Charles Moyer A. S. Embree
95-577: Walter S. Douglas ,(President of the Phelps Dodge Copper Queen Mine) John C. Greenway (General Manager of The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company of Warren), Lemuel C. Shattuck (Owner and General Manager of the Shattuck-Denn Mine) Harry C. Wheeler The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of
190-635: A posse —one of the largest posses ever assembled. Phelps Dodge officials also met with executives of the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad , who agreed to provide rail transportation for any deportees. The morning of July 12, the Bisbee Daily Review carried a notice announcing that: ...a Sheriff's posse of 1,200 men in Bisbee and 1,000 men in Douglas, all loyal Americans, [had formed] for the purpose of arresting on
285-536: A connection with the AT&;SF. Unsatisfied with their service, the road pushed onward to a link with the SP at Benson . In 1900 Phelps Dodge commissioned a smelter at the new town of Douglas , and the rails were extended to that property, as well from their south of the border properties at Nacozari in 1902. Again unsatisfied with freight rates offered by the big railroads, a line extension was pushed to El Paso, TX by 1904. In 1901
380-632: A deputized posse , who arrested them beginning on July 12, 1917, in Bisbee, Arizona . The action was orchestrated by Phelps Dodge , the major mining company in the area, which provided lists of workers and others who were to be arrested to the Cochise County sheriff, Harry C. Wheeler . Those arrested were taken to a local baseball park before being loaded onto cattle cars and deported 200 miles (320 km) to Tres Hermanas in New Mexico . The 16-hour journey
475-681: A heavy military presence. In the United States House of Representatives, the county is mostly part of Arizona's 6th congressional district , which is represented by Republican Juan Ciscomani . In the Arizona Legislature, the county is part of the 19th district and is represented by Republican David Gowan in the State Senate and Republicans Gail Griffin and Lupe Diaz in the State House of Representatives. This district also includes
570-618: A holding company of all the subsidiary properties. Douglas became the first president. This was reorganized in 1917 as the Phelps Dodge Corporation, with each of the subsidiary companies becoming operating divisions. Douglas became CEO with son Walter as president, and helped transform the corporation into a Fortune 500 company. He began reducing his business commitments and delved into philanthropy more until his death in 1918, at his home in Spuyten Durvil, New York. James Douglas
665-403: A household in the county was $ 32,105, and the median income for a family was $ 38,005. Males had a median income of $ 30,533 versus $ 22,252 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 15,988. About 13.5% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 25.8% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. In 2000, the largest denominational group
760-488: A list of demands to Phelps Dodge. They asked for an end to physical examinations after shifts (used by the mine owners to counter theft), having two workers on each drilling machine, two men working the ore elevators, an end to blasting while men were in the mine, an end to the bonus system, no more assignment of construction work to miners, replacement of the sliding scale of wages with a $ 6.00 per day shift rate, and no discrimination against union members. The company refused all
855-535: A mediator. The president of Phelps Dodge at the time was Walter S. Douglas . He was the son of Dr. James Douglas , developer of the Copper Queen mine and a member of the board of directors of the Phelps Dodge Corporation. Douglas was a political opponent of Governor Hunt and had virulently attacked him for refusing, as governor, to send the state militia to suppress strikes in the mining industry. Douglas
950-608: A mine in Bisbee , Arizona Territory known as the Copper Queen mine, the latter's bonanza orebody having been opened by a San Francisco firm two years previously. Only a day's travel from Morenci, Douglas visited the other claim, then looked around the tight confines of Mule Canyon. Adjacent the Copper Queen was the Atlanta claim, which Douglas also reported on for the New York import/export trading concern. Douglas urged Phelps Dodge to option
1045-561: A number of metallurgical innovations in copper mining and amassed a fortune through the copper mining industry of Bisbee , Arizona Territory and Sonora before and after the turn of the 20th century. James Walter Douglas Jr. was born in Quebec City , Lower Canada on 4 November 1837. His father James Douglas Sr., a native of Scotland , was a surgeon and manager of the Beauport Lunatic Asylum. His mother, Elizabeth Ferguson,
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#17328449606641140-506: A period in the early 20th century when attacks by anarchists and labor unrest and violence erupted in numerous American cities and industries. Many native-born Americans were worried about such actions, attributing the unrest to the high numbers of immigrants, rather than to the poor working conditions in many industries. As a result, national press reaction to the Bisbee Deportation was muted. Although many newspapers carried stories about
1235-533: A pioneer in the treatment of mental health in Quebec. Douglas' donations helped keep the hospital alive in the institution's early years. Originally called the "Protestant Hospital for the Insane", the institution took on the name of Douglas Hospital in 1965 as a tribute to James Douglas Jr. and his father. In 1913 Douglas donated nearly a million dollars of radium to Johns Hopkins University , helping medical research. He
1330-646: A press release. With 1,300 penniless men in Hermanas, the Luna County sheriff worriedly wired the Governor of New Mexico for instructions. Republican Governor Washington Ellsworth Lindsey said the men should be treated humanely and fed; he urgently contacted President Wilson and asked for assistance. Wilson ordered U.S. Army troops to escort the men to Columbus, New Mexico. The deportees were housed in tents originally intended for use by Mexican refugees, who had fled across
1425-635: A shipwreck off the Texas coast. Captured by Native Americans, they spent eight years finding their way back to Mexico City, via the San Pedro Valley . Their journals, maps, and stories led to the Cibola, seven cities of gold myth. The Expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in 1539 using it as his route north through what they called the Guachuca Mountains of Pima ( Tohono O'odham ) lands and later part of
1520-401: Is located on the U.S. Army installation Fort Huachuca in the city of Sierra Vista. The airport has three runways and one helipad. It is mostly used for military aviation for the surrounding military base. There are no commercial flights out of Cochise County; the nearest commercial airport is at Tucson , approximately 70 miles from Sierra Vista . The population ranking of the following table
1615-655: Is named in his honor, as is Douglas Hall at McGill University . Dr. Douglas also endowed a lectureship at the University of Arizona, Tucson, and in 1940 Phelps Dodge Corporation funded the construction of the James Douglas Memorial Building for Mines and Metallurgy at the University of Arizona . In 2018, the City Council of Nacozari de García , Mexico, honored Dr. Douglas by enacting an ordinance designating
1710-666: The Bisbee Mining & Historical Museum . His deep interest in transportation and mining were united in an essay he wrote in 1885 on "Historical and Geographical Features of the Rocky Mountain Railroads" which detailed the geological features of the land near the Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Denver and Rio Grand, Southern Pacific, Atlantic and Pacific, Northern Pacific, and the Canadian Pacific railroads. In
1805-674: The Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century. He brought back several mummies from these journeys, selling them to museums in North America. One of these, sold in Niagara Falls , was recently (when?) discovered to be the corpse of Ramses I . James Douglas initially chose a different career from his father, studying to become a minister in the Presbyterian Church . He studied at Queen's College , Kingston from 1856-1858, and later at
1900-546: The Phelps Dodge Corporation owned a number of copper and other mines in Arizona. Mining conditions in the region were difficult, and working conditions (including mine safety, pay, and camp living conditions) were extremely poor. Discrimination against Mexican American and immigrant workers by European-American supervisors was routine and extensive. During the winter of 1915–16, a successful if bitter four-month strike in
1995-538: The University of Edinburgh . By the end of his studies, however, Douglas had second thoughts: "When therefore I was licensed to teach, my faith in Christ was stronger but my faith in denominational Christianity was so weak that I could not sign the Confession of Faith and therefore was never ordained." He was granted a licence to preach, but never became an ordained minister. This secularism remained with Douglas all his life. He
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#17328449606642090-510: The census of 2000, there were 117,755 people, 43,893 households, and 30,768 families residing in the county. The population density was 19 people per square mile (7.3 people/km ). There were 51,126 housing units at an average density of 8 units per square mile (3.1 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 76.7% White , 4.5% Black or African American , 1.2% Native American , 1.7% Asian , 0.3% Pacific Islander , 12.1% from other races , and 3.7% from two or more races. 30.7% of
2185-599: The Arizona Attorney General, Wheeler tried to explain his actions. Asked what law supported his actions, he answered: I have no statute that I had in mind. Perhaps everything that I did wasn't legal....It became a question of 'Are you American, or are you not?'" He told the Attorney General: "I would repeat the operation any time I find my own people endangered by a mob composed of eighty percent aliens and enemies of my Government." These actions took place during
2280-410: The Bisbee Deportation, Phelps Dodge executives seized control of the telegraph and telephones to prevent news of the arrests and expulsion from being reported. Company executives refused to let Western Union send wires out of town, and stopped Associated Press reporters from filing stories. News of the Bisbee Deportation was made known only after an IWW attorney, who met the train in Hermanas, issued
2375-497: The Bisbee events as a justification. They claimed that the only reason the company representatives and local law enforcement had taken the law into their own hands was that the government lacked the power to suppress radical sentiment directly. If the government were armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act. Writing in 1920, Harvard Professor Zechariah Chafee mocked that view: "Doubtless some governmental action
2470-832: The Calumet and Arizona Co., and several elected leaders and law enforcement officers from Bisbee and Cochise Counties. The arrestees included Walter S. Douglas . Sheriff Wheeler was not arrested because he was by then serving in France with the American Expeditionary Force during World War I . A pre-trial motion by the defense led a federal district court to release the 21 men on the grounds that no federal laws had been violated. The Justice Department appealed, but in United States v. Wheeler , 254 U.S. 281 (1920), Chief Justice Edward Douglass White wrote for an 8-to-1 majority that
2565-824: The Clifton-Morenci district led to widespread discontent and unionization among miners in the state. But, the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW) and its president, Charles Moyer , did little to support the nascent union movement. Between February and May 1917, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) stepped in and began signing up several hundred miners as members. The IWW formed Metal Mine Workers Union No. 800. Although Local 800 counted more than 1,000 members, only about 400 paid dues. The town of Bisbee had about 8,000 citizens in 1917. The city
2660-542: The Copper Queen for Phelps Dodge after the Atlanta and Copper Queen both hit the Atlanta ore body, resulting in the formation of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, with Douglas as president and general manager. Under Douglas, the Copper Queen Mine in Bisbee, Arizona Territory, became one of the top copper producing mines in the world. Its former headquarters office (built 1896) is now
2755-518: The Copper Queen, then president and finally CEO of Phelps Dodge. James S. Douglas Jr.'s son (Dr. Douglas' grandson) Lewis Douglas was elected U.S. Congressman representing Arizona, served within President Roosevelt's administration, and later was appointed Ambassador to Great Britain. Throughout this time, Douglas maintained an interest in Canadian history and heritage. He wrote several books on
2850-515: The Detroit Copper Co. ($ 75,000) and to purchase the Atlanta claim outright. Asked if he would manage operations in the West as a representative of Phelps Dodge, he agreed. Douglas was given the choice of a flat fee or a ten per cent interest in the property for his services, of which he chose the latter, a decision that subsequently made him a fortune. In 1885, Douglas helped negotiate the purchase of
2945-744: The Harvey Hill Copper Company in the Province of Canada . In 1875, he moved to the United States to take charge of the copper works at Phoenixville, Pennsylvania . Douglas' Scottish -born father, James Douglas, was a member of the Royal College of Surgeons . He had earned the reputation of being the fastest surgeon in town, capable of performing an amputation in less than one minute. The elder Douglas transmitted his thirst for adventure to his son, taking him on numerous expeditions to Egypt and
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3040-624: The Hunt & Douglas process. In 1874, he introduced an improvement on the Hunt-Douglas process at J. Oscar Stewart's quartz mill in Georgetown, Colorado to also recover silver. In 1890, he hired the young Dr. L. D. Ricketts , one of the brightest metallurgists of his generation, to introduce the Hunt Douglas process in Arizona. Then, in little over a decade, Douglas employed research chemists at each of
3135-484: The IWW protested to Governor Campbell, he declared that the IWW had "threatened" the governor. The Jerome Deportation proved to be a test run for Phelps Dodge, which ordered the same plan, but larger in scale, in Bisbee. On July 11, 1917, Sheriff Wheeler met with Phelps Dodge corporate executives to plan the deportation of striking miners. Some 2,200 men from Bisbee and the nearby town of Douglas were recruited and deputized as
3230-479: The Municipal Auditorium to be known as "James Douglas". This resolution was adopted as a posthumous tribute in memory of Dr. James Douglas on the 100th anniversary of his death. Cochise County, Arizona Cochise County ( / k oʊ ˈ tʃ iː s / koh- CHEESS ) is a county in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona . It is named after Cochise , a Chiricahua Apache who
3325-712: The Phelps Dodge research lab under chemist George Van Arsdale to experiment with various processes to extract radium from carnotite. Douglas and Dr. Howard Kelly , a Baltimore, Maryland gynecologist and philanthropist, joined forces to supply radium in the US. In partnership with the U.S. Bureau of Mines , they formed the National Radium Institute . Douglas also donated to several medical causes. In 1912 Douglas gave $ 100,000 to General Memorial Hospital (which would become known as Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center) for
3420-487: The Republican nominee by large margins in every other election since 1968, except for 1996 and 1976 when Clinton and Jimmy Carter each lost only narrowly. Although the county includes the relatively liberal town of Bisbee , as well as the city of Douglas which has a large Latino population, this is outweighed by the heavily Republican tilt of the more populous Sierra Vista , which is adjacent to Fort Huachuca and thus has
3515-503: The Society's members, the first on Egyptian hieroglyphics and mummies, and later papers on mining and geological issues. This interest in mining and geology eventually supplanted his interest in medicine and Douglas embarked on a third career. In the 1860s, his father's financial fiasco investing in the Harvey Hill copper mine, Province of Canada , brought to Douglas the opportunity to save
3610-443: The U.S. Constitution did not empower the federal government to enforce the rights of the deportees. Rather, it "necessarily assumed the continued possession by the states of the reserved power to deal with free residence, ingress and egress." Only in a case of "state discriminatory action" would the federal government have a role to play. Arizona officials never initiated criminal proceedings in state court against those responsible for
3705-494: The US Supreme Court). The commission heard testimony during the first five days of November 1917. In its final report, issued on November 6, 1917, the commission denounced the Bisbee Deportation. "The deportation was wholly illegal and without authority in law, either State or Federal," the commissioners wrote. On May 15, 1918, the U.S. Department of Justice ordered the arrest of 21 Phelps Dodge executives, including some from
3800-528: The border to the United States to escape the Mexican Army's Pancho Villa Expedition . The men were allowed to stay in the camp for two months until September 17, 1917. From the day of the deportations until November 1917, the Citizens' Protective League ruled Bisbee. Based in a building owned by the copper companies, its representatives interrogated residents about their political beliefs with respect to unions and
3895-424: The charges of vagrancy, treason, and of being disturbers of the peace of Cochise County all those strange men who have congregated here from other parts and sections for the purpose of harassing and intimidating all men who desire to pursue their daily toil. A similar notice was posted throughout the town on fence posts, telephone poles and walls. At 4:00 a.m., July 12, 1917, the 2,200 deputies dispersed through
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3990-415: The county has a total area of 6,219 square miles (16,110 km ), of which 6,166 square miles (15,970 km ) is land and 53 square miles (140 km ) (0.9%) is water. Cochise County is close to the size of the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut combined. As of the census of 2010, there were 131,346 people, 50,865 households, and 33,653 families residing in the county. The population density
4085-519: The demands. IWW Local 800 called a strike to begin on June 26, 1917. When the strike occurred as scheduled, not only the miners at Phelps Dodge, but also those at other mines walked out. More than 3,000 miners—about 85 percent of all mine workers in Bisbee—went on strike. Although the strike was peaceful, local authorities immediately asked for federal troops to break the strike. Cochise County Sheriff Harry Wheeler set up his headquarters in Bisbee on
4180-637: The deportation as "wholly illegal and without authority in law, either State or Federal (Page 6)." Nevertheless, no individual, company, or agency was ever convicted in connection with the deportations. Arizona and Cochise County never prosecuted the case, and in United States v. Wheeler (1920) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution by itself does not give the federal government the power to stop kidnappings, even ones involving moving abductees across state lines on federally-regulated railroads. In 1917,
4275-511: The deportation of workers and their lost wages and other losses. Some workers filed civil suits, but in the first case the jury determined that the deportations represented good public policy and refused to grant relief. Most of the other suits were quietly dropped, although a few workers received payments in the range of $ 500 to $ 1,250. The Bisbee Deportations were later used by some proponents as an argument in favor of stronger laws against unpopular speech. Such laws would be justified as empowering
4370-576: The eastern route due to wars with France and England, so the main route north shifted west to the Santa Cruz valley , farther from the range of the Chiricahua Apache who almost exclusively controlled the area by 1821. Cochise County was created on February 1, 1881, out of the eastern portion of Pima County . It took its name from the Chiricahua Apache war chief Cochise . The county seat
4465-531: The endowment of ten beds for clinical research work, and the equipment for an X-ray plant and clinical laboratory. In 1915 Dr. Douglas, working with Dr. James Ewing , helped to establish a radium department and lay the foundation in the United States for radiation therapy . Also of note is the Douglas Hospital in Montreal , Quebec . This institution pursued the cause which had been taken up by his father,
4560-470: The entirety of Greenlee County , as well as portions of Pima County , Graham County , and Santa Cruz County . Bisbee Municipal Airport is owned by the City of Bisbee and located five nautical miles (9 km) southeast of its central business district Sierra Vista Municipal Airport (IATA: FHU, ICAO: KFHU, FAA LID: FHU), a joint-use civil-military airport which shares facilities with Libby Army Airfield,
4655-550: The event, most of them editorialized that the workers "must have" been violent, and therefore "gotten what they deserved", thus criminalizing the victims. Some major papers said that Sheriff Wheeler had gone too far, but declared that he should have imprisoned the miners rather than deported them. The New York Times criticized the violence on the part of the mine owners and suggested that mass arrests "on vagrancy charges" would have been appropriate. Former President Theodore Roosevelt said that "no human being in his senses doubts that
4750-475: The family fortune by finding a way to make the mine profitable (it never was). In 1869, Douglas' scientific experiments with the assistance of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt at Université Laval led him to a discovery that was to change his life. The Harvey Hill operation failed though their process worked. Together, they elaborated a patent for the "Hunt and Douglas" process of extracting copper from its ore. Although Douglas had no formal education in chemistry, he
4845-657: The financial hub. During this period, he also performed mining consultant work, which took him to mining camps across the far West. In 1880, Douglas was recruited by Professor Benjamin Silliman Jr. of Yale (and stockholder in the Chemical Copper Company), to report on the Detroit Copper Company of Morenci , Arizona Territory as a favor for Phelps Dodge and Company. While working for Chemical Copper, Douglas had opportunity to view fabulously rich specimens from
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#17328449606644940-535: The first day of the strike. On July 2, Wheeler asked Republican Governor Thomas Edward Campbell to request federal troops, suggesting the strike threatened US war interests: "The whole thing appears to be pro-German and anti-American." Campbell quickly telegraphed the White House and made the request, but President Woodrow Wilson declined to send in the Army . He appointed former Arizona Governor George W. P. Hunt as
5035-423: The founders of the adjacent Mexican border town named Douglas, Arizona for him. On a quest for ever cheaper freight rates for materials, along with outgoing copper and upset with those offered by the two present railroads ( AT&SF and Southern Pacific ), Douglas led in the construction of mine railroad branches from 1888. Originally the Arizona and South Eastern Railroad, the line went first to Fairbank and
5130-540: The goods they could carry. They arrested many male citizens of the town, seemingly at random, and anyone who had voiced support for the strike or the IWW. Two men died: one was a deputy shot by a miner he had tried to arrest, and the other was the miner (shot dead by three other deputies moments later). At 7:30 a.m., the 2,000 arrested men were assembled in front of the Bisbee Post Office and marched two miles (3 km) to Warren Ballpark . Sheriff Wheeler oversaw
5225-417: The government to suppress disloyal speech and activity, and remove the need for citizens groups to take actions the government could not. During World War I, the federal government used the Sedition Act of 1918 to prosecute people for statements in opposition to the war. At the end of the conflict, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and others advocated for a peacetime equivalent of the Sedition Act, using
5320-403: The late 1880s early 90s, with the success of the Copper Queen and backing of Phelps Dodge partners, Dr Douglas acquired for them additional property and built up other spectacular copper mines, including the Detroit Copper Company at Morenci Arizona, the Moctezuma Copper Company at Nacozari, Sonora Mexico, and the United Globe–Old Dominion mines at Globe Arizona. In 1905, the partnership purchased
5415-433: The library of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec , where interest from his donations is still used to purchase books. He had built and supported libraries in each of the Phelps Dodge major mining camps and smelter towns. Douglas was dedicated to investigating the effects of radiation on cancer following the treatment of his daughter in England. In 1911, to devise a method to more cheaply produce radium, he directed
5510-429: The line incorporated as the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad and added the El Paso and Northeastern Railroad in 1905, establishing a 750-mile rail link between the Rock Island at Tucumcari New Mexico and Southern Pacific Lines at Tucson Arizona, via El Paso and Douglas. With the passing of the senior members of the Phelps Dodge partnership, the firm was dissolved and replaced in 1908 with Phelps Dodge & Company,
5605-437: The major Phelps Dodge operations in Arizona: Morenci, Globe, Bisbee, and, later, Tyrone, New Mexico, directed by a chief chemist in the Phelps Dodge research labs outside New York City. Dr. Douglas' emphasis on research chemistry supported by Phelps Dodge was one of the first such efforts in the mining industry. He is praised as a proponent of the open exchange of ideas, scientific and technological innovations, especially during
5700-493: The march from a car outfitted with a loaded Marlin 7.62 mm belt-fed machine gun . At the baseball field, the arrestees were told that if they denounced the IWW and went back to work, they would be freed. Only men who were not IWW members or organizers were given this choice. About 700 men agreed to these terms, while the rest sang, jeered or shouted profanities. At 11:00 a.m., the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad brought 23 cattle cars to Bisbee. The posse deputies forced
5795-447: The men deported from Bisbee were bent on destruction and murder." The men deported from Bisbee pleaded with President Wilson for protection and permission to return to their homes. In October 1917, Wilson appointed a commission of five individuals to investigate labor disputes in Arizona. They were led by Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson (with support from Assistant Secretary of Labor Felix Frankfurter , future Associate Justice of
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#17328449606645890-454: The miners from the town, in what became known as the Jerome Deportation . Mine supervisors, joined by 250 local businessmen and members of the IUMMSW, began rounding up suspected IWW members at dawn on July 10. More than 100 men were abducted by these vigilantes and held in the county jail (with the cooperation of the Yavapai County sheriff). Later that day, 67 men were deported by train to Needles, California , and ordered not to return. When
5985-413: The mission routes north, but was actually occupied by the Sobaipuri descendants of the Hohokam . They found a large Pueblo (described as a small city) between modern Benson and Whetstone , and several smaller satellite villages and smaller pueblos including ones on Fort Huachuca, Huachuca City and North Eastern Fry. About 1657 Father Kino visited the Sobaipuris just before the Apache forced most from
6080-422: The packed cars. Deputies manned two machine guns from nearby hilltops to guard the train, while another 200 armed men patrolled the tracks. The train continued to Columbus, New Mexico (about 175 miles (282 km) away), arriving at about 9:30 p.m. Initially prevented from unloading at Columbus, the train slowly traveled west another 20 miles (32 km) to Hermanas, not stopping until 3:00 a.m. During
6175-449: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25.4% reported speaking Spanish at home, while 1.3% speak German . There were 43,893 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who
6270-407: The population. The largest ancestry groups were: Of the 50,865 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.8% were non-families, and 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age
6365-405: The remaining 1,286 arrestees at gunpoint to board the cars, many of which had more than three inches (76 mm) of manure on the floor. Although temperatures were in the mid-90s Fahrenheit, (mid-30s Celsius), no water had been provided to the men since the arrests began at dawn. The train stopped 10 miles (16 km) east of Douglas to take on water, some of which was provided to the deportees in
6460-433: The secretive years of 19th century copper metallurgy. Douglas' patents attracted attention in the United States, and in 1875 he quit his teaching post to work as superintendent for the Chemical Copper Company, Phoenixville, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, then a major center of the chemical industry. In 1883, after the Phoenixville works burned down, he made his last permanent move, to the New York City area to be closer to
6555-425: The story was reported. The company presented their action as reducing threats to United States interests in World War I in Europe, largely because the wartime demand for copper was heavy. The Governor of New Mexico, in consultation with President Woodrow Wilson , provided temporary housing for the deportees. A presidential mediation commission investigated the actions in November 1917, and in its final report, described
6650-425: The subject in his lifetime, namely Canadian Independence, Old France in the New World, and New England and New France—Contrasts and Parallels in Colonial History . In addition to bailing Queen's University out of a financial crisis with approximately a million dollars from his own pocket, Douglas also established the first chair in Canadian and Colonial History there in 1910. He also financed many libraries, such as
6745-434: The time on the basis of public policy and the US Constitution, as well as extensively by later analysts. Each case has involved discriminatory actions against ethnic minorities (and sometimes immigrants). The most notable have included the following: James Douglas (businessman) James Walter Douglas (4 November 1837 – 25 June 1918) was a British North America born mining engineer and businessman who introduced
6840-413: The town of Bisbee and took up their planned positions. Each wore a white armband for identification, and carried a list of the men on strike. At 6:30 a.m., the deputies moved through town and arrested every man on their list, as well as any man who refused to work in the mines. Several men who owned local grocery stores were also arrested. In the process, the deputies took cash from the registers and all
6935-634: The valley, as they were struggling to survive due to increasing Chiricahua Apache attacks as they moved into the area of Texas Canyon of the Dragoon Mountains . In 1775, Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate was founded on the west bank of the San Pedro River to protect the natives as well as the Spanish settlers who supplied the mission stations. The presidio was chronically short on provisions due to raids, however, and lacked personnel to adequately patrol
7030-476: The vast coal lands of Dawson, New Mexico and organized the Stag Canyon Fuel Co. He was made president of each of the operating companies by the Phelps Dodge partners. Importantly, he recruited talented young engineers, including his sons James and Walter, Dr. L. D. Ricketts , and Charles E. Mills, to manage the expanding business. When the Copper Queen company built a new smelter in the flats east of Bisbee,
7125-593: The war, determining who could work or obtain a draft deferment. Sheriff Wheeler established guards at all entrances to Bisbee and Douglas. Anyone seeking to exit or enter the town over the next several months had to have a "passport" issued by Wheeler. Any adult male in town who was not known to the sheriff's men was brought before a secret sheriff's kangaroo court . Hundreds of citizens were tried, and most of them were deported and threatened with lynching if they returned. Even long-time citizens of Bisbee were deported by this "court". When ordered to cease these activities by
7220-574: Was Tombstone until 1929 when it moved to Bisbee . Notable men who once held the position of County Sheriff were Johnny Behan , who served as the first sheriff of the new county, and who was one of the main characters during the events leading to and following the gunfight at the O.K. Corral . Later, in 1886, Texas John Slaughter became sheriff. Lawman Jeff Milton and lawman/ outlaw Burt Alvord both served as deputies under Slaughter. A syndicated television series which aired from 1956 to 1958, The Sheriff of Cochise starring John Bromfield ,
7315-416: Was 21.3 inhabitants per square mile (8.2 inhabitants/km ). There were 59,041 housing units at an average density of 9.6 units per square mile (3.7 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 78.5% white, 4.2% black or African American, 1.9% Asian, 1.2% American Indian, 0.3% Pacific islander, 9.9% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 32.4% of
7410-406: Was 39.7 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 44,876 and the median income for a family was $ 53,077. Males had a median income of $ 42,164 versus $ 31,019 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 23,010. About 11.8% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over. As of
7505-454: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.07. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 101.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.20 males. The median income for
7600-472: Was Henry E. Wootten, whose trial began on March 11, 1920. During the jury selection process in February, French was taken ill, and attorney A. A. Worsley was named to succeed him as prosecutor. However, upon French's recovery by the end of February, he again took the reins of the prosecution, with Worsley assisting. The trial lasted through March and April, and on April 30, after a 16 minute deliberation, Wootten
7695-583: Was a key war leader during the Apache Wars . The population was 125,447 at the 2020 census . The county seat is Bisbee and the most populous city is Sierra Vista . Cochise County includes the Sierra Vista - Douglas , Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county borders southwestern New Mexico and the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora . In 1528, Spanish explorers Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , Estevanico , and Fray Marcos de Niza survived
7790-612: Was a member of a number of technical or scientific societies and served twice as president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1899–1900. Since 1922, the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers annually awards the James Douglas Gold Medal in his memory. His writings on the copper industry are voluminous, He was an advocate of the free exchange of scientific information. The Douglas Library at Queen's University, Kingston , Ontario,
7885-501: Was acquitted of the kidnapping charges. There followed several other trials, including the "blanket case", which included about 150 defendants. The later history of American deportations of alleged radicals and other undesirables from the country did not follow the precedent of Bisbee and Jerome, which were considered vigilante actions by private citizens. Instead, later deportations were authorized by law and executed by government agents. These actions were criticized by contemporaries at
7980-469: Was also a native of Scotland. James Douglas graduated from Queen's College , Kingston, Province of Canada in 1858 and continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh . He studied both medicine and theology with the intent of becoming a minister but was never ordained. For several years he served as professor of chemistry at Morrin College , Province of Canada , and in 1864 became managing director of
8075-670: Was also president of the American Mining Congress , an employer association. He had won office by vowing to break every union in every mine and restore the open shop . Determined to keep Bisbee free of IWW influence, in 1916, Douglas established a Citizens' Protective League, composed of business leaders and middle-class local residents. He also organized a Workmen's Loyalty League, some of whose members were IUMMSW miners. On July 5, 1917, an IWW local in Jerome, Arizona , struck Phelps Dodge. Douglas ordered his mine superintendents to remove
8170-486: Was also the inventor of several other improvements in the mining industry, consisting of the invention for calcining ores (1884), a furnace for calcining ores (1898), a process for extracting copper from cupriferous nickel ore (1892), a process for separating and recovering copper (1896), and an improved smelting furnace in 1897. During the early 1870s, he traveled to copper mines in Chile and Ore Knob, North Carolina to introduce
8265-552: Was always known as Dr. Douglas or Prof. Douglas. His son, James S. Douglas Jr. , or "Rawhide Jimmy" (1867–1949), managed the Phelps Dodge works at Nacazori before heading off on his own and building a major fortune with the United Verde Extension mine in Jerome, Arizona . His Jerome mansion is open to the public as the Jerome State Historic Park . Walter Douglas followed in his father's footsteps as manager of
8360-512: Was considered competent enough to fill the Chair of Chemistry at his hometown's Morrin College affiliated with McGill University , from 1871 to 1874. His evening lectures were among the most popular in the history of the College. With Thomas Sterry Hunt, Douglas was involved with many experiments in the hydrometallurgy of coppers and devised what is known as the "Hunt-Douglas" process (first patented 1869) for extracting copper from its ores. Douglas
8455-534: Was dominated by Phelps Dodge (which owned the Copper Queen Mine ) and two other mining firms: the Calumet and Arizona Co., and the Shattuck Arizona Co. Phelps Dodge was by far the largest company and employer in the area; it also owned the largest hotel in town, the hospital, the only department store, the town library, and the town newspaper, the Bisbee Daily Review . In May 1917, IWW Local 800 presented
8550-479: Was filmed on location in Cochise County. The Jimmy Stewart movie Broken Arrow and subsequent television show of the same name starring John Lupton , which also aired from 1956 to 1958, were set in Cochise County but filmed at other locations. J.A. Jance 's Joanna Brady mystery series takes place in Cochise County, where Brady is sheriff. Beginning in the late 1950s, the small community of Miracle Valley
8645-529: Was primarily responsible for making Queen's into a non-denominational University when he served as Chancellor in 1912. In the 1860s, Douglas helped his father at the Beauport Asylum while studying towards a career in medicine. He worked as a librarian at the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec , and later became the youngest president in the history of the Society. There, he presented numerous lectures to
8740-609: Was required to protect pacifists and extreme radicals from mob violence, but incarceration for a period of twenty years seems a very queer kind of protection." There was a second round of trials in 1920, wherein 210 defendants were brought before the court in January 1920. The initial number of defendants was approximately 300, and preliminary hearings began on July 11, 1919, headed by Cochise County prosecutor, Robert N. French, and continued though September. October, November and December were spent collecting depositions. The first defendant
8835-516: Was the Catholics (with 25,837 adherents) and Evangelical Protestants (with 12,548 adherents). The largest religious bodies were The Catholic Church (with 25,837 members) and The Southern Baptist Convention (with 5,999 members). Cochise County leans strongly towards the Republican Party in presidential elections. Although Bill Clinton carried the county narrowly in 1992, it has supported
8930-540: Was the site of a series of bible colleges and similar religious organizations, founded by television evangelist A. A. Allen . In 1982, Miracle Valley and neighboring Palominas were the site of a series of escalating conflicts between a newly arrived black religious community and the county sheriff and deputies that culminated in the Miracle Valley shootout . According to the United States Census Bureau ,
9025-462: Was through desert without food and with little water. Once unloaded, the deportees, most without money or transportation, were warned against returning to Bisbee. The US government soon brought in members of the US Army to assist with relocating the deportees to Columbus, New Mexico . As Phelps Dodge, in collusion with the sheriff, had closed down access to outside communications, it was some time before
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