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92-648: Billy Elliot is a 2000 British coming-of-age comedy - drama film directed by Stephen Daldry and written by Lee Hall . Set in County Durham in North East England during the 1984–1985 miners' strike , the film is about a working-class boy who has a passion for ballet . His father objects, based on negative stereotypes of male ballet dancers . The film stars Jamie Bell as 11-year-old Billy, Gary Lewis as his father, Jamie Draven as Billy's older brother, and Julie Walters as his ballet teacher. Adapted from

184-484: A racist connotation, as it was used in this way in 1859 in the United Kingdom: "If you dare work we shall consider you as blacks..." Lexicographer Geoffrey Hughes, however, notes that blackleg and scab are both references to disease, as in the blackleg infectious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle caused by Clostridium chauvoei . He dates the first use of the term blackleg in reference to strikebreaking to

276-518: A rite in Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Irvingism, and Reformed Christianity. The Catholic and Methodist denominations teach that in confirmation, the Holy Spirit strengthens a baptized individual for their faith journey. This is usually done by a bishop or an abbot laying their hands upon the foreheads of the young person (usually between the ages of 12 and 15 years), and marking them with

368-533: A boy or girl is mature enough to understand his responsibility towards family and society. Some castes in Hinduism also have the sacred thread ceremony, called Upanayana , for Dvija (twice-born) boys that mark their coming of age to do religious ceremonies. A rite of passage males have to go through is Bhrataman (or Chudakarma) that marks adulthood. In the traditional Ifá faith of the Yoruba people of West Africa and

460-495: A ceremony called Dastar Bandhi. This is the first time the proper Sikh Turban is tied on the adolescent. Women who wear the turban may also partake in the ceremony, although it is less common. Strikebreaker A strikebreaker (sometimes pejoratively called a scab , blackleg , bootlicker , blackguard or knobstick ) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike . Strikebreakers may be current employees ( union members or not), or new hires, who are hired after or during

552-462: A coat and tie for the upper-middle and upper classes, and usually has a theme or color scheme that is related to the dress code. The débutante traditionally chooses for her entourage "18 Roses", who are 18 special men or boys in the girl's life such as boyfriends, relatives and brothers, and "18 Candles", who are the Roses' female counterparts. Each presents a rose or candle then delivers a short speech about

644-406: A dance background. Jamie Bell had about seven auditions in total before eventually in mid-1999, it was announced that he would play the lead role in the film. Peter Darling , the film's choreographer, worked with Bell for "eight hours a day for three months, finding out what drove him as a dancer." Julie Walters accepted the role of Sandra Wilkinson. Walters called the script "moving", explaining, "It

736-535: A dancing school in nearby North Shields . Writing in 2009, Hall said that "almost every frame of Billy Elliot was influenced by Step by Step [...] as every member of the design team carried around their own copy." Hall met with director Stephen Daldry, who was working at the Royal Court Theatre at the time. At first, Daldry was not convinced with the script, but said, "I liked the emotional honesty of Billy Elliot. Also Lee writes brilliant kids. And there's

828-536: A foot wrong and is engrossing, funny, very sad, very moving and very uplifting." Some critics gave a mixed response. Timeout magazine believes that "Daldry overuses the dance as a metaphor for escape and frustration, and choreographer Peter Darling's grandstanding ballet numbers sit a little uneasily, given the realist comedy pitch". A. O. Scott of The New York Times notes that there were "patches of thinness and predictability", and that "the first half seems to acknowledge its own triteness". However, he compliments

920-549: A lifestyle that involves celibacy , formal voluntary poverty , absolute nonviolence , and daily fasting between noon and the following day's sunrise. Depending on how long they stay, the boys will learn various chants and recitations in the canonical language ( Pali ) – typically the Buddha's more famous discourses ( Suttas ) and verses ( Gathas ) – as well as Buddhist ethics and higher monastic discipline ( Vinaya ). If they stay long enough and conditions permit, they may be tutored in

1012-539: A man turned 20, his parents would hold a Guan Li (also named the capping ceremony); when a girl turned 15, she would receive a Ji Li (also known as the Hairpin Ceremony). These rites were considered to represent a person being mature and prepared to get married and start a family; therefore, they were the beginning of all the moral rites. During this rite of passage, the young person receives his/her style name . In Hinduism coming of age generally signifies that

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1104-579: A man who has not ordained temporarily as a Samanera in this way at some point in his life. Men who have completed this Samanera ordination and have returned to lay life are considered primed for adult married life and are described in the Thai language and the Khmer language by terms which roughly translate as "cooked", "finished", or "cooled off" in English, as in meal preparation/consumption. Thus, one's monastic training

1196-447: A memorial of their leaving their youth. Years later, the quintos of the same year could still hold yearly meals to remember times past. By the end of the 20th century, the rural exodus , the diffusion of city customs and the loss of prestige of military service changed the relevance of quintos parties. In some places, the party included the village girls of the same age, thus becoming less directly related to military service. In others,

1288-508: A perpetual state of innocence. In 1910, Pope Pius X issued the decree Quam singulari , which changed the age of eligibility for receiving both the sacrament of Penance and the Eucharist to a "time when a child begins to reason, that is about the seventh year, more or less." Previously, local standards had been at least 10 or 12 or even 14 years old. Historically, the sacrament of confirmation has been administered to youth who have reached

1380-556: A play called Dancer by Lee Hall, development on the film began in 1999. Around 2,000 boys were considered for the role of Billy before Bell was chosen for the role. Filming began in the North East of England in August 1999. Greg Brenman and Jon Finn served as producers, while Stephen Warbeck composed the film's score. Billy Elliot is a co-production among BBC Films , Tiger Aspect Pictures and Working Title Films . The film premiered at

1472-413: A professional ballet dancer. Over Christmas, Billy learns his best friend, Michael, is gay. Billy is supportive of his friend. Later, Jackie catches Billy and Michael dancing in the gym, and realizes his son is truly gifted. Although stunned at first, he resolves to do whatever it takes to help Billy attain his dream. Sandra tries to persuade Jackie to let her pay for the audition, but he replies that Billy

1564-420: A series of themes in it I rather enjoyed: Grief; finding means of self-identification through some sort of creative act, in this case dance; and the miner's strike itself." Working Title Films approached Daldry to become director and he accepted the offer. The BBC financed the project. Thousands of boys were considered for the lead role. The producers were looking for a boy in a specific geographical area with

1656-540: A young adult. The drinking age varies within states from 18 to 21 years old. In some countries, Humanist or freethinker organisations have arranged courses or camps for non-religious adolescents, in which they can study or work on ethical, social, and personal topics important for adult life, followed by a formal rite of passage comparable to the Christian Confirmation. Some of these ceremonies are even called "civil confirmations". The purpose of these ceremonies

1748-725: Is 'without sin', both believe that those at a certain age are considered innocent. According to the Grand Historian , the Duke of Zhou wrote the Rites of Zhou about 3000 years ago, which documented fundamental ceremonies in ancient China, including the Coming of Age rite. Then Confucius and his students wrote the Book of Rites , which introduced and further explained important ceremonies in Confucianism. When

1840-463: Is a ceremony to initiate Papua New Guinea boys into adult society. It involves dressing up in a conical hat which has long strands of leaves hanging from the edge, down to below the waist. The name Kovave is also used to describe the head-dress. In the Philippines, a popular coming of age celebration for 18-year-old women is the debut . It is normally a formal affair, with a strict dress code such as

1932-409: Is a distinction between a blackleg and a scab . He defines a scab as an outsider who is recruited to replace a striking worker, whereas a blackleg is one already employed who goes against a democratic decision of their colleagues to strike, and instead continues to work. The fact that McIlroy specified that this should be a "democratic" decision has led the historian David Amos to question whether

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2024-512: Is believed to originate from the 1844 strike, which would predate Hughes's reference. The song is thought to originate from the 1844 Miners' Lockout in the North East Coalfield. David John Douglass claims that the term blackleg has its origins in coal mining , as strikebreakers would often neglect to wash their legs, which would give away that they had been working whilst others had been on strike. John McIlroy has suggested that there

2116-414: Is considered an adult when she begins menstruating, while a boy is considered an adult at twelve-to-fifteen years old. The evidence for this is the narration of Ibn Umar that he said: "Allah's Apostle called me to present myself in front of him on the eve of the battle of Uhud, while I was fourteen years of age at that time and he did not allow me to take part in that battle but he called me in front of him on

2208-443: Is granted only after a period of preparation known as catechesis . The time of innocence before one has the ability to understand truly the laws of God and that God sees one as innocent is also seen as applying to individuals who suffer from a mental disability which prevents them from ever reaching a time when they are capable of understanding the laws of God. These individuals are thus seen, according to some Christians, as existing in

2300-454: Is his son and he does not need charity. Jackie attempts to cross the picket line to pay for the trip to London, but Tony stops him. Instead, his fellow miners and the neighbourhood raise some money, and Jackie pawns Billy's mother's jewellery to cover the cost, and Jackie takes him to London to audition. Although very nervous, Billy performs well. He punches another boy in frustration at the audition, and fears that he has ruined his chances. He

2392-640: Is legal ) is 21. Multiple localities have also raised the minimum purchase age independent of state laws. During the feudal period, the coming of age was celebrated at 15 for noblemen. Nowadays, the age is 20 for both genders. Turning 15, the "age of maturity", as the Baha'i faith terms it, is a time when a child is considered spiritually mature. Declared Baha'is that have reached the age of maturity are expected to begin observing certain Baha'i laws , such as obligatory prayer and fasting. Theravada boys, typically just under

2484-458: Is no traditionally set program marking this event, and celebrations differ from family to family. Both men and women may opt not to hold a debut at all. In the Romani culture , males are called Shave when they come of age at 20, and females Sheya . Males are then taught to drive and work in their family's line of trade, while females are taught the women's line of work. In Ukraine , Poland , and

2576-516: Is rebuked by the review board and, when asked what it feels like when he is dancing, struggles for words. He says that it is "like electricity". Seemingly rejected, Billy returns home with his father. Sometime later, the Royal Ballet School sends him a letter of acceptance, coinciding with the end of the miners' strike, and Billy leaves home to study in London. In 1998, 25-year-old Billy performs as

2668-525: Is seen to have prepared one properly for familial, social, and civic duty and/or one's passions and unruliness of the boy are seen to have "cooled down" enough for him to be of use to a woman as a proper man. In many Western Christian churches (those deriving from Rome after the East-West Schism ), a young person is eligible to receive confirmation , which is considered a sacrament in Catholicism, and

2760-403: Is to offer a festive ritual for those youngsters, who do not believe in any religion, but nevertheless want to mark their transition from childhood to adulthood. In Bali, the coming of age ceremony is supposed to take place after a girl's first menstrual period or a boy's voice breaks. However, due to expense, it is often delayed until later. The upper canines are filed down slightly to symbolize

2852-487: The 2000 Cannes Film Festival , and began a wider theatrical release in the United Kingdom on 29 September 2000 by Universal Pictures through United International Pictures . Billy Elliot received positive critical response and commercial success, earning $ 109.3 million worldwide on a $ 5 million budget. At the 54th British Academy Film Awards , the film won three of thirteen award nominations. Jamie Bell became

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2944-484: The European Union member states to determine their own policies. Strikebreaking is also known as black-legging or blacklegging . American lexicographer Stephanie Smith suggests that the word has to do with bootblacking or shoe polish , for an early occurrence of the word was in conjunction with an 1803 American bootmaker's strike. However, British industrial relations expert J.G. Riddall notes that it may have

3036-668: The European Union 's Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers permits EU member states to regulate the right to strike. Striker replacement (hiring workers to replace striking workers during the course of a strike) is not banned or restricted by international law. However, the ILO has concluded striker replacement, while not in contravention of ILO agreements, carries with it significant risks for abuse and places trade union freedoms "in grave jeopardy." Regarding permanent replacement rather than just replacement for

3128-514: The Mennonites . Some traditions withhold the rite of Holy Communion from those not yet at the age of accountability, on the grounds that children do not understand what the sacrament means. In the 20th century, Roman Catholic children began to be admitted to communion some years before confirmation, with an annual First Communion service – a practice that was extended to some paedobaptist Protestant groups, such as Lutheranism and Anglicanism–but since

3220-567: The Nottinghamshire miners in 1984–85 were true blacklegs, given the lack of a democratic vote on the strike. : "If we use McIlroy's interpretation can the Nottinghamshire miners of 1984-85 be seen to have been 'blacklegging' as against 'scabbing'? However, there is one contentious point in McIlroy's interpretation, the breaking of the 'democratic process'. It is because there was some debate over

3312-578: The Scandinavian Countries, the legal coming of age of a person is celebrated at either 18 or 21. In South Africa, the Xhosa Ulwaluko and the Sotho Lebollo la banna circumcision and manhood ceremonies are still undertaken by the majority of males. In Spain during the 19th century, there was a civilian coming of age bound to the compulsory military service . The quintos were the boys of

3404-638: The Second Vatican Council , the withholding of confirmation to a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has in some areas been abandoned in favour of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of initiation . In some denominations, full membership in the Church , if not bestowed at birth, often must wait until the age of accountability and frequently

3496-406: The cingulum , made from the wool of an ewe to symbolize fertility, and tied with the " knot of Hercules ", which was supposed to be hard to untie. The knot symbolized wifely chastity, in that it was to be untied only by her husband, but the cingulum also symbolized that the bridegroom "was belted and bound" to his wife. The bride's hair was ritually styled in "six tresses" (seni crines) , and she

3588-439: The freedom of association as well as the freedom for workers to organize and established principles on the right to strike through rulings. For example, the ILO has ruled that "the right to strike is an intrinsic corollary of the right of association protected by Convention No. 87." The European Social Charter of 1961 was the first international agreement to expressly protect the right to strike. Similar to international law,

3680-485: The tunica recta , the "upright tunic", but girls wove their own. The garment was called recta because it was woven by tradition on a type of upright loom that had become archaic in later periods. Roman girls were expected to remain virgins until marriage , but boys were often introduced to heterosexual behaviors by a prostitute . The higher the social rank of a girl, the sooner she was likely to become betrothed and married. The general age of betrothal for girls of

3772-626: The "age of discretion". The catechism states that confirmation should be received "at the appropriate time", but in danger of death it can be administered to children. Together with the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist, the sacrament of confirmation completes the sacraments of Christian initiation, "for without Confirmation and Eucharist, Baptism is certainly valid and efficacious, but Christian initiation remains incomplete." In Eastern Catholic Churches, infants receive confirmation and communion immediately after baptism. In Eastern Christianity

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3864-401: The 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights establishes: "The right to strike, provided that it is exercised in conformity with the laws of the particular country." The International Labour Organization (ILO) Committee on Freedom of Association and other ILO bodies have interpreted all core ILO conventions as protecting the right to strike as an essential element of

3956-585: The Jewish faith, boys reach religious maturity at the age of thirteen and become a bar mitzvah ("bar mitzvah" means "son of the commandment" literally, and "subject to commandments" figuratively). Girls mature a year earlier, and become a bat mitzvah ("bat mitzvah" means "daughter of the commandment") at twelve. The new men and women are looked upon as adults and are expected to uphold the Jewish commandments and laws. Also, in religious court they are adults and can marry with their new title of an adult. Nonetheless, in

4048-670: The Swan in Matthew Bourne 's Swan Lake with Jackie, Tony, and Michael watching from the audience. As Billy takes the stage, his father is overcome with emotion while the other dancers watch from the wings. Lee Hall developed Billy Elliot from his play Dancer , which premiered as a rehearsed reading in 1998 at the Live Theatre in Newcastle upon Tyne . He was heavily influenced by photographer Sirkka-Liisa Konttinen 's book Step by Step , about

4140-763: The Talmud; Pirkei Avot (5:25), Rabbi Yehuda ben Teime gives the age of 18 as the appropriate age to get married. At the end of the bar or bat mitzvah, the boy or girl is showered with candies, which act as "sweet blessings". Besides the actual ceremony, there usually is a bar or bat mitzvah party. In various Chassidic sects when boys turn 3 years of age, they have an upsherin (sect related typical Brooklin-Yiddish for Yiddish Abshern , for German Abscheren , "Haare schneiden", engl. hair cut , lit.   ' to sheer away ' ) ceremony, when they receive their first haircut. Until then, their parents allow their hair to grow long, until they undergo this esoteric rite. Little girls for

4232-564: The US. In most provinces, the legal age to purchase alcohol and cigarettes is 19, except in Alberta , Manitoba , and Quebec where it is 18 years old. In India, a person aged 18 and over is allowed to own and drive a car, and has attained the right to vote and the age of consent. Inspired by the western cultures however there are usually sweet sixteen birthday parties celebrated across the country but with little cultural significance besides having now become

4324-496: The United Kingdom in 1859. The use of the term blackleg for a strikebreaker was, however, previously recorded in 1832 during the trial of special constable George Weddell for killing and slaying Cuthbert Skipsey, a striking pitman, near Chirton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Hughes observes that the term was once generally used to indicate a scoundrel, a villain, or a disreputable person. However, the Northumbrian folk song " Blackleg Miner "

4416-425: The age of 18. On the night before the wedding, the bride bound up her hair with a yellow hairnet she had woven. The confining of her hair signifies the harnessing of her sexuality within marriage. Her weaving of the tunica recta and the hairnet demonstrated her skill and her capacity for acting in the traditional matron's role as custos domi , "guardian of the house". On her wedding day, she belted her tunic with

4508-452: The age of 20 years, undergo a Shinbyu ceremony, where they are initiated into the Temple as Novice Monks ( Samanera ). They will typically stay in the monastery for between 3 days and 3 years, most commonly for one 3-month "rainy season retreat" ( vassa ), held annually from late July to early October. During this period the boys experience the rigors of an orthodox Buddhist monastic lifestyle –

4600-446: The baptising priest confirms infants directly after baptism . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sets the age of accountability and minimum age for baptism at 8 years of age. All persons younger than 8 are considered innocent and not accountable for their sinning. The Church considers mentally challenged individuals whose mental age is under 8 to be in a perpetual state of innocence, while other doctrines teach that no one

4692-664: The characters live, were two of several streets demolished in 2003 after becoming derelict . The cemetery scene was filmed at Lynemouth Cemetery. School scenes were filmed in Langley Park Primary School. Other filming locations include the Green Drive Railway Viaduct in Seaham , Tees Transporter Bridge , New Wardour Castle and Theatre Royal in Haymarket . Daldry remarked in an interview: "The shooting schedule

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4784-470: The cinematography, visuals and soundtrack in showing Billy's rebelliousness. Charlotte O'Sullivan of The Independent wrote the cast are "near perfect", adding the film is "as raw a slice of escapism as you could wish for". William Gallagher from the BBC gave the film five out of five stars, writing, "It's a simple tale but one that is extremely well told and acted. Fittingly for a story about dance, it doesn't put

4876-566: The coming of age ceremony in the present day. In some Latin American countries, when a female reaches the age of 15, her relatives organize a very expensive celebration. It is usually a large party, called a Quinceañera in Spanish speaking countries and Baile de Debutantes (also called Festa de 15 [años] , literally: Party of 15 [years]) in Brazil. The legal age of adulthood varies by country. Kovave

4968-456: The debutante. The Roses sometimes dance with the débutante before presenting their flower and speech, with the last being her father or boyfriend. Other variations exist, such as 18 Treasures (of any gender; gives a present instead of a candle or flower) or other types of flowers aside from roses being given, but the significance of "18" is almost always retained. Filipino men, on the other hand, celebrate their debut on their 21st birthday. There

5060-445: The discreet, intelligent way ... Billy Elliot has a freshness that makes it a pleasure to watch; it's a very emphatic success". David Rooney of Variety also praised the cast, writing, "Relationships between all the characters are well observed—the father and his sons, the two brothers, and Billy and his grandmother, his friend Michael and jaded Mrs. Wilkinson—all of them yielding sweet, unforced feel-good moments". Rooney also praised

5152-407: The duration of the strike, the ILO has held that "this basic right [to strike] is not really guaranteed when a worker who exercises it legally runs the risk of seeing his or her job taken up permanently by another worker." In most European countries, strikebreakers are rarely used. Consequently, they are rarely if ever mentioned in most European national labor laws. As mentioned above, it is left to

5244-422: The early twentieth century, the age of legal majority was 21, although the marriageable age was typically lower. Even though turning 21 now has few, if any, legal effects in most of these countries, its former legal status as the age of majority has caused it to continue to be celebrated. In Canada, a person aged 16 and over can legally drive a car and work, but are only considered to be an adult at age 18 like in

5336-756: The economic solidarity." Principal photography lasted seven weeks, beginning in August 1999. Most of the film, including the interior of the Elliot home at 5 Alnwick Street, was shot on location in the Easington Colliery area, with the producers using over 400 locals as extras. The mining scenes were filmed at the Ellington and Lynemouth Colliery in Northumberland , with some filming in Dawdon , Middlesbrough and Newcastle upon Tyne. Andrew Street and Alnwick Street, where

5428-607: The effacing of the individual's "wild" nature. While in Nias island , a young man must jump up over a stone (normally about 1 or 2 meters) as a part of the coming of age ceremony. Since 1948, the age of majority in Japan has been 20; persons under 20 are not permitted to smoke or drink. Until June 2016, people under 20 were not permitted to vote. The government of Japan lowered the age of majority to 18, which came into effect in 2021. Coming-of-age ceremonies, known as seijin shiki , are held on

5520-485: The equivalent of the Buddhist enlightenment by way of a combination of personalized meditations , reincarnations and spirit possessions . Children are not required to perform any obligatory religious obligations prior to reaching the age of puberty, although they are encouraged to begin praying at the age of seven. Once a person begins puberty, they are required to perform salat and other obligations of Islam. A girl

5612-484: The eve of the battle of the Trench when I was fifteen years old, and he allowed me to join the battle." (Reported by Bukhari and Muslim). When Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz heard this Hadith he made this age the evidence to differentiate between a mature and an immature person. In some Islamic cultures circumcision ( khitan ) can be a ritual associated with coming of age for boys, taking place in late childhood or early adolescence. In

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5704-418: The fictional Everington in County Durham , England, loves to dance and has hopes of becoming a professional ballet dancer. Billy lives with his widowed father, Jackie, and older brother, Tony, both coal miners out on strike (the latter being the union delegate). His maternal grandmother lives with them; she has Alzheimer's disease and had once aspired to be a professional dancer. Billy's father sends him to

5796-468: The film has a realistic setting; the early scenes emphasising the miners' strike, the death of Billy's mother and the family's financial situation. Daldry adds, "It doesn't matter where you are in the world, people understand the idea that you're part of an industrial, working class group that is being discarded. And its question—of what happens to communities devastated by de-industrialisation and privatisation ". In addition to social class, Daldry states that

5888-482: The film holds an approval rating of 85% based on 119 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.30/10. The site's critical consensus reads: " Billy Elliot is a charming movie that can evoke both laughter and tears." At Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Film critic Roger Ebert gave

5980-441: The film is about finding a voice—"someone trying to express himself or herself". Koller-Alonso writes that gender differences are expressed by showing girls attending ballet classes, while their male counterparts are having boxing lessons. Homosexuality, a taboo subject in the 1980s, as well as police brutality are depicted and explored in the film. After the film's release, English singer-songwriter Elton John collaborated with

6072-420: The film on 13 October 2000. Against expectations, the film grossed $ 109,280,263 worldwide, including $ 24 million in the United Kingdom and $ 22 million in the United States and Canada. Universal Home Entertainment released Billy Elliot on VHS on 20 April 2001, and on Blu-ray on 10 January 2012. The Blu-ray includes a short documentary of the film's production. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes ,

6164-427: The film three out of four stars, calling the film "as much parable and fantasy as it is realistic". He said Bell's performance was "engaging", Lewis was "convincing" and Walters was "spirited and colourful". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the film saying, "This is a film with a lot of charm, a lot of humour and a lot of heart. Daldry's direction and the screenplay by Lee Hall distinguish themselves further in

6256-706: The film's screenwriter Lee Hall to produce a musical adaptation of the film, which premiered 31 March 2005 at the Victoria Palace Theatre on the West End . Many of the film's crew took part in the stage production, including director Stephen Daldry and choreographer Peter Darling. The musical received positive reviews and ran for over 4,000 performances before closing in April 2016. The musical ran on Broadway from November 2008 to January 2012, and won ten Tony Awards in 2009, including Best Musical. Coming-of-age In

6348-490: The film. Billy Elliot premiered on 19 May at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival under the title Dancer . It was later decided to re-title the film Billy Elliot to avoid confusion with Dancer in the Dark , another film at Cannes that year. Billy Elliot was theatrically released on 29 September 2000 in the United Kingdom by Universal Pictures through United International Pictures . In the United States, Universal Focus released

6440-448: The first time co-light some extra ″ Shabbat candles, after their mothers did so, also when they turn 3 years of age. In the Shinto faith, boys were taken to the shrine of their patron deity at approximately 12–14 years old. They were then given adult clothes and a new haircut. This was called Genpuku . In Sikhism , when one reaches the age of maturity, the men will typically partake in

6532-594: The full rights and responsibilities of an adult. Many cultures retain ceremonies to confirm the coming of age, and coming-of-age stories are a well-established sub-genre in literature , the film industry , and other forms of media. In certain states in Ancient Greece, such as Sparta and Crete , adolescent boys were expected to enter into a mentoring relationship with an adult man, in which they would be taught skills pertaining to adult life, such as hunting , martial arts and fine arts. The puberty ritual for

6624-504: The god Liber , who embodied both political and sexual liberty, but other dates could be chosen for individual reasons. Rome lacked the elaborate female puberty rituals of ancient Greece, and for girls, the wedding ceremony was in part a rite of passage for the bride. Girls coming of age dedicated their dolls to Artemis , the goddess most concerned with virginity, or to Aphrodite when they were preparing for marriage. All adolescents in ritual preparation to transition to adult status wore

6716-415: The gym to learn boxing, but Billy dislikes the sport. He happens to see a ballet class that is using the gym while their usual basement studio is being used temporarily as a soup kitchen for the striking miners. Unbeknownst to Jackie, Billy joins the ballet class. When Jackie discovers this, he forbids Billy to take any more ballet classes. But, passionate about dancing, he secretly continues his lessons with

6808-480: The help of his dance teacher, Sandra Wilkinson. Sandra believes that Billy is talented enough to study at the Royal Ballet School in London, but due to Tony's arrest during a clash between police and striking miners, Billy misses the audition. Sandra tells Jackie about the missed opportunity but, fearing that Billy will be considered to be gay , both Jackie and Tony are outraged at the prospect of him becoming

6900-537: The many New World religions that it subsequently gave birth to, men and women are often initiated to the service of one of the hundreds of subsidiary spirits that serve the Orisha Olodumare , the group's conception of the Almighty God . The mystic links that are forged by way of these initiations, which typically occur at puberty, are the conduits that are used by adherents to attempt to achieve what can be seen as

6992-555: The meditative practices ( bhavana , or dhyana ) that are at the heart of Buddhism's program for the self-development of alert tranquillity ( samadhi ), wisdom ( prajna ), and divine mental states ( brahmavihara ). After living the novitiate monastic life for some time, the boy, now considered to have "come of age", will either take higher ordination as a fully ordained monk (a bhikkhu ) or will (more often) return to lay life. In Southeast Asian countries, where most practitioners of Theravada Buddhism reside, women will often refuse to marry

7084-413: The miners: I stood in picket lines, I raised money for the miners and I was involved in the whole campaign to stop [...] closing the pits. Basically, it was the state that launched a complete attack on a section of the work force, a section of the working class. Lots of people responded with solidarity and that was a key element in the script: solidarity working at different levels, the collective solidarity,

7176-410: The pacing of the scenes and the actors who "inhabit their roles like second-hand suits". Mark Holcomb, writing for IndieWire , took issue with the "odd, unsuccessful mix of theatrical whimsy and social realism", and a dance scene which he describes as a "cringe-inducing '80s-style music video routine". Poverty and social class have been seen as major themes of the film. Author Rebecca Mahon observed

7268-553: The past, and in some societies today, such a change is often associated with the age of sexual maturity ( puberty ), especially menarche and spermarche . In others, it is associated with an age of religious responsibility. Particularly in Western societies, modern legal conventions stipulate points around the end of adolescence and the beginning of early adulthood (most commonly 18 though ranging from 16 to 21) when adolescents are generally no longer considered minors and are granted

7360-508: The responsibility of owning their own car. People are allowed to drive at age 15 in Idaho and Montana. At 16, people are also legally allowed to donate blood and work in most establishments. In spite of this, it is not until the age of 18 that a person is legally considered an adult and can vote and join the military (age 17 with parental consent). The legal age for purchasing and consuming alcohol, tobacco, and recreational marijuana (in states where it

7452-529: The seal of the Holy Spirit . In some Christian denominations, the confirmand (now an adult in the eyes of the Church) takes a Saint 's name as a confirmation name. In Christian denominations that practice Believer's Baptism (baptism by voluntary decision, as opposed to baptism in early infancy), it is normatively carried out after the age of accountability has arrived, as with many Anabaptist denominations, such as

7544-419: The second Monday of January. At the ceremony, all of the men and women participating are brought to a government building and listen to many speakers, similar to a graduation ceremony. At the conclusion of the ceremony government officials give speeches, and small presents are handed out to the new adults. In Korea, citizens are permitted to marry, vote, drive, drink alcohol, and smoke at age 19. The Monday of

7636-427: The strike to keep the organization running. In continuing to work, or taking jobs at a workplace under current strike, strikebreakers are said to "cross picket lines ". Some countries have passed laws outlawing strikebreakers to give more power to trade unions , other countries have passed right-to-work laws which protect strikebreakers. The right to strike is well-established in international law. In particular,

7728-525: The third week of May is "coming-of-age day". There has been a traditional coming of age ceremony since before the Goryeo dynasty, but it has mostly disappeared. In the traditional way, when boys or girls were between the ages of fifteen and twenty, boys wore gat , a Korean traditional hat made of bamboo and horsehair, and girls did their hair in a chignon with a binyeo , a Korean traditional ornamental hairpin. Both of them wore hanbok , which are sometimes worn at

7820-495: The tradition was simply lost. In 2002, conscription was abolished in Spain in favor of an all-professional military . As a result, the quintos disappeared except for a few rural areas where it is kept as a coming of age traditional party without further consequences. In the United States, people are allowed to drive at 16 in all states, with the exception of New Jersey, which requires drivers to be 17 and older, and sometimes receive

7912-412: The upper classes was fourteen, but for patricians as early as twelve. Weddings, however, were often postponed until the girl was considered mature enough. Males typically postponed marriage till they had served in the military for some time and were beginning their political careers, around age 25. Patrician males, however, might marry considerably earlier; Julius Caesar was married for the first time by

8004-450: The village that reached the age of eligibility for military service (18 years), thus forming the quinta of a year. In rural Spain, the mili was the first and sometimes the only experience of life away from family. In the days before their departure, the quintos knocked on every door to ask for food and drink. They held a common festive meal with what they gathered and sometimes painted some graffiti reading " Vivan los quintos del año " as

8096-505: The young Roman male involved shaving his beard and taking off his bulla , an amulet worn to mark and protect underage youth, which he then dedicated to his household gods, the Lares . He assumed the toga virilis ("toga of manhood"), was enrolled as a citizen on the census , and soon began his military service. Traditionally, the ceremony was held on the Liberalia , the festival in honor of

8188-713: The youngest winner of Best Actor in a Leading Role . The film also earned three nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards for Best Director , Best Original Screenplay and Best Actress in a Supporting Role . In 2001, the film was adapted as a novel by Melvin Burgess . The story was also adapted for the West End stage as Billy Elliot the Musical , first produced in 2005. It opened in Australia in 2007 and on Broadway in New York City in 2008. In 1984, Billy Elliot, an 11-year-old from

8280-420: Was a diamond in the sand [...] I loved the character, and the fact that she was disappointed on every level possible. She was so grim and jaded. Her relationship with the boy was so unusual". In preparation for filming, Gary Lewis met with miners which he said was beneficial. Lewis stated that his own personal experience of the miners' strike made the role enjoyable. "My family and I were very active in supporting

8372-568: Was a nightmare; we only had seven weeks. Kids can only work nine to five and you can't work Saturdays. And the kid had to dance the whole time. So it was tight." Producer Jon Finn spoke of the difficulties of seeking filming locations: "We didn't realise how hard it would be to find working pits ." Stephen Warbeck scored the incidental music for the film. Polydor Records released the soundtrack on 11 March 2002, which includes several well-known glam rock and punk songs from T. Rex and The Clash . The soundtrack also contains pieces of dialogue from

8464-545: Was veiled until uncovered by her husband at the end of the ceremony, a ritual of surrendering her virginity to him. The legal age of majority is 18 in most Anglo-Celtic cultures (such as Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , and Ireland ). One is legally enabled to vote, purchase tobacco and alcohol, marry without parental consent (although one can wed at 16 in Scotland and New Zealand ) and sign contracts. But in

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