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31-610: The Northern and Central Bitterroot Range , collectively the Bitterroot Mountains ( Salish : čkʷlkʷqin ), is the largest portion of the Bitterroot Range , part of the Rocky Mountains and Idaho Batholith , located in the panhandle of Idaho and westernmost Montana in the northwestern United States . The mountains encompass an area of 4,862 square miles (12,593 km) . The mountains are bordered on

62-420: A high success rate based on feedback from the participating families and showcased a lot of benefits of this type of learning. Additionally, the program structure used surveys and allowed for researchers to track the learning experience. There were 12 main takeaways that came from this program that can be applied to other program. The first three were focussing on the target language, meaning not using English in

93-567: A language nest in Vieljärvi, Karjalan Tazavaldu ( Vedlozero , the Republic of Karelia ): Karjalan Kielen Kodi. Language nest is kielipezä in Karelian. Language nests have been proposed as part of the revitalization of Nivkh on Sakhalin , but as of 2018 had not been implemented due to the unwillingness of local school administrators and shortages of staff and funding. Language nests have been used on

124-444: A sequence of two affricates, whereas [stiʕít.ʃən] "killdeer" has a tee-esh sequence. All stop consonants are clearly released, even in clusters or word-finally. Though they are generally not aspirated, aspiration often occurs before obstruents and epenthetic schwas before sonorants. For example, the word /t͡ʃɬkʷkʷtˀnéˀws/ "a fat little belly" is pronounced [t͡ʃɬkꭩkꭩtʰəʔnéʔʍs] ; likewise, /t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéˀlʃt͡ʃn/ "woodtick"

155-546: A verb takes a direct object or it does not. For example, in (1) and (2), the single morphemes illustrate these properties rather than it being encoded in the verb as it is in English. ɫox̩ʷ open(ed) -nt - TR -en - 1sg . SUBJ ɫox̩ʷ -nt -en open(ed) -TR -1sg.SUBJ 'I made a hole in it' puls die, kill -VC - OC -st - TR -el' - SUCCESS puls -VC -st -el' {die, kill} -OC -TR -SUCCESS 'He got to kill (one)' Something that

186-678: A vowel. Salish has pharyngeal consonants , which are rare worldwide and uncommon but not unusual in the Mosan Sprachbund to which Salish belongs. It is also unusual in lacking a simple lateral approximant and simple velar consonants ( /k/ only occurs in loanwords ), though again this is known elsewhere in the Mosan area. The post-velars are normally transcribed as uvular consonants : ⟨ q, qʼ, χ, qʷ, qʷʼ, χʷ ⟩. Salish contrasts affricates with stop – fricative sequences. For example, [ʔiɬt͡ʃt͡ʃeˀn] "tender, sore" has

217-500: Is 79 square miles (205 km) in area and its highest peak is the aforementioned El Capitan. The Bitterroot Mountains presented an unexpected, formidable obstacle to Lewis and Clark during their expedition westward, and ended their expectation of finding a " Northwest Passage " giving an easy connection from the Atlantic watershed to that of the Pacific. Guy M. Brandborg of

248-660: Is an immersion -based approach to language revitalization in early-childhood education . Language nests originated in New Zealand in the 1980s, as a part of the Māori-language revival in that country. The term "language nest" is a calque of the Māori phrase kōhanga reo . In a language nest, older speakers of the language take part in the education of children through intergenerational language transference. With that, these older fluent speakers act as mentors and help children use

279-801: Is famous for native translations that treat all lexical Salish words as verbs or clauses in English—for instance, translating a two-word Salish clause that would appear to mean "I-killed a-deer" into English as I killed it. It was a deer. Salish is taught at the Nkwusm Salish Immersion School, in Arlee, Montana . Public schools in Kalispell, Montana , offer language classes, a language nest , and intensive training for adults. An online Salish Language Tutor and online Kalispel Salish curriculum are available. A dictionary, "Seliš nyoʔnuntn: Medicine for

310-511: Is one main stress in each word, though the location of stress is determined in a complex way (Black 1996). OC:out-of-control morpheme reduplication SUCCESS:success aspect morpheme Given its polysynthetic nature, Salish-Spokane-Kalispel encodes meaning in single morphemes rather than lexical items. In the Spokane dialect specifically, the morphemes ¬–nt and –el', denote transitivity and intransitivity, respectively. Meaning, they show whether or not

341-498: Is only one language nest for Võro working three days a week in Haanja and several initiatives, so called "language nest days" ( keelepesäpäiv ) that are working one day in week in 18 different kindergartens of Võro area. Võro language nest initiatives are organised by Võro Institute . There are language nests for Inari Sámi , Skolt Sami , and the Karelian languages in Finland. There is

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372-408: Is pronounced [t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéʔt͡ɬʃᵗʃən] , and /ppíˀl/ is [pʰpíḭᵗɬə̥] . Spokane vowels show five contrasts: /a/ , /e/ , /i/ , /o/ and /u/ , but almost all examples of /a/ and /o/ are lowered from /e/ and /u/ , respectively, when those precede uvulars, or precede or follow pharyngeals. Unstressed vowels are inserted to break up certain consonant clusters, with the vowel quality determined by

403-613: Is teaching language classes in high schools. Salish-language Christmas carols are popular for children's holiday programs, which have been broadcast over the Salish Kootenai College television station, and Salish-language karaoke has become popular at the annual Celebrating Salish Conference, held in Spokane, Washington . As of 2013, many signs on U.S. Route 93 in the Flathead Indian Reservation were including

434-514: Is the southernmost and tallest subrange of the Bitterroot Mountains. The Central Bitterroots encompass 2,993 square miles (7,752 km) and its two tallest peaks are the 10,157 foot (3,096 m) Trapper Peak and the 9,983 foot (3,043 m) El Capitan . The Central Bitterroots also contain a smaller subrange, the Como Peaks . The Como Peaks subrange

465-489: Is unique to the Spokane dialect is the SUCCESS aspect morpheme: -nu. The SUCCESS marker allows the denotation that the act took more effort than it normally would otherwise. In (3) and (4) we can see this particular transformation. ɫip' mark -nt - TR -en - 1sg . SUBJ ɫip' -nt -en mark -TR -1sg.SUBJ 'I marked it' ɫip' mark -nu - SUCCESS -nt- Language nest A language nest

496-457: The 7,930 foot (2,417 m) Rhodes Peak and the 7,770 foot (2,368 m) Quartz Benchmark . The Northern Bitterroots also contain a smaller subrange, the Grave Creek Range . The Grave Creek Range is 262 square miles (679 km) in area and its highest peak is the 7,270 foot (2,216 m) Petty Mountain . The Central Bitterroot Range

527-831: The Isle of Man , where there are Manx language playgroups and nurseries run by Mooinjer Veggey . A study in 2004 reported on two language nests in British Columbia: a Cseyseten ("language nest") at Adam's Lake in the Secwepemc language, and a Clao7alcw ("Raven’s nest") at Lil’wat Nation in the Lil’wat language written about by Onowa McIvor for her Master's thesis. The First Peoples' Cultural Council in Canada provides grants to First Nations communities in British Columbia as part of

558-447: The Spokane (Npoqínišcn), Kalispel (Qalispé), Pend d'Oreilles , and Bitterroot Salish (Séliš). The total ethnic population was 8,000 in 1977, but most have switched to English. As is the case of many other languages of northern North America, Salish is polysynthetic ; like other languages of the Mosan language area , it does not make a clear distinction between nouns and verbs. Salish

589-583: The Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Language Revitalization , the program targets 4- to 5-year-olds in a half day session in the Duluth area. The main goal of this program was to teach Ojibwe language and immerse preschool children, families, and university students in the language and culture. The needs of the program were identified by the Indigenous community and participating post-secondary students. This program had

620-629: The Lakota Language Immersion Nest, opened on September 12, 2012. Full day schooling aimed at 3-year-olds, with parents also receiving training to encourage at home efforts, is key to this program. In South Dakota on the Pine Ridge Reservation, the Lakota Language & Education Initiative at Thunder Valley Community Development Corporation services children from ages 0-9 years old through the language nest model. Utilizing

651-864: The Pre-School Language Nest Program. In the Northwest Territories , there are language nests for each of the official Aboriginal languages, with more than 20 language nests in total. In Hawaii , the Hawaiian-language equivalent, the Pūnana Leo , has been running for 40 years and has also been successful in producing first-language speakers of Hawaiian. In Minnesota , the Enweyang Ojibwe Language Nest started in 2009. In collaboration with UMD's College of Education and Human Services Professionals and Eni-gikendaasoyang,

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682-472: The Salish Language," was expanded from 186 to 816 pages in 2009; children's books and language CDs are also available. Salish Kootenai College offers Salish language courses, and trains Salish language teachers at its Native American Language Teacher Training Institute as a part of its ongoing efforts to preserve the language. As of May 2013, the organization Yoyoot Skʷkʷimlt ("Strong Young People")

713-692: The U.S. Forest Service, was supervisor of the Bitterroot National Forest from 1935 to 1955. By insisting on selection cutting, he tried to protect the watersheds and wildlife habitats that are harmed by clear-cutting. After he retired in 1955 Brandborg denounced the Forest Service for deviating from his model. He launched a public attack and lobbied to secure passage of the National Forest Management Act of 1976 , that codified his model. Montana Salish Dialects are spoken by

744-457: The adjacent consonants. The epenthetic vowel is often realized as /ə/ , but also /ɔ/ before rounded uvulars, and /ɪ/ before alveolars and palatals. The consonant inventory of Spokane differs from Salish somewhat, including plain and glottalized central alveolar approximants /ɹ/ and /ˀɹ/ , and a uvular series instead of post-velar. Spokane words are polysynthetic , typically based on roots with CVC(C) structure, plus many affixes . There

775-798: The historic Salish and Kutenai names for towns, rivers, and streams, and the Missoula City Council was seeking input from the Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee regarding appropriate Salish-language signage for the city of Missoula. Salish has five vowels, /a e i o u/ , plus an epenthetic schwa [ə] which occurs between an obstruent and a sonorant consonant , or between two unlike sonorants. (Differences in glottalization do not cause epenthesis, and in long sequences not all pairs are separated, for example in /sqllú/ → [sqəllú] "tale", /ʔlˀlát͡s/ → [ʔəlˀlát͡s] "red raspberry", and /sˀnmˀné/ → [səʔnəmˀné] "toilet". No word may begin with

806-1082: The language nest model and the Montessori approach, Thunder Valley CDC's effort is designed to reclaim and revitalize the Lakota language and Lifeways. Sixteen language nests have existed in Alaska at various points, though all but X̱ántsii Náay Haida Immersion Preschool have since ceased operation. In August 2009, the Australian government pledged to pilot language nests as part of its National Indigenous Languages Policy. The first of five Aboriginal language and culture nests in New South Wales launched in 2013, although these are government service delivery centres and not immersion pre-schools. The Miriwoong Language Nest has been running in Kununurra since early 2014 with over 300 children attending per week. The first kōhanga reo

837-702: The north by Lolo Creek, to the northeast by the Clark Fork , on the south by the Salmon River , on the east by the Bitterroot River and Valley , and on the west by the Selway and Lochsa Rivers. Its highest summit is Trapper Peak , at 10,157 feet (3,096 m). The Northern Bitterroot Range is the northernmost and shortest subrange of the Bitterroot Mountains. The Northern Bitterroots encompass 1,869 square miles (4,841 km) and its two tallest peaks are

868-482: The program, starting from the beginning, and starting today, as starting from a young age has its benefits. The next few including respecting different dialects, supporting families and community members, and focussing on a culture-centred approach. Building a community of support, strong leadership, and kindness within the program were also highlighted. The last few include quality language and promoting active speech communities, allowing for quality teaching, and valuing

899-940: The small accomplishments made along the way. Additionally, the Dakhódiapi Wahóȟpi (Dakota Language Nest) opened in 2022 at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities . It is housed in the Child Development Laboratory School in Minneapolis . The tribal schools in Cusick, near Kalispell in Montana offer classes in the Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead language , including an immersion language program for elementary school children. In North Dakota , Lakȟól’yapi Wahóȟpi,

930-428: The target language in many different settings. The language nest is a program that places focus on local Indigenous cultural practices and perspectives, and with that incorporates traditional activities, cultural products, and Indigenous language discourse. Additionally, the quality of these early childhood immersion programs helps in aiding the development of linguistic and cultural competence for participants. There

961-501: Was founded in Wainuiomata in 1982, and was followed by wholly immersive primary schools and secondary schools— Kura Kaupapa Māori —where Māori is the primary language of instruction. According to Al Jazeera, the percentage of Māori people speaking the language has increased by a few percentage points from the early 1980s to 2014. Linguist Christopher Moseley says that this statistic is "quite encouraging" because "compared to how quickly

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