10-551: The Birnam Oak is an example of Sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ) at Birnam, Perth and Kinross , Scotland ( grid reference NO032421 ). Sometimes known as Macbeth 's oak, as it is a relic of Birnam Wood, mentioned in William Shakespeare 's play, the tree is found in a strip of woodland on the south bank of the River Tay . The trunk is 5.5 metres (18 ft) wide and its large spreading branches have latterly been supported on
20-554: A number of struts to prevent them from collapsing under their own weight. The exact age is unknown, but the girth suggests an age of around 600 years old which would mean it was already a mature tree at the time of Shakespeare 's presumed visit to Perthshire in 1589. The tree is listed by Forestry and Land Scotland as one of Scotland's most famous oak trees. 56°33′39″N 3°34′36″W / 56.5609°N 3.5766°W / 56.5609; -3.5766 Quercus petraea See text . Quercus petraea , commonly known as
30-400: Is an acorn 2–3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long and 1–2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 3 ⁄ 4 in) broad, which matures in about six months. Significant botanical differences from pedunculate oak ( Q. robur ) include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) acorns from which one of its common names is derived. (With the pedunculate oak, it
40-432: Is the acorns which are pedunculate, i.e. on stalks, while the leaves are not.) It occurs in upland areas of altitudes over 300 m (984 ft) with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its specific epithet petraea means "of rocky places". Q. robur , on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile hybrids with Quercus robur named Quercus × rosacea are found wherever
50-508: Is used for fence construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties. It is also a good fuel wood . During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them. The Pontfadog Oak , once considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK, was a sessile oak. This grew near Chirk in North Wales. It
60-418: The pedunculate oak ( Q. robur ), with which it overlaps extensively in range. The leaves are 7–14 centimetres ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) long and 4–8 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –3 in) broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side and a 1 cm-long ( 1 ⁄ 2 in) petiole . The male flowers are grouped into catkins , produced in the spring. The fruit
70-473: The sessile oak , Cornish oak , Irish oak or durmast oak , is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran . The sessile oak is the national tree of Ireland , and an unofficial emblem in Wales and Cornwall . The sessile oak is a large deciduous tree up to 40 metres (130 feet) tall, in the white oak section of the genus ( Quercus sect. Quercus ) and similar to
80-563: The two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents. Charles Darwin , in Chapter II of On the Origin of Species , noted that the sessile and pedunculate oaks had been described as both distinct species and mere varieties depending on the authority consulted. Quercus petraea was first described by Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka in 1777 as a variety of Quercus robur , Quercus robur var. petraea . It
90-524: Was raised to a full species by Franz Kaspar Lieblein in 1784. As of March 2023 , Plants of the World Online accepted five subspecies: Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality cabinetmaking , veneers and barrel staves. Rougher material
100-522: Was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular pollarding for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of 12.9 m (42 ft 5 in). It was lost in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds. Franz Kaspar Lieblein Franz Kaspar (or Caspar) Lieblein (15 September 1744 – 28 April 1810) was a German botanist, born at Karlstadt am Main on 15 September 1744. He
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