and the dollar led the yen to soar in value, significantly damaging Japan's international trade and economic outlook. With his approval ratings plummeting, Satō abandoned plans to run for
8360-693: Was impoverished and neglected in comparison to omote Nippon , ”the front of Japan” facing the Pacific Ocean . Furthermore, Niigata was in the snow country of Japan, where heavy snows made conditions difficult. Although they were a farming family, Tanaka’s grandfather Sutekichi had also been a respected shrine carpenter and Tanaka’s father Kakuji worked as a horse and cattle trader. At the time of Tanaka’s birth they were considered relatively well-off in Futada, but when business ventures undertaken by Kakuji: importing Holstein cattle and koi farming; ended up failing
8455-415: Was only known to Tanaka's family and doctors. The division in the Tanaka faction was a boon for smaller LDP faction leaders, particularly Prime Minister Nakasone who no longer had to worry about a single dominant force within the LDP. Public chiding of Tanaka continued during 1985, including Sega 's publication of an arcade game titled Gombe's I'm Sorry ( ごんべえのあいむそ〜り〜 , Gonbē no Aimusōrī ) featuring
8550-629: Was paralyzed, and he was grossly overweight. The Tokyo High Court dismissed Tanaka's appeal on 29 July 1987, and the original sentence passed down in 1983 was reinstated. Tanaka immediately posted bail and appealed to the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, despite Nikaido's efforts, by July 1987 the Takeshita faction counted 113 of the 143 Tanaka faction members, while only thirteen supported Nikaido. The Tanaka faction members who moved to Takeshita's faction included Ichirō Ozawa , Tsutomu Hata , Ryutaro Hashimoto , Keizō Obuchi and Kozo Watanabe . Takeshita won
8645-458: Was protested by a number of local anti-Japanese sentiments denying international investment, which occurred on 15 January 1974. Japanese-manufactured material and buildings were destroyed by Indonesian protesters. 11 people were dead, a further 300 were injured, and 775 protesters were arrested. As a result, the Soeharto regime dissolved the president's private counselor constitution and took control of
8740-451: Was ranked fourth in the year. It became a best seller. Although Satō wanted Fukuda to become the next prime minister, Tanaka's popularity, along with support from the factions of Yasuhiro Nakasone and Masayoshi Ōhira , gave him a 282–190 victory over Fukuda in the LDP's 1971 party president election. He entered the office with the highest popularity rating of any new premier in Japanese history. One of Tanaka's most remembered achievements
8835-535: Was sent to military hospital in Japan in February 1941; he was discharged in October 1941. After recovering, Tanaka found office space at the Sakamoto Construction Company and restarted his business. His landlady, the late company president's widow, was trying to find a match for her daughter, Hana Sakamoto, so Tanaka married Hana in March 1942. She was seven years Tanaka’s senior and had a daughter from
8930-740: Was the first international conference sponsored by the Japanese government in the postwar period. In 1967, he was also the first Japanese prime minister to visit Singapore . He was largely supportive of the South Vietnamese government throughout the Vietnam War . Since the end of the Second World War , Okinawa had been occupied by the United States . While visiting the United States in January 1965, Satō openly asked President Lyndon Johnson to return Okinawa to Japan. In August 1965, Satō became
9025-433: Was unable to meet with Ōkōchi. Instead he found work as an apprentice at a construction company while he began attending engineering school part-time in the evenings. He ended up quitting his job after a dispute with his foreman, later working briefly for an insurance industry magazine and a trading company. In 1935 the fortunes of Tanaka's father turned, so Tanaka was able to spend more time on his education. He took courses at
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