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30-498: It is well known for the discovery of the Bimaran casket in one of the stupas (stupa Nb 2) located at Bimaran. Altogether five ancient stupas are known in Bimaran, all dating to the 1st century BCE-1st century CE: Nearby is: This Afghanistan -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bimaran casket The Bimaran casket or Bimaran reliquary is

60-567: A garment for upper body in the Vedic period (1500 and 500 BCE). The garments worn in the Vedic period mainly included a single cloth wrapped around the whole body and draped over the shoulder. People used to wear the lower garment called paridhana which was pleated in front and used to tie with a belt called mekhala and an upper garment called the uttariya (covered like a shawl) which they used to remove during summers. "Orthodox males and females usually wore

90-567: A silver Buddhist reliquary, found in Shinkot in Bajaur ( Pakistan ). This suggests that Kharahostes was keen on making Buddhist dedications similar to those of the Bimaran reliquary. Without adding any redeposition theory, the Bimaran reliquary may therefore have been dedicated during the reign of Kharahostes (10 BCE – 10 CE), and probably at the beginning of his reign since the coins are not worn and where therefore basically new when they were introduced in

120-640: A small gold reliquary for Buddhist relics that was removed from inside the stupa no.2 at Bimaran , near Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan . When it was found by the archaeologist Charles Masson during his work in Afghanistan between 1833 and 1838, the casket contained coins of the Indo-Scythian king Azes II , though recent research by Robert Senior indicates Azes II never existed and finds attributed to his reign probably should be reassigned to Azes I . The most recent research however (2015) attributes

150-561: A strong bearing on the chronology of Buddhist art and the creation of the Buddha image, as its advanced iconography implies that earlier forms had probably been existing for quite some time before. The casket is a small container reminiscent of the Pyxis of the Classical world . It was found without its lid. There is a lotus decorating the bottom. The casket features hellenistic representations of

180-400: A veil , a long scarf and shawl . The Vedas describe the garment to comprise various loose cloths worn for upper body such as upavasana , parayanahana and adhivasa , varhatika and varnaka , uttarsangha samvyana . The word uttarīya is from Sanskrit . It is a compound word, consisting of the words uttara (उत्तर) and suffix īya (ईय). the uttariya was

210-460: The murti of a temple's deity with an uttariya, employed for the upper body, while the deity's lower body is dressed with a tadapa. Laymen of the Buddhist community would typically be dressed with the antariya, accompanied by an uttariya and a larger chadder , all colored in saffron. The uttariya is still worn throughout Indian subcontinent and is traditionally worn over kurta , achkan , or

240-519: The Abhaya mudra . His left fist is clenched on his hip. The gown of the Shakyamuni Buddha is quite light compared to that of the other known representations of the standing Buddha (see Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum) ), tending to follow the outline of the body, in a rather light way. These are probably the first two layers of monastic clothing the antaravasaka and the uttarasanga , without

270-572: The Dharma , King of Kings Azes ". Close-up photographs by the British Museum [4] show that the coins do bear the name of Azes, but that they also have the "Three pellets" symbol, which is characteristic of the coinage of Kharahostes, who also often uses the name of Azes on his coinage. The coin type of the Bimaran coins is also identical to the main coins of Kharahostes (horseman with Tyche). The name of Kharahostes has also been recently discovered on

300-451: The Kanishka casket , which however is of much coarser execution, and securely dated to around 127 CE. Uttariya An uttariya ( uttarīya ) is a loose piece of upper body clothing with its origins in ancient India . It is a single piece of cloth that falls from the back of the neck to curl around both arms and could also drape the top half of the body. An uttariya is similar to

330-406: The uttariya by throwing it over the left shoulder only, in the style called upavita ". There was another garment called pravara that they used to wear in cold. This was the general garb of both the sexes but the difference existed only in size of cloth and manner of wearing. Sometimes the poor people used to wear the lower garment as a loincloth only while the wealthy would wear it extending to

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360-501: The 2nd century CE based on stylistic assumptions. Susan Huntington sums up the issue: These disputes stem from the fact that the first representations of the Buddha are generally assumed to be around the 1st century CE or later, about fifty to a hundred years later than the reign of Azes II, under the rule of the Kushans . Since the Bimaran casket, with its already advanced Buddhist iconography,

390-479: The 6th century BC, Sari śāṭikā ( Sanskrit : शाटिका ) is an evolved form of combining Sattanapatta, the uttariya and the antariya . It was usually made of fine cotton or silk , but can be suggested also with fine hide . Carvings that feature this garment date back a long way but there are few examples of this garment surviving so fashion historians study the reliefs. Priests in Hindu temples adorn

420-560: The Buddha ( contrapposto pose, Greek himation , bundled hairstyle, wearing a moustache , realistic execution), surrounded by the Indian deities Brahma and Śakra , inside arched niches (called "homme arcade", or caitya ) of Greco-Roman architecture. There are altogether eight figures in high-relief (two identical groups of Brahman-Buddha-Indra, and two devotees or Bodhisattvas in-between) and two rows of rubies from Badakhshan . Owing to their necklace, bracelets, and armbands, and halo ,

450-550: The Buddha had been current by the time of the deposition of the Bimaran casket (10 BCE – 10 CE), going back to the rule of the Indo-Greeks in the 1st century BCE. The last Indo-Greek kings Strato II and Strato III ruled until around 20 CE. This view, that Greco-Buddhist art already was flourishing in the 1st century BCE under the sponsorship of Indo-Greek kings, was originally advocated by Alfred A. Foucher and others, although with much less archaeological evidence. Stylistically,

480-573: The casket (gold inlaid with precious stone) is also highly consistent with the art of the Scythians, as known for example from the Tillya tepe archaeological site in northern Afghanistan. The Tillya tepe treasure is also dated to the 1st century BCE, and also has what could be early representations of the Buddha, such as the Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin . The Bimaran casket also has some similarities with

510-595: The casket the earliest known representation of the Buddha : However, several features of the coins are unknown for coins of Azes: the Tyche on the reverse, the fact that the king is given the title of Dhramika in the Kharoshthi inscription on the reverse, and the fact that the Kharoshthi monograms and symbols used are those of the later Scythian king Kharahostes . The latest studies, made in 2015 by Joe Cribb , consider that

540-454: The casket would suggest a date between 30 BCE to 10 BCE. Azes II would have employed some Indo-Greek artists in the territories recently conquered, and made the dedication to a stupa. The coins are not very worn, and would therefore have been dedicated soon after their minting. Indo-Scythians are indeed known for their association with Buddhism, as in the Mathura lion capital . Such date would make

570-495: The casket. This would put the Bimaran casket at 10 BCE, or around the beginning of our era. The Kushan ruler Kudjula Kadphises does use something similar to the three-pellets mark of Kharahostes in just one of his coin types ( [REDACTED] on the reverse of the "Laureate head and king seated" type), which has led to suggestions that the coins of the Bimaran casket may be from his reign, and can be dated to approximately 60 CE. This coin type however has nothing to do with that of

600-405: The coins are issues of Kharahostes , or his son Mujatria . Many characteristics of the coins of the Bimaran reliquary are consistent with the coinage of Kharahostes (10 BCE–10 CE), a successor to Azes II, who minted many coins in the name of Azes II. The four coins in the Bimaran casket are of the same type: tetradrachms of debased silver in the name of Azes, in near-new condition. On

630-457: The coins of the Bimaran reliquary (which are all "Horseman with Tyche"). Kudjula Kadphises is also not known to have issued Scythian-type coins in the name of Azes. The three-pellet symbol mark is not known from any other ruler either (apart from the son of Kharahostes Mujatria ), so that the only remaining possibility seems to be Kharahostes or his son, as determined by Joe Cribb in his 2015 study. Various disputes have been arising regarding

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660-444: The coins to Indo-Scythian king Kharahostes or his son Mujatria , who minted posthumous issues in the name of Azes. The Bimaran reliquary is sometimes dated, based on coinage analysis, to 0–15 CE ( Fussman ), more generally to 50–60 CE ( British Museum ), and sometimes much later (2nd century CE), based on artistic assumptions only. It is currently in the collections of the British Museum . The dating of this unique piece of art has

690-414: The early date suggested for this first Buddha image. Prof. Gérard Fussman thinks that the Bimaran reliquary was manufactured in 1–15 CE. In any case manufacture necessarily took place before 60 CE, which is the latest date considered for the coins. The Bimaran casket is on display at the British Museum ( Joseph E. Hotung Gallery), which dates the casket to 60 CE. Some also date the casket as late as

720-557: The feet as a sign of prestige. The Mahabharata (compiled between 4th BC 4th CE) refers the use of the uttariya as a garment. The colors of the uttariya were associated with distinct varna in society then. The Pandavas were observed wearing white. Women were using two uttariya sometimes, viz. for covering the chest, when a woman used satanmasuska or Sattanapatta (also known as kurpsika or kanchuki) to cover her breasts. As per mention in Buddhist Pali literature during

750-408: The heavier overcoat, the sangati , which would only go as low as the knees and be more markedly folded. Also, his gown is folded over the right and left arm (rather than being held in the left hand as in the classical Buddha image), suggesting some kind of scarf-like uttariya . He has an abundant topknot covering the ushnisha , and a simple halo surrounds his head. This combination of details of

780-414: The iconography (posture and clothing) is rare and only otherwise known in the coins of Kanishka (c. 150 CE), where they bear the inscription " Shakyamuni Buddha ", in apparent contrast to his coins of the "Buddha" where he wears the heavy overcoat. The posture itself is well known in the art of Gandhara in sculptures of the Buddha as a Bodhisattva, but in these cases, he wears the Indian princely dhoti and

810-521: The obverse they show a king on a horse to the right with right hand extended, with a three-pellet dynastic mark and a circular legend in Greek. The legend reads in corrupted Greek WEIΛON WEOΛΛWN IOCAAC (that is, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΖΟΥ ) "King of Kings Azes ". On the reverse appears a figure of Tyche standing and holding a cornucopia , with a Kharoshthi legend. The legend reads 'Maharajasa mahatasa Dhramakisa Rajatirajasa Ayasa "The Great king followower of

840-471: The royal turban. The Bimaran casket was kept in a steatite box, with inscriptions stating that it contained some relics of the Buddha. When opened in the 19th century, the box did not contain identifiable relics, but instead some burnt pearls, bead of precious and semi-precious stones, and the four coins of Azes II . The inscriptions written on the box are: The archeological find of the Azes II coins inside

870-492: The two devotees are most probably representations of Bodhisattvas . They hold their hands together in a prayerful gesture of reverence, Añjali Mudrā . The casket is made in gold- repoussé and is very small, with a height of 7 cm ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4  in). It is considered as a masterpiece of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara . The Buddha seems to walk sideways. His right forearm goes across his chest to form

900-409: Was manufactured at the beginning of our era, give or take a few decades, it is highly probably that much earlier images of the Buddha had already been in existence before its creation, going back to the 1st century BCE. Since the casket already displays quite a sophisticated iconography (Brahma and Indra as attendants, Bodhisattvas) in an advanced style, it would suggest much earlier representations of

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