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66-784: The Biltmore Forest School was the first school of forestry in North America. Carl A. Schenck founded this school of "practical forestry " in 1896 on George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina . The school grounds are now part of Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania County, North Carolina , as the Cradle of Forestry in America , a 6,500 acres (2,600 ha) historic site which features exhibits about forestry and forest conservation history. In 1895, George W. Vanderbilt brought Carl A. Schenck from Germany to

132-619: A free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​ , FAO, FAO. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​ , FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

198-398: A free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​ , FAO, FAO. Transylvania County, North Carolina Transylvania County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2020 census the population is 32,986. Its county seat

264-771: A 55-page illustrated booklet, A Forest Fair in the Biltmore Forest, which provided information about the forest and conservation . The 50 to 100 attendees included botanists, foresters, furniture manufacturers, lumbermen, and university professors. The three-day festival ran from November 26–29, exhibiting forestry practices taught at the school and providing lessons in logging operations, planting techniques, seed regeneration, and soil composition. Schenck guided attendees on forest plantation tours. Guests also toured Biltmore Estate's nurseries. The fair showcased Schenck's forestry and conservation practices and resulted in various newspaper articles. American Lumberman magazine wrote that

330-462: A broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber , fuel wood, wildlife habitat , natural water quality management , recreation , landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes , biodiversity management, watershed management , erosion control , and preserving forests as " sinks " for atmospheric carbon dioxide . Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as

396-561: A disagreement with Schenck in 1903, Pinchot wrote Vanderbilt requesting that he end Schenck's ability to award a master's degree and that he also close the Biltmore Forest School altogether. Schenck responded with a measured five-page letter noting the professional accomplishments of the Biltmore Forest School's graduates, including those who worked for Pinchot at the Forest Service. He also stated that none of his students had failed

462-596: A faculty at the Federal University of Paraná , in Curitiba. Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology , ecology , botany , genetics , soil science , climatology , hydrology , economics and forest management . Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs. In India, forestry education

528-445: A household in the county was $ 38,587, and the median income for a family was $ 45,579. Males had a median income of $ 31,743 versus $ 21,191 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 20,767. About 6.60% of families and 9.50% of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.80% of those under age 18 and 7.00% of those age 65 or over. At present Transylvania is a solidly Republican county, although much less so than

594-450: A mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species , building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire . The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau , Hesse , in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at

660-463: A place to stay" amongst the abandoned farmhouses and cabins in the area. When the students were at their summer camp at Pink Beds in Transylvania County , five of the buildings they lived in were called Hell Hole, Little Bohemia, Little Hell Hole, The Palace, and Rest for the Wicked. Some students were lucky and found a place to stay with the rangers. Despite this, tuition for the school was expensive at $ 200

726-455: A region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species. The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity . More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems , may impact

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792-499: A waiting list. The Biltmore Forest School offered a one-year course of study, and the curriculum focused on providing traditional classroom lectures in silvicultural theory supplemented with extensive hands-on, practical forest management field training. The school lacked academic standing and was instead modeled on the German "Master Schools." Schenck's students spent most afternoons in the forest doing hands-on work and directly applying

858-498: A year, meaning that its students mostly came from wealthier families. In contrast, tuition was $ 175 a year for Harvard University in the same year. By 1906, the school's brochure indicated that a year at Biltmore Forest School cost closer to $ 750, with a horse, food, boarding, travel, and the $ 200 in tuition. During a national financial crisis, Schenck was forced to raise tuition to $ 250, and again in January 1909, to $ 300. Geographically,

924-541: Is Brevard . Transylvania County comprises the Brevard, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Asheville-Waynesville-Brevard, NC Combined Statistical Area . The North Carolina General Assembly apportioned Transylvania County on February 15, 1861, from lands previously attributed to neighboring Jackson and Henderson counties; it was named by representative Joseph P. Jordan. Until

990-871: Is an important economic segment in various industrial countries, as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people. For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area, wood is the most important renewable resource , and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year. Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.  Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high. Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$ 1.25 per day. Over

1056-621: Is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities. In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters . In Canada

1122-464: Is land and 1.97 square miles (5.1 km ) (0.52%) water. Transylvania County contains the primary headwaters of the French Broad River , locally called North Fork, West Fork, East Fork, and Middle Fork. Since the county's northern and western boundaries follow mountain ridges, all these tributaries originate from sources in the county. The French Broad flows primarily east and northward through

1188-610: Is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry. The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner 's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood 's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn 's Sylva (1662). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1254-520: Is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families , but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species . Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in

1320-436: Is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands , incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems , and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture , which deals with the art and practice of forest management. Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University . It integrates

1386-482: Is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles. In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation. Silvology ( Latin : silva or sylva , "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek : -λογία , -logia , "science of" or "study of")

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1452-431: Is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management. Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires , pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation , poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material. About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this

1518-533: The Biltmore Estate in western North Carolina to manage the vast expanses of forest lands on the estate's property. Schenck replaced Gifford Pinchot as Vanderbilt's estate forester. He began introducing new scientific management and practical forestry techniques. As Schenck worked throughout Vanderbilt's vast forests, he filled his need for help, in part, by using local young men and other volunteers who were interested in working for free as an apprentice. Because of

1584-659: The Forest History Society , notes this was just a few weeks before the opening of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell University , making it the first school of forestry in North America. Although 1898 was the first year the school published a catalog, Schenck operated the school "on a voluntary basis and highly informal" in 1896 and 1897 for a small group of students, including Alfred Gaskill , Edward Merriam Griffith , Frederick E. Olmsted , Overton W. Price , and George H. Wirt. Schenck countered

1650-679: The University of Giessen , in Hesse-Darmstadt . In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), founded in 1844. The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville , North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate . Another early school

1716-740: The effects of climate change . Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone. Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture , forest protection , and forest regulation . This includes management for timber, aesthetics , recreation , urban values, water , wildlife , inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products , plant genetic resources , and other forest resource values . Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or

1782-425: The 1898 opening date, writing, "There was never a formal opening. The first catalog was issued in 1898. … Entrance conditions were lenient—graduation from high school―but once in, strict requirements were enforced. Those who could not make the grades were dropped." The purpose of the school was "to provide foresters for lumber companies." Later, the Biltmore Forest School had so many applicants that Schenck had to create

1848-579: The 1930s, Harry Straus opened a paper mill in the Pisgah Forest area; by the mid-20th century, Straus's Ecusta Paper manufacturing site provided jobs to over 3,000 local residents. During the peak industrial years of the 1950s, DuPont had a factory in the county, employing nearly 1,000 more residents. In the following decades, Brevard College and its namesake town each grew at dramatic rates. The Brevard Music Center and its summer Brevard Music Festival began to attract musicians and enthusiasts from around

1914-496: The Biltmore Forest Fair which was designed to "demonstrate the accomplishments and possibilities of scientific management and practical forestry techniques." The fair also recognized the tenth anniversary of Biltmore Forest School and the twentieth anniversary of private forestry at Biltmore. Schenck wrote personal letters to nearly 400 people, inviting them to attend the fair. Along with these letters of invitation, he enclosed

1980-667: The Blue Ridge Escarpment. Notable waterfalls in the county include Looking Glass Falls , Moore Cove Falls , Rainbow Falls , and Whitewater Falls , the tallest waterfall east of the Mississippi . It receives over 90 inches (2,300 mm) of rain annually due to orographic lift , making it the state's wettest county. ( Buncombe County , 30 miles (48 km) northeast, is the driest, as it sits in Transylvania County's rain shadow .) The Blue Ridge Parkway traverses parts of

2046-1184: The Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs. In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area . The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide. In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes ; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded. These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats . This system

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2112-509: The Champion Paper and Fibre Company. They also placed a commemorative tablet called "The Plymouth Rock of Forestry" at the site of the former schoolhouse and planted three pine trees in memory of Schenck. The plaque reads: “In memory of Carl Alwin Schenck, 1867-1955. This memorial forest is dedicated to honor a great teacher and founder of the Biltmore Forest School, the first school of forestry in

2178-638: The College of Natural Resources at North Carolina State University , was named in honor of the school. Schenck considered the forestry program there the successor to the Biltmore School. Released in 2015, the Emmy Award –winning film America’s First Forest: Carl Schenck and the Asheville Experiment tells the story of Schenck and his work at Biltmore. Forestry Modern forestry generally embraces

2244-417: The Forest Service exam. In addition to noting that Pinchot's request would unfairly benefit Yale University, he also wrote: "As regards to my personal knowledge of forestry, I can only say that no forester in the United States had a better chance of training than myself; that no forester in the United States is held in higher esteem by Sir Dietrich Brandis and Dr. William Schlich than myself; that no forester in

2310-591: The National Forestry Service). In 1908, Schenck had a heated disagreement with Vanderbilt who wanted to sell off part of the estates' forests to ease his financial crisis. In addition, Vanderbilt disagreed with some of Schenck's strategies to raise money for the estate. In 1909, Schenck quarreled with Charles Beadle, head of Biltmore Estate's nurseries, resulting in a criminal charge for assault. Vanderbilt asked Schenck to resign in April 1909, with Schenck working to

2376-620: The New World. His ashes have been spread here among the trees he loved." The event drew 36 alumni from seventeen states. Dr. Hans Schenck, Schenck's nephew from Germany, brought hand-carved reunion emblems for each alumnus. Today, the school continues to be celebrated as the Cradle of Forestry in America heritage site on Vanderbilt's former lands in Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania County, North Carolina . The Cradle of Forestry in America

2442-465: The United States has ever passed his university examinations more satisfactorily than myself; that no forester in Hesse Darmstadt has ever reached a higher standing in the government examinations than myself; and that no forester obtained the doctor degree ‘summa cum laude’ excepting myself. I do not want to talk of these matters boastingly. I just want to emphasize that my forestal knowledge is, to say

2508-555: The country to Transylvania County. Since the late 20th century, Transylvania County's economy has changed. Many of the manufacturing operations went defunct or moved offshore for cheap labor, including Ecusta and DuPont. Since then, the county has worked to reshape its economy around the growing summer and winter tourism industry in Appalachia. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has an area of 380.33 square miles (985.1 km ), of which 378.36 square miles (979.9 km )

2574-736: The county into Henderson County. The county's northern border follows the ridge line proximate to the Blue Ridge Parkway , and the southern border mostly follows the Eastern Continental Divide , from the border of Henderson County and South Carolina, westward to near US 178 and Jackson County. The headwaters of Lake Toxaway lie south of the Eastern Continental Divide, becoming the Toxaway River , descending rapidly through Gorges State Park and into Lake Jocassee on

2640-531: The county was 92.4% White , 3.9% Black or African American , 0.3% Native American , 0.4% Asian , and 1.12% from two or more races. 2.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 12,320 households, out of which 25.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.60% were married couples living together, 8.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 26.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.40% had someone living alone who

2706-585: The county's southern edge. This area, known as the Cane Brake, is difficult to access from North Carolina due to the steep slope of the trails in Gorges State Park, but can be reached more easily via the Foothills Trail from South Carolina. Transylvania County is known as the "Land of Waterfalls", due to it having over 250 waterfalls . This is due to a combination of its high precipitation and location on

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2772-617: The county, and has views of the Appalachian Mountains , which reach over 6,000 feet (1,800 m) elevation in the county. As of the 2020 census , there were 32,986 people, 14,567 households, and 9,978 families residing in the county. At the 2010 census , there were 33,090 people, 14,394 households, and 8,660 families residing in the county. The population density was 83 people per square mile (32 people/km ). There were 15,553 housing units at an average density of 41 units per square mile (16 units/km ). The racial makeup of

2838-440: The door, they jumped a fence in an isolated spot. House estimated that there were 300 graduates from Biltmore Forest School; 100 entered the field of forestry. However, there may have been as many as 350 students. The school closed in 1913. Schenck noted, "It could not compete with the many state schools of forestry which had by then been set up." In addition, Biltmore Forest School "lacked support from lumbermen." In 1914, Schenck

2904-411: The early 20th century, the vast majority of Transylvania County residents subsisted through agriculture, growing staples such as potatoes and cabbage. Beginning in the early 20th century, with Joseph Silverstein's tannery in what was renamed as Rosman in 1905, a manufacturing economy began to develop in the county. It relied on timber and related products harvested from the Pisgah National Forest . In

2970-526: The end of his contract in November 1909. Although the Biltmore Forest School was financially self-sustaining, Schenck could no longer operate it on Vanderbilt's property. His students and alumni unsuccessfully tried to raise the funds to purchase Pisgah Forest from Vanderbilt. The school continued to operate by using a variety of locations. It was based at the logging village of Sunburst in Haywood County which

3036-866: The faculty, serving as assistants to Schenck and teaching forestry and botany. Like Schenck, Howe had also studied with Sir Dietrich Brandis . Other faculty throughout the school's fifteen years included H. O. Allison (farming), Edgar D. Broadhurst (principals of law), Clement Samuel Brimley (zoology), George Lemon Clothier (prairie planting), Collier Cobb (geology and mineralogy), F. D. Couden (entomology), Dr. Bernhard E. Fernow (forestery) , Dr. Andrew D. Hopkins (entomology), R. S. Kellogg (American forest statistics), Frederick Haynes Newell (irrigation), Dr. Harry C. Oberholzer (zoology), Malcolm Ross (farming), Franklin Sherman (zoology), Dr. St. George L. Sioussat (principals of economics), Dr. Hermann von Schrenk (fungus diseases), and Dr. Raphael Zon (activities of

3102-589: The festival was the beginning of a new “epic in American forestry.” Despite the school's short existence, it laid the foundation for American forestry education. Schenck's theories of sustainable forestry greatly influenced the field, remaining important long after he died in 1955. Graduates of the Biltmore Forest School became the first generation of American professional foresters. Instructor Homer D. House estimated that 25 of its students became well known in American forestry. The Biltmore Forest School's first reunion

3168-647: The genetic diversity of trees. The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype ) will determine its performance (its phenotype ) at a particular site. Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases . Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity

3234-430: The growing interest in forestry, Schenck decided to formalize his forestry education program. With the permission of Vanderbilt, Schenck established the Biltmore Forest School in 1896 using abandoned farm buildings on the estate grounds near Asheville, North Carolina . He taught students in his spare time. According to The Biltmore Company , the school "opened its doors on September 1, 1898." Steven Anderson, president of

3300-504: The least, equal to Filibert Roth, Henry Graves, or Mr. Fisher, the young sapling who now occupies the chair of forestry at Harvard." By 1904, their differences seemed to have resolved; Pinchot again hired Biltmore Forest School graduates and also sent federal foresters to lecture at the school. Balancing increasing numbers of students and his obligations to the estate, Schenck added more students and used their tuition to hire faculty. Dr. Clifton. D. Howe and, later, Dr. Homer D. House joined

3366-442: The most important component of the biosphere , and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science , craft , and technology . A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester . Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry. All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others. Forestry

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3432-408: The new United States Division of Forestry which was under the leadership of Biltmore Estate's former forester, Pinchot. This mutually beneficial relationship was short-lived; Pinchot helped establish the forestry school at Yale University with a $ 150,000 endowment from his father. These students were being taught Pinchot's view of forestry and were, therefore, more likely to be hired by him. After

3498-575: The newly formed American college programs which took place indoors. Schenck proudly said, “My boys worked continuously in the woods, while those at other schools saw wood only on their desks.” The students learned felling, logging, sawing, operating machinery, transplanting seedlings, and caring for tree nurseries. In addition, their studies included botany, dendrology, fish and game, and forest economics. Schenck also took students with him on his annual vacation to Europe. However, student residences were less than desirable; students were told to "find yourself

3564-440: The past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science , there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture . Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose

3630-536: The school's students came mostly from the South and Midwest. Many were the children of lumbermen who wanted to increase profits in their family business. However, there were also students from the Northeast who were interested in conservation. These students tended to be from upper-middle-class families and lack a background in forestry or lumber. Regardless of background, the graduates of the Biltmore Forest School were hired into

3696-435: The study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology . Dendrology ( Ancient Greek : δένδρον , dendron , "tree"; and Ancient Greek : -λογία , -logia , science of or study of ) or xylology ( Ancient Greek : ξύλον , ksulon , "wood") is the science and study of woody plants ( trees , shrubs , and lianas ), specifically, their taxonomic classifications. There

3762-408: The theories they had learned in the classroom. One of his former students, Cap Eldridge said, "He just lectured to us three or four hours a day, and the rest of the time we were strung out behind him, traveling full speed while he tended to his duties, which he explained as he went along." This made Biltmore Forest Schools more like the last year of traditional German training and contrasts strongly with

3828-620: The vast majority of Appalachia . No Democratic presidential nominee has carried Transylvania County since Jimmy Carter did so in 1976. Transylvania County has a council-manager form of government, with a five-member Board of Commissioners elected at large. The Commissioners hire and supervise a separate County Manager. The current County Manager is Jaime Laughter. The current members of the Board of Commissioners are Jason Chappell (chairman), Jake Dalton (vice-chairman), Teresa McCall, Larry Chapman, and Emmett Casciato. Transylvania Regional Hospital (TRH)

3894-457: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.74. In the county, the population was spread out, with 20.40% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 23.10% from 25 to 44, 26.90% from 45 to 64, and 21.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 92.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.50 males. The median income for

3960-434: Was called back to Germany for World War I . Although he lectured in both Europe and the United States after the war, he did not try to reestablish his forestry school. He wrote, “Retrospectively, let me assert that the Biltmore Forest School died at the right time. It died when it had reached the apex of its career. Be it man or tree or institution, it is better to die too early than too late.” In November 1908, Schenck hosted

4026-546: Was dedicated on October 20, 1964. The 6,500 acres (2,600 ha) historic site includes the Forest Discovery Center , an indoor forestry and forest conservation history museum, gift shop, and café. There are two guided trails that include several of the school's original buildings, a 1914 Climax logging locomotive , and a portable sawmill . The center offers special programs, crafts demonstrations, nature education programs, and special events. Biltmore Hall, home of

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4092-550: Was formed in 1933 with the mission to serve the community's health care needs. A 94-bed facility fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), it has more than 120 active, consulting and courtesy physicians representing a full spectrum of specialties. Transylvania County is a member of the Land-of-Sky Regional Council of governments. The current mayor of Brevard

4158-695: Was in Wilmington, Delaware , after World War I . This was followed by several reunions in New York City , the last one taking place in the 1930s In May 1950, the alumni of Biltmore Forest School had a reunion at the George Vanderbilt Hotel in Asheville, North Carolina . They toured Schenck's pine plantations on the Biltmore Estate, a had a barbecue at Pink Beds and held an event at Lake Logan clubhouse of

4224-478: Was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains. Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to

4290-493: Was owned by Champion Paper and Fibre Company for a time, with the company providing classroom space and student housing. Students spent winters in Darmstadt, Germany , and Mimizan-les-Bains, France, and the rest of the year in forests in upstate New York; North Carolina; Cadillac, Michigan ; and Coos Bay, Oregon. In 1910, Schenck tried to take his students on a tour of the pine plantations on Biltmore Estate—because they were barred at

4356-561: Was the New York State College of Forestry , established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898. Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America. In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa , Minas Gerais , in 1962, and moved the next year to become

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