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61-419: Binet is surname of French origin, shared by the following people: Alfred Binet , a 19th-century French psychologist and inventor of the first usable intelligence test The Stanford-Binet IQ test is partially named after Alfred Binet Charles Henri Joseph Binet (1869–1936), Catholic archbishop and Cardinal from France. Charles Binet-Sanglé (1868–1941),

122-477: A phenomenon and of utmost importance. Unfortunately, the conclusions of Charcot, Binet and Féré did not stand up to the professional scrutiny of Joseph Delboeuf , who concluded that the findings were due to the fact that the patients knew what was expected, what should happen, and they just agreed. Binet felt obliged to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher. Nevertheless, he had established his name internationally in

183-451: A "marked enfeeblement of the memory" and "conceptions that formed slowly". He was also the first to describe a disorder known as Charcot joint or Charcot arthropathy, a degeneration of joint surfaces resulting from loss of proprioception . He researched the functions of different parts of the brain and the role of arteries in cerebral hemorrhage . Charcot was among the first to describe Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). The announcement

244-496: A Canadian pianist, composer and music teacher Laurent Binet (born 1972), a French writer and university lecturer See also [ edit ] BiNet USA (Bisexual Network of the USA) Banet , another surname [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Binet . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding

305-490: A French military doctor and psychologist Etienne Binet , a 17th-century French Jesuit author Jacques Philippe Marie Binet , an 18th-century French mathematician Binet's formula for the Fibonacci sequence is named after Jacques Binet The Cauchy–Binet formula of linear algebra is partially named after Jacques Binet Jean-Auguste-Gustave Binet (pen name Binet-Valmer ), a Franco-Swiss writer Jocelyne Binet ,

366-458: A clinician is his contribution to the development of systematic neurological examination, correlating a set of clinical signs with specific lesions. This was made possible by his pioneering long-term studies of patients, coupled with microscopic and anatomic analysis derived from eventual autopsies. This led to the first clear delineation of various neurological diseases and classic description of them, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Charcot

427-507: A closed gene pool to study, not just in that Jews were endogamous, but because many Jews in his clinic were descended from relatives, even cousins, who married each other. Scientific reasoning could motivate his constant attention to Jewish family lines, thus a reputable scientific quest merged with a great willingness to see Jews as aberrant, troublesome, ill." By the very end of the 19th century, anti-Semitism in France had rapidly ascended, due to

488-473: A formal student of his father at the Salpêtrière, emphatically stated: "I can certify that Dr Munthe never was trained by my father"; and, further, that "[although Munthe] may have [incidentally] followed, like hundreds of others, some courses of Charcot, ...he was not trained by him and certainly never had the intimacy of which he boasts [in his recently reviewed work, Memories and Vagaries ]. ...I was, myself,

549-524: A higher prevalence of diseases with a hereditary component (notably arthritis and neurological disorders) in Jewish communities, where limited numbers combined with longterm endogamy . He also used Jewish patients as examples in some of his public lectures. When these claims were developed by neurologist Henry Meige , and others, in conjunction with the myth of the Wandering Jew , this was used as support by

610-605: A member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests, changed their name to La Société Alfred Binet, in memory of the renowned psychologist (the name was later changed again into the Binet-Simon Society [1] to credit Simon's contributions). The second honor was not until 1984, when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet-Simon scale as one of twenty of the century's most significant developments or discoveries. Binet also studied sexual behavior, coining

671-429: A mental age that exactly matched his chronological age, 6.0. (Fancher, 1985). Binet and Simon were forthright about the limitations of their Binet-Simon Intelligence Test . They stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures. They also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by

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732-539: A neurology clinic at Salpêtrière, which was the first of its kind in Europe. Charcot was a part of the French neurological tradition and studied under, and greatly revered, Duchenne de Boulogne . "He married a rich widow , Madame Durvis, in 1864 and had three children, Jeanne, Jean-Paul and Jean-Baptiste , who later became a doctor and a famous polar explorer". He has been described as an atheist . Charcot's primary focus

793-446: A precursor of Freud. After Charcot's death, Freud and Janet wrote articles on his importance. However, Charcot's work on hysteria and hypnotism was at odds with the perspective Freud made famous, since Charcot believed in neurological determinism. The Charcot-Janet school, which formed from the work of Charcot and his student Janet, contributed greatly to knowledge of multiple personality disorders . Charcot claimed to have observed

854-479: A real neurological condition, but was considered to be an "artifact of suggestion". However, Charcot continued to have a "prominent" position in French psychiatry and psychology. The negative evaluation of Charcot's work on hysteria was influenced by a significant shift in diagnostic criteria and understanding of hysteria which occurred in the decades following his death. The historical perspective on Charcot's work on hysteria has also been distorted by viewing him as

915-641: A researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891 to 1894. In 1894, he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 (his death). Binet also educated himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris. He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill , who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by

976-405: A series of experiments to see how well chess players played when blindfolded . He found that only some of the master chess players could play from memory and a few could play multiple games simultaneously without looking at the boards. To remember the positions of the pieces on the boards, some players envisioned exact replicas of specific chess sets, while others envisioned an abstract schema of

1037-441: A set of 20 questions to determine what the children referred to him were capable of. Binet and Simon worked closely to develop more tests and questions that would distinguish between children who did and did not need help in attending regular education. In 1905 they published a preliminary version of their test for measuring intelligence (chased by a committee set up at Bourneville's instigation to decide on this). The full version of

1098-503: A student at the Salpetriere then, and can certify that he was not one of his students and that my father never knew him. Everything he says about professor Charcot is false...." Bengt Jangfeldt, in his 2008 biography, Axel Munthe: The Road to San Michele , states that "Charcot is not mentioned in a single letter of Axel's out of the hundreds that have been preserved from his Paris years" (p. 96). One of Charcot's greatest legacies as

1159-408: A time when the general public was fascinated in 'animal magnetism' and 'mesmerization ' ", which was later revealed to be a method of inducing hypnosis. His study of hysteria "attract[ed] both scientific and social notoriety". Bogousslavsky, Walusinski, and Veyrunes write: Charcot and his school considered the ability to be hypnotized as a clinical feature of hysteria ... For the members of

1220-695: A way to evidence the superiority of the white race. After studying abroad, Goddard brought the Binet-Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English. Following Goddard in the U.S. mental testing movement was Lewis Terman , who took the Simon-Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample. The first test was published in 1916 and called “The Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale”. A revision

1281-479: Is associated with many diseases and conditions including: His name is also associated with a type of high-pressure shower . A 2024 award-winning historical literary novel The Dream Collector - Sabrine & Sigmund Freud by R.w. Meek, published by Historium Press, explores the relationship between Dr. Charcot and his patient known as the Princess of Hysteria; the secrets of Charcot's stenographer, Julie Forette, and

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1342-666: Is held at the United States National Library of Medicine. Charcot Island in Antarctica was discovered by his son, Jean-Baptiste Charcot , who named the Island in honor of his father. The Charcot Award is given every two years by the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation for a lifetime of outstanding research into the understanding or treatment of multiple sclerosis. Charcot's name

1403-577: Is just as famous for his influence on those who had studied with him: Sigmund Freud , Joseph Babinski , Jean Leguirec , Pierre Janet , William James , Pierre Marie , Albert Londe , Charles-Joseph Bouchard , Georges Gilles de la Tourette , Alfred Binet , and Albert Pitres . Among the doctors trained by Charcot at the beginning of the 20th century account the Spanish neuropathologists Nicolás Achúcarro and Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora , two distinguished disciples of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and members of

1464-442: Is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence in collaboration with Simon. Wolf postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliated with a major university. Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology, he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work. Additionally, his more progressive theories did not provide

1525-501: The Dreyfus affair . "Because of this transition, it has become all too easy to read gross and manifest anti-Semitism" retrospectively into the hospital wards of one or two decades previous. By decree on 22 April 1858, Charcot was made a Knight of France's Legion of Honour . He was subsequently promoted in rank to Officer (decree: 4 April 1880), and then finally Commander (decree: 12 January 1892). A collection of Charcot's correspondence

1586-568: The Kingdom of Sardinia until its annexation by the Second French Empire in 1860, and the ensuing policy of Francization . Binet attended law school in Paris, and received his degree in 1878. He also studied physiology at the Sorbonne . His first formal position was as a researcher at a neurological clinic, Salpêtrière Hospital , in Paris from 1883 to 1889. From there, Binet went on to being

1647-466: The French word "obéissance" and to answer questions such as "My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors. He has received in turn a doctor, a lawyer, and then a priest. What is taking place?" (Fancher, 1985). For the practical use of determining educational placement, the score on the Binet-Simon scale would reveal the child's mental age . For example, a 6-year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year-olds—but nothing beyond—would have

1708-824: The Salpêtrière School, susceptibility to hypnotism was synonymous with disease, i.e. hysteria, although they later recognized ... that grand hypnotisme (in hysterics) should be differentiated from petit hypnotisme , which corresponded to the hypnosis of ordinary people. Charcot argued vehemently against the widespread medical and popular prejudice that hysteria was rarely found in men, presenting several cases of traumatic male hysteria. He taught that due to this prejudice these "cases often went unrecognised, even by distinguished doctors" and could occur in such models of masculinity as railway engineers or soldiers. Charcot's analysis, in particular his view of hysteria as an organic condition which could be caused by trauma, paved

1769-644: The Spanish Neurological School. Charcot bestowed the eponym for Tourette syndrome in honor of his student, Georges Gilles de la Tourette. Although, by the 1870s, Charcot was France's best known physician, his ideas about hysteria were later refuted, and French psychiatry did not recover for decades. An example of the dismissal of Charcot's views can be found in Edward Shorter's History of Psychiatry : Shorter states that Charcot understood "almost nothing" about major psychiatric illness, and that he

1830-517: The apostles of French anti-Semitism , notably the journalist Edouard Drumont . However, historian of science Ian Hacking cautions that Charcot's interest in Jews and his claims about them must be seen in their nuanced, ambiguous context: "notice how Charcot shared most of the presuppositions of the genetic approach to mental illness that are current today [1998]. He could not fall back on a genome project to support his scientific speculations, but he did have

1891-772: The birth of his two daughters, Marguerite and Alice, born in 1885 and 1887. Binet called Alice a subjectivist and Marguerite an objectivist, and developing the concepts of introspection and externospection in an anticipation of Carl Jung 's psychological types. In the 21-year period following his shift in career interests, Binet "published more than 200 books, articles, and reviews in what now would be called experimental, developmental, educational, social, and differential psychology." Bergin and Cizek (2001) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget , who later studied with Binet's collaborator Théodore Simon in 1920. Binet's research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence, especially

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1952-665: The blossoming dream interpretations of his new intern, a young Sigmund Freud . Winner of the 2022 Palm Beach Book Festival book contest, and the 2023 Runner-up for book of the year at The Historical Fiction Company. In literature, Charcot's hypnosis is mentioned in Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula. He figures in Per Olov Enquist 's 2004 novel The Book about Blanche and Marie , and in the 2005 novel by Sebastian Faulks , Human Traces , as well as Alasdair Gray's 1992 Poor Things . A 2012 French historical drama film Augustine ,

2013-407: The business, civic, and educational leaders in the U.S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population, while continuing to meet the demands of society. There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class. In 1908, H.H. Goddard , a champion of the eugenics movement, found utility in mental testing as

2074-455: The differences that separated the normal child from the abnormal, and to measure such differences. In this endeavor, Binet was helped greatly by Théodore Simon , who was a young psychiatrist working in an asylum for children with intellectual deficiency. Simon not only had access to hundreds of children, but he had begun designing tests that would indicate the degree of disability, under the guidance of his PhD advisor Emmery Blin, who had devised

2135-1041: The effects of intellectual fatigue on the composition of faeces. In 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child. French education changed greatly at the end of the nineteenth century, because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to thirteen to attend school. The Society had been established partly to counter pressure from Bourneville to establish boarding schools attached to asylums for children who were not good enough for regular education. There were already such schools for children with clear intellectual impairment and Bourneville wanted to expand them to all children 'unfit' for regular education, also those with less visible intellectual problems. Two questions became important. First, who should educate children with learning problems: schools or asylums? Second, who

2196-448: The environment; therefore, intelligence was not based solely on genetics, was malleable rather than fixed, and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds. Given Binet and Simon's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable, it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U.S. While Binet and Simon were developing their mental scale,

2257-467: The field, Morton Prince for example stating in 1904 that, "certain problems in subconscious automatism will always be associated with the names of Breuer and Freud in Germany, Janet and Alfred Binet in France." Still, this failure took a toll on Binet. In 1890, he resigned from La Salpêtrière and never mentioned the place or its director again. He turned to the study of child development spurred on by

2318-479: The first European professional chair of clinical diseases for the nervous system in 1882. Charcot is best known today for his work on hypnosis and hysteria . In particular, he is best remembered for his work with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes , who somewhat increased his fame during his lifetime; however, Marie "Blanche" Wittmann , known as the Queen of Hysterics, was his most famous hysteria patient at

2379-645: The game. Binet concluded that extraordinary feats of memory such as blind chess playing could take a variety of mnemonic forms. He recounted his experiments in a book entitled Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs d'échecs (Paris: Hachette, 1894). Alfred Binet was one of the founding editors of L'année psychologique , a yearly volume comprising original articles and reviews of the progress of psychology still in print. Jean-Martin Charcot Jean-Martin Charcot ( French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁtɛ̃ ʃaʁko] ; 29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893)

2440-469: The importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development. A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne . He worked for a year without pay and by 1894, he took over as the director. This was a position that Binet held until his death, and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes. Despite Binet's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he

2501-466: The laws of associationism. Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory, but Mill's ideas continued to influence his work. In 1883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Féré who introduced him to Jean-Martin Charcot , the director of a clinic called La Salpêtrière, Paris. Charcot became his mentor and in turn, Binet accepted a position at the clinic, working in

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2562-509: The neurological laboratory. At the time of Binet's tenure, Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism and Binet, influenced by Charcot, published four articles about his work in this area. Binet aggressively supported Charcot's position which included the belief that people with weakened, unstable nervous systems were susceptible to hypnosis. Binet and Féré discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization. Binet and Féré thought their findings were

2623-414: The neurology domain, as a personal hobby. Like Duchenne, he is considered a key figure in the incorporation of photography to the study of neurological cases. Distorted views of Charcot as harsh and tyrannical have arisen from some sources that rely on a fanciful autobiographical novel by Axel Munthe , The Story of San Michele (1929). Munthe claimed to have been Charcot's assistant, but in fact, Munthe

2684-448: The person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binet&oldid=1175254261 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Alfred Binet Binet was born as Alfredo Binetti in Nice , which was then part of

2745-417: The practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke. During this time Binet also co-founded the French journal of psychology, L'Année Psychologique , serving as the director and editor-in-chief of the journal that was the first scientific journal in this domain. During this period he worked with Victor Henri , nowadays more famous for his work in physical chemistry and the origins of enzymology, on

2806-605: The simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a beam of light or talk back to the examiner. Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts, repeat back a series of 2 digits, repeat simple sentences, and define words like house, fork or mama. More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things, reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as "Paris, river and fortune." The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits, find three rhymes for

2867-524: The term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects, such as articles of clothing, and linking this to the after-effects of early impressions in an anticipation of Freud. Between 1904 and 1909, Binet co-wrote several plays for the Grand Guignol theatre with the playwright André de Lorde . He also studied the abilities of Valentine Dencausse , the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days. Binet had done

2928-415: The test with age-appropriate standards was published in 1908 and was known as the Binet-Simon scale. In 1911, shortly before Binet's early death, Binet and Simon published a modest revision, which consisted mainly of a regrouping of some tests. Binet and Simon collected and designed a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children's abilities at various ages. This task-selection process

2989-521: The time. He initially believed that hysteria was a neurological disorder for which patients were pre-disposed by hereditary features of their nervous system, but near the end of his life he concluded that hysteria was a psychological disease. Charcot first began studying hysteria after creating a special ward for non-insane females with "hystero-epilepsy". He discovered two distinct forms of hysteria among these women: minor hysteria and major hysteria. His interest in hysteria and hypnotism "developed at

3050-492: The use of hypnosis in treatment and about its effect on patients. He also was concerned that the sensationalism hypnosis attracted had robbed it of its scientific interest, and that the quarrel with Bernheim, amplified by Charcot's pupil Georges Gilles de la Tourette , had "damaged" hypnotism. Charcot thought of art as a crucial tool of the clinicoanatomic method. He used photos and drawings, many made by himself or his students, in his classes and conferences. He also drew outside

3111-434: The way for understanding neurological symptoms arising from industrial-accident or war-related traumas. The Salpêtrière School's position on hypnosis was sharply criticized by Hippolyte Bernheim , another leading neurologist of the time. Bernheim argued that the hypnosis and hysteria phenomena that Charcot had famously demonstrated were in fact due to suggestion. However, Charcot himself had had longstanding concerns about

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3172-564: The world's pioneers of neurology". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology ; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers. He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France" and has been called "the Napoleon of the neuroses ". Born in Paris, Charcot worked and taught at the famous Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital for 33 years. His reputation as an instructor drew students from all over Europe. In 1882, he established

3233-407: Was "quite lacking in common sense and grandiosely sure of his own judgement". This perspective overlooks the fact that Charcot never claimed to be a psychiatrist or to be practising psychiatry, a field that was separately organized from neurology within France's educational and public health systems. After Charcot's death, the phenomenon of " hysteria " that he had described was no longer recognized as

3294-480: Was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology . He worked on groundbreaking work about hypnosis and hysteria , in particular with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes . Charcot is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms , including various conditions sometimes referred to as Charcot diseases . Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French neurology and one of

3355-421: Was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings and in schools for children with severe deficits and previously published research by Binet and others. They then tested their measurements on children of different ages, for whom they also had an assessment of the school teachers. The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty. The easier ones could be done by everyone. Some of

3416-450: Was just a medical student among hundreds of others. Munthe's most direct contact with Charcot was when Munthe helped a young female patient "escape" from a ward of the hospital and took her into his home. Charcot threatened to report this to the police, and ordered that Munthe not be allowed on the wards of the hospital again. In a 1931 letter to The New York Times Book Review , Charcot's son Jean-Baptiste Charcot , who had, himself, been

3477-594: Was made simultaneously with Pierre Marie of France (his resident) and Howard Henry Tooth of England. The disease is also sometimes called peroneal muscular atrophy. Charcot's studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of Parkinson's disease . Among other advances he made the distinction between rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia . He also led the disease formerly named paralysis agitans (shaking palsy) to be renamed after James Parkinson . He also noted apparent variations on PD, such as Parkinson's disease with hyperextension . Charcot received

3538-459: Was neurology. He named and was the first to describe multiple sclerosis . Summarizing previous reports and adding his own clinical and pathological observations, Charcot called the disease sclérose en plaques . The three signs of multiple sclerosis now known as Charcot's triad 1 are nystagmus , intention tremor , and telegraphic speech , though these are not unique to MS. Charcot also observed cognition changes, describing his patients as having

3599-538: Was published in 1937 and now called the Stanford-Binet scale . The name of Simon was all but erased from the record and this has been the reason why Simon's contribution to the development of the test has been overlooked in much of the 20th century and early 21st century. The Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children, as

3660-413: Was the original objective. The new objective of intelligence testing was ultimately "curtailing the reproduction of feeble-mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency". Since his death, many people in many ways have honored Binet, but two of these stand out. In 1917, the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child, of which Binet became

3721-408: Was to decide whether a child had a learning problem? Bourneville argued this was the task of psychiatrists, based on medical examination. Binet and the society argued that objective criteria should be used, so that no child would get the label erroneously. The question became "What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities?" Binet made it his problem to establish

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