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60-465: As of the 2010 Census , black households had a median income of $ 43,510, which placed the median black household within the second income quintile . 27.3% of black households earned an income between $ 25,000 and $ 50,000, 33.2% earned between $ 50,000 and $ 75,000, 7.6% earned between $ 75,000 and $ 100,000, and 9.4% earned more than $ 100,000. Although the composition of the Black middle class varies by definition,

120-408: A bachelor's degrees. As of 2003, the percentage of black householders is 48%, compared to 43% in 1990. The rise to the middle class for African-Americans occurred throughout the 1960s; however, it leveled off and began to decline in the following decades due to multiple recessions that struck America throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Blacks and other groups suffered the brunt of those recessions. There

180-432: A downtown census tract which lost only 60 housing units, but 1,400 people, implying that a downtown jail or dormitory was missed in canvassing. NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg held a conference on March 27, 2011, to announce that the city would also challenge his city's census results, specifically the apparent undercounting in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn . Bloomberg said that the numbers for Queens and Brooklyn,

240-412: A fixed period during which the homeowner can borrow money, such as ten years. At the end of this “draw period,” the borrower may be allowed to renew the credit line. If the plan does not allow renewals, the borrower will not be able to borrow additional money once the period has ended. Some plans may call for payment in full of any outstanding balance at the end of the period. Others may allow repayment over

300-463: A former conservative Republican Representative from Minnesota , stated that she would not fill out her census form other than to indicate the number of people living in her household because "the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond that." Former Republican representative and Libertarian presidential candidate Bob Barr stated that the census has become too intrusive, going beyond

360-473: A historically low participating ethnicity in the U.S. census. Rapper Ludacris also participated in efforts to spread awareness of the 2010 census. The Census Bureau hired about 635,000 people to find those U.S. residents who had not returned their forms by mail; as of May 28, 2010, 113 census workers had been victims of crime while conducting the census. As of June 29, there were 436 incidents involving assaults or threats against enumerators, more than double

420-451: A home mortgage, African-American and Hispanic customers are 82% more likely to be turned down for a loan than were white customers. Black renters also favored a 10.7 percent chance of being totally excluded from housing made available to comparable white renters and a 23.3 percent chance of learning about fewer apartments. Discrimination in housing practices and residential segregation leads to substantial wealth gaps across races. Home ownership

480-399: A long form for the 2010 census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, which asked for detailed social and economic information. The 2010 census used only a short form asking ten basic questions: The form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option

540-518: A population of over 500,000 people as well as the first in which all 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 200,000. It was the first census since 1930 that California did not record the largest population growth in absolute number. Texas surpassed California's growth by 4.3 million to 3.4 million. As required by the United States Constitution , the U.S. Census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U.S. Census

600-750: A role in the achievement gap . One explanation that has been suggested for racial and ethnic differences in standardized test performance is that standardized IQ tests and testing procedures are culturally biased toward European-American middle class knowledge and experiences. Social psychologist Claude Steele suggests that minority children and adolescents may also experience stereotype threat —the fear that they will be judged to have traits associated with negative appraisals and/or stereotypes of their race or ethnic group which produces test anxiety and keeps them from doing as well as they could on tests. According to Steele, minority test takers experience anxiety, believing that if they do poorly on their test they will confirm

660-442: A rotating basis will receive the survey each year, and no household will receive it more than once every five years. In June 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples . However, the final form did not contain a separate "same-sex married couple" option. When noting the relationship between household members, same-sex couples who are married could mark their spouses as being "Husband or wife",

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720-508: Is $ 36,000, while white households estimated their parents' median wealth at $ 150,000. African-Americans, who were historically denied access to housing wealth, face a substantial wealth disparity compared to whites. Asset poverty affects an African-American's ability to procure other forms of middle class lifestyle and other forms of wealth. In a project conducted by the University of Washington 's Civil Rights and Labor History Program in 2010, it

780-426: Is a related mechanism also used by redliners to keep track of groups, areas, and people that the discriminating party feels should be denied business or aid or other transactions. In the academic literature, redlining falls under the broader category of credit rationing . In a 2001 book entitled Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation as Causes of Poverty , author John Yinger asserted that when applying for

840-535: Is a significant black suburbanization lag in which African-Americans are less likely than others to adopt suburban residential patterns. Black suburbs tend to be areas of low socioeconomic status and population density. Many are former manufacturing suburbs with weak tax bases, poor municipal services, and high levels of debt, compromising the secure middle-class lifestyle of its African-American inhabitants. The disparity in expenditures on education between inner cities and affluent suburbs exist almost entirely due to

900-533: Is also evidence to suggest the wealth gap has been exacerbated by the housing market bubble in 2006 and the recession that followed from late 2007 to mid-2009, which took a far greater toll on depleting minority wealth. According to a 2011 study from Pew Research Center, whites possess 20 times more wealth than African-Americans and 18 times that of Latinos. Whereas white families have accumulated $ 113,149 of wealth on average, black households have only accumulated $ 5,677 in wealth on average. As shown on Eurweb.com, of

960-725: Is thought to have many conservative fans, to publicize the census. The results of the 2010 census determined the number of seats that each state received in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 2012 elections . Consequently, this affected the number of votes each state had in the Electoral College for the 2012 presidential election . Because of population changes, eighteen states had changes in their number of seats. Eight states gained at least one seat, and ten states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 12 seats being switched. Some objected to

1020-421: Is typically a source of insurance against poverty. However, for blacks and Hispanics, home ownership rates have never made it past 50% [as of 2001]. Segregated housing patterns also keep African-Americans far from suburbanizing jobs and associated job information networks. This mismatch between residential locations and employment reduces the employment options for middle- and lower-class African-Americans. There

1080-435: Is used. These are core metropolitan rankings versus combined statistical areas. For full list with current data, go to metropolitan statistics . Home equity Home equity is the market value of a homeowner's unencumbered interest in their real property , that is, the difference between the home's fair market value and the outstanding balance of all liens on the property. The property's equity increases as

1140-539: The Federal Housing Administration (FHA). During the heyday of redlining, the areas most frequently discriminated against were black inner city neighborhoods. For example, in Atlanta in the 1980s, a Pulitzer Prize -winning series of articles by investigative reporter Bill Dedman showed that banks would often lend to lower-income whites but not to middle-income or upper-income blacks. The use of blacklists

1200-518: The U.S. Post Office beginning March 15, 2010. The number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1, 2010. Although the questionnaire used April 1, 2010, as the reference date as to where a person was living, an insert dated March 15, 2010, included the following printed in bold type: "Please complete and mail back the enclosed census form today." The 2010 census national mail participation rate

1260-450: The 14 million black households in the U.S. in 2015, only 5% had more than $ 350,000 in net worth, and less than 1% of black families had over $ 1 million in net assets. As of 1999, Blacks and whites similarly situated within the "educational middle class" live in distinct wealth worlds. Whereas educationally middle-class whites possessed $ 111,000 in median net worth, educationally middle-class Black families had only $ 33,500; in terms of assets,

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1320-412: The 181 incidents in 2000 ; one enumerator, attempting to hand-deliver the census forms to a Hawaii County police officer, was arrested for trespassing – the officer's fellow policemen made the arrest. Some political conservatives and libertarians questioned the validity of the questions and even encouraged people to refuse to answer questions for privacy and constitutional reasons. Michele Bachmann ,

1380-410: The 2010 U.S. Census. Census Bureau director Robert Grove, however, wrote "the Census Bureau has rarely prosecuted failure to respond. While the rationale for the mandatory nature of the census still applies today, our message for the 2010 Census is about the common good benefits of participation". The fine for non-participation is much lower than that for reporting false information. In 2010, that penalty

1440-418: The 2010 census cost to be $ 11 billion. In August 2010, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced that the census operational costs came in significantly under budget; of an almost $ 7 billion operational budget: Locke credited the management practices of Census Bureau director Robert Groves , citing in particular the decision to buy additional advertising in locations where responses lagged, which improved

1500-587: The 2010 census per-capita cost for China was about US$ 1 and for India was US$ 0.40. Operational costs were $ 5.4 billion, significantly under the $ 7 billion budget. In December 2010 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted that the cost of conducting the census has approximately doubled each decade since 1970. In a detailed 2004 report to Congress , the GAO called on the Census Bureau to address cost and design issues, and at that time, had estimated

1560-562: The 2010 census were those who identify as Black and Hispanic. This could lead to the loss of resources for underserved minority communities. The term " Negro " was used in the questionnaire as one of the options for African Americans (Question 9. What is Person (number)'s race? ... Black , African Am., or Negro) as a choice to describe one's race. Census Bureau spokesman Jack Martin explained that "many older African-Americans identified themselves that way, and many still do. Those who identify themselves as Negroes need to be included." The word

1620-644: The Black middle class is typically divided into a lower-middle class, core middle class, and an upper-middle class. The black lower-middle class is concentrated in sales , clerical positions , and blue-collar occupations , while the black upper-middle class (sometimes combined into the black upper class ) is characterized by highly educated professionals in white-collar occupations , such as health care professionals , lawyers , educators , engineers , and accountants . Many African-Americans had limited opportunities for advancement to middle class status prior to 1961 because of racial discrimination , segregation, and

1680-566: The Corporation For Economic Development (CFED) and the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), which calculated that "it would take 228 years for the average Black family to amass the same level of wealth the average white family holds today in 2016... According to the Institute on Assets and Social Policy, for each dollar of increase in average income an African-American household saw from 1984 to 2009 just $ 0.69 in additional wealth

1740-466: The address canvassing operation. Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves , President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of contracting problems but very little criticism of the units themselves. The Census Bureau chose to conduct the primary operation, Non-Response Follow Up (NRFU), without using

1800-430: The census. The contract included systems, facilities, and staffing. The final value of that contract was in excess of one billion dollars. Information technology was about a quarter of the projected $ 11.3 billion cost of the decennial census. The use of high-speed document scanning technology, such as ImageTrac scanners developed by IBML , helped Lockheed Martin complete the project on schedule and under budget. Due to

1860-635: The counting of persons who are in the United States illegally. Senators David Vitter (R-LA) and Bob Bennett (R-UT) tried unsuccessfully to add questions on immigration status to the census form. Organizations such as the Prison Policy Initiative argued that the census counts of incarcerated men and women as residents of prisons, rather than of their pre-incarceration addresses, skewed political clout and resulted in misleading demographic and population data. Many residents of prisons counted on

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1920-536: The debtor makes payments against the mortgage balance, or as the property value appreciates . In economics , home equity is sometimes called real property value . Home equity is not liquid . Home equity management refers to the process of using equity extraction via loans , at favorable, and often tax-favored, interest rates , to invest otherwise illiquid equity in a target that offers higher returns. Homeowners acquire equity in their home from two sources. They purchase equity with their down payment and

1980-400: The detailed information provided for 549 census blocks is "nonsensical", listing examples of census data that show housing units located in the middle of a street that does not actually exist. However, officials do not believe the city's total population will drastically change as a result of the challenge. The state with the highest percentage rate of growth was Nevada , while the state with

2040-571: The disparity was $ 56,000 to $ 15,000. Looking at only "the occupational middle-class", an equally pronounced gap is visible: middle-class whites had $ 123,000 in median net worth and $ 60,000 in median net financial assets compared to $ 26,500 and $ 11,200 for middle-class African-Americans. According to Thomas Shapiro (2004), white families possess "between three and five times as much wealth as equally achieving Black middle class families." A 2016 article entitled "Black Wealth Hardly Exists, Even When You Include NBA, NFL and Rap Stars" related recent findings of

2100-477: The districting patterns within the school system. Schools in lower-income districts tend to employ less qualified teachers and have fewer educational resources. Research shows that teacher effectiveness is the most important in-school factor affecting student learning. Good teachers can actually close or eliminate the gaps in achievement on the standardized tests that separate white and minority students. The culture and environment in which children are raised may play

2160-584: The fact that most lived in the rural South . In 1960, 43% of the white population completed high school , while only 20% of the black population did the same. African-Americans had little to no access to higher education, and only 3% graduated from college. Those blacks who were professionals were mainly confined to serving the African-American population. Outside of the black community, they often worked in unskilled industrial jobs. Black women who worked were frequently domestic servants . However, black women in

2220-416: The handheld computing devices. Due to allegations surrounding previous censuses that poor people and non-whites are routinely undercounted, for the 2010 census, the Census Bureau tried to avoid that bias by enlisting tens of thousands of intermediaries, such as churches, charities and firms, to explain to people the importance of being counted. There was a penalty of $ 100 for not completing some or all of

2280-521: The hope of avoiding an undercount of this group. The 2010 U.S. census was the primary sponsor at NASCAR races in Atlanta, Bristol, and Martinsville, and sponsored the No. 16 Ford Fusion driven by Greg Biffle for part of the season, because of a marketing survey that indicated most NASCAR fans lean politically conservative. It also ran an advertisement during the 2010 Super Bowl , and hired singer Marie Osmond , who

2340-625: The largest population increase was Texas . Michigan , the 8th largest by population, was the only state to lose population (although Puerto Rico , a U.S. territory , lost population as well), and the District of Columbia saw its first gain since the 1950s. The resident populations listed below do not include people living overseas. For Congressional apportionment, the sum of a state's resident population and its population of military personnel and federal contractors living overseas (but not other citizens overseas, such as missionaries or expatriate workers)

2400-462: The mere enumeration (i.e., count) intended by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. According to political commentator Juan Williams , "Census participation rates have been declining since 1970, and if conservatives don't participate, doubts about its accuracy and credibility may become fatal." As a result, the Census Bureau undertook an unprecedented advertising campaign targeted at encouraging white political conservatives to fill out their forms, in

2460-443: The new possibilities. Homeownership has been crucial in the rise of the black middle class, including the movement of African-Americans to the suburbs , which has also translated into better educational opportunities. By 1980, over 50% of the African-American population had graduated from high school and eight percent graduated from college. In 2006, 86% of blacks between age 25 and 29 had graduated from high school and 19% had completed

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2520-450: The overall response rate. The agency also has begun to rely more on questioning neighbors or other reliable third parties when a person could not be immediately reached at home, which reduced the cost of follow-up visits. Census data for about 22% of U.S. households that did not reply by mail were based on such outside interviews, Groves said. In 2005, Lockheed Martin won a six-year, $ 500 million contract to capture and standardize data for

2580-435: The post-slavery emerging middle class also worked as teachers, nurses, businesswomen, journalists and other professionals. Economic growth, public policy , Black skill development, and the civil rights movement all contributed to the surfacing of a larger black middle class. The civil rights movement helped to remove barriers to higher education. As opportunities for African-Americans expanded, blacks began to take advantage of

2640-473: The principal portion of any payments they make against their mortgage. They also benefit from a gain in equity when the value of the property increases. Investors typically look to purchase properties that will grow in value, causing the equity in the property to increase, thus providing a return on their investment when the property is sold. Home equity may serve as collateral for a home equity loan or home equity line of credit . Many home equity plans set

2700-453: The rise in social media and cell-phone usage in the U.S., the Census Bureau used research gathered through a cell-phone study in order to target media and adds to populations that were nonrespondents and promote census participation. This study also helped gauge the mindset of those who fail to respond, trying to figure out why. This was the first census to use hand-held computing devices with GPS capability, although they were only used for

2760-625: The same response given by opposite-sex married couples. An "unmarried partner" option was available for couples (whether same-sex or opposite-sex) who were not married. The Census 2010 Language Program was significantly expanded. Language assistance in 49 languages in the 2000 Census was increased to 59 languages in Census 2000. In addition to English, Census questionnaire was available in five non-English languages: Spanish, Chinese (simplified), Korean, Vietnamese, and Russian. The 2010 census cost $ 13 billion, approximately $ 42 per capita; by comparison,

2820-527: The stereotypes about inferior intellectual performance of their minority group. As a result, a self-fulfilling prophecy begins, and the child performs at a level beneath his or her inherent abilities. Some researchers also hypothesize that in some cases, minorities, especially African American students, may stop trying in school because they do not want to be accused of " acting white " by their peers. It has also been suggested that some minority students simply stop trying because they do not believe they will ever see

2880-451: The system of property taxes which most school systems rely on for funding. By attending spatially segregated school systems, children of the black middle class do not have access to the same educational and employment opportunities as their white counterparts. In general, minority students are more likely to reside in lower or middle class inner city neighborhoods, meaning minority students are more likely to attend poorly funded schools based on

2940-401: The ten questions were to be answered for each individual in the household. Federal law has provisions for fining those who refuse to complete the census form. Detroit Mayor Dave Bing held a press conference on March 22, 2011, to announce that the city would challenge its census results. The challenge, being led by the city's planning department, cited an inconsistency as an example showing

3000-407: The true benefits of their hard work. As some researchers point out, minority students may feel little motivation to do well in school because they do not believe it will pay off in the form of a better job or upward social mobility . 2010 United States Census The 2010 United States census was the 23rd United States census . National Census Day, the reference day used for the census,

3060-495: The two most populous boroughs, are implausible. According to the census, they grew by only 0.1% and 1.6%, respectively, while the other boroughs grew by between 3% and 5%. He also stated that the census showed improbably high numbers of vacant housing in vital neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, Queens . The District of Columbia announced in August 2011 that it would also challenge its census results. The Mayor's Office claimed that

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3120-667: Was $ 500. The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) was given a contract to help publicize the importance of the census count and to encourage individuals to fill out their forms. In September 2009, after controversial undercover videos showing four ACORN staffers giving tax advice to a man and a woman posing as a prostitute, the bureau canceled ACORN's contract. Various American celebrities, including Demi Lovato and Eva Longoria , were used in public service announcements targeting younger people to fill out census forms. Wilmer Valderrama and Rosario Dawson have helped spread census awareness among young Hispanics,

3180-504: Was 74%. From April through July 2010, census takers visited households that didn't return a form, an operation called "non-response follow-up" (NRFU). In December 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau delivered population information to the U.S. president for apportionment , and later in March 2011, complete redistricting data was delivered to states. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use

3240-435: Was April 1, 2010. The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators serving to spot-check randomly selected neighborhoods and communities. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, a 9.7% increase from the 2000 United States Census . This was the first census in which all states recorded

3300-424: Was also used in the 2000 census, with over 56,000 people identifying themselves as "Negro". In response to complaints over the word's inclusion on the 2010 census, the Census Bureau announced in 2013 that it would stop using "Negro" going forward, with the 2014 American Community Survey census form being the first without the word. Perhaps not a controversy, but yet, another challenge for the Census Bureau in 2010

3360-548: Was found that records of more than 400 properties in Seattle suburbs alone contained now-illegal discriminatory language that formerly excluded several ethnic groups. Another barrier is discriminatory mortgage lending patterns and redlining . Although informal discrimination and segregation had existed in the United States, the specific practice called "redlining" began with the National Housing Act of 1934 , which established

3420-553: Was generated, compared with the same dollar in increased income creating an additional $ 5.19 in wealth for a similarly situated white household." Most contemporary wealth is built in America on home equity . Present-day income is thus an insufficient measure of household socioeconomic status. Looking at disparities between wealth accumulation among African-Americans and whites paints a far more accurate picture of racial socioeconomic differences. The estimated median wealth of black households

3480-472: Was not offered, nor was the form available for download. Detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey . The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on

3540-477: Was that almost three million people selected that their race was Black and in combination with another race. This reflects societal changes in the first decade of the 21st century as hospitals had begun recognizing multiple races at the birth of a child. Thus, when parents are reporting their child's race on the census, they selected multiple races. The 2010 census contained ten questions about age, gender, ethnicity, home ownership, and household relationships. Six of

3600-528: Was the previous census completed. Participation in the U.S. Census is required by law of people living in the United States in Title 13 of the United States Code . On January 25, 2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, a resident of Noorvik, Alaska . More than 120 million census forms were delivered by

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