Amico Bignami (15 April 1862 – 8 September 1929) was an Italian physician , pathologist, malariologist and sceptic. He was professor of pathology at Sapienza University of Rome . His most important scientific contribution was in the discovery of transmission of human malarial parasite in the mosquito .
31-580: Bignami is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Amico Bignami (1862–1929), Italian physician and pathologist Giovanni Bignami (1944–2017), Italian physicist Osvaldo Bignami (1856–1936), Italian painter Otello Bignami (1914–1989), Italian violin maker Vespasiano Bignami (1841–1929), Italian scapigliatura painter, cartoonist, and writer See also [ edit ] Marchiafava–Bignami disease , neurological disease [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
62-404: A 169-page monograph On Summer-Autumnal Fevers in 1892, which was translated into English in 1894. They were the first to distinguish symptoms of Plasmodium falciparum , the causative agent of tertian malaria, from benign forms. They found that the malaria parasites were spherical in nature (rather than filamentous, as generally believed), mainly intraerythrocytic (rather than free living), that
93-685: A family originally from Umbria , Italy , from Giulio Bastianelli and Teresa Zanca. Being the son of Giulio Bastianelli, chief physician in the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia in Rome and municipal councilor, as well as the nephew of a surgeon operating in Trevi in Umbria, Giuseppe Bastianelli grew up in a medical-influenced environment, along with his younger brother Raffaele Bastianelli. This oriented his younger self towards
124-558: A medical culture of the highest order was formed, which later made him gain recognition even outside of Italy (primarily in America, England and Germany). In 1891, at twenty-nine years old, Bastianelli earned the title of primary doctor in the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia Rome , where he worked alongside the physicians Angelo Celli , Ettore Marchiafava and Amico Bignami , especially in
155-448: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Amico Bignami With researcher Ettore Marchiafava he described a neurological disease , which is now given the eponymous name Marchiafava–Bignami disease . Amico Bignami was born in Bologna to Eugenia and Francesco Mazzoni. He earned his medical degree from University of Rome ( Sapienza University of Rome ) in 1887. He
186-411: The surname Bignami . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bignami&oldid=1174533935 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
217-531: The Roman School of Malariology , concluded the work on the identification of malaria vectors, and together with Bastianelli and Bignami he clarified the biological pattern of plasmodia from Anopheles mosquito to man in studies conducted in Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia in Rome using Anopheles claviger . Once the biological pattern of malaria transmission had been identified, all the possible breaking points in
248-482: The University of Rome, and he explored with diligence the subjects of physics and chemistry but especially of physiology , soon becoming a student of the physiologist Jacob Moleschott , with whom he started interesting investigations on intestinal juices, which were unfortunately interrupted then for lack of means. He also studied chemistry with Stanislao Cannizzaro . He obtained a medical degree in 1885 and thus,
279-558: The blood of malarici, allowing them to finally obtain the development of the parasite: they could therefore describe all the phases of the sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium Vivax from the Cocists stage of 42 hours until the formation and liberation of the sporozoites, and they presented their report on the subject to the Accademia dei Lincei on December the 4th 1898. Between September 1898 and February 1899, Giovanni Battista Grassi , entomologist at
310-575: The clinical aspects of this disease. He then moved to the Sapienza University of Rome where he directed l'Istituto di Malariologia, the Institute of Malarial studies dedicated to Ettore Marchiafava , where he worked until he died. The institute was a major contributor to the campaign that led to the complete eradication of malaria in Italy . Giuseppe Bastianelli was born in Rome on October 25, 1862, in
341-451: The development of medical interests, which he will then explore and deepen during his university years. His elder brother Raffaele Bastianelli ( Rome , 26 December 1863 – Rome , 1 September 1961) undertook a successful career as well, being a surgeon specialized in oncology as well as a political figure due to his nomination of senator. Giuseppe Bastianelli attended the Medicine faculty at
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#1733106904495372-574: The development of studies on malaria . Later, during the conflict of the Second World War, the Laboratory of Malariology continued its work of research, despite the imaginable difficulties of the moment. The activity, in fact, took place mainly in the laboratory and to a very limited extent in the field. Giuseppe Bastianelli was the only member of the Roman School of Malariology to take part in
403-550: The disease. The three scientists presented on November 28, 1898, the results of their observations to the Accademia dei Lincei . Bignami's major works include Ricerche sull’anatomia patologica delle perniciose (1890), Sulle febbre malariche estivo-automnali (1892) or On Summer-Autumnal Fevers (1894), La malaria e le zanzare (1899), La infezione malarica (1902) and with Grassi, Ciclo evolutivo della semilune nell' Anopheles claviger (1899). Giuseppe Bastianelli Giuseppe Bastianelli (25 October 1862 – 30 March 1959)
434-561: The field of the physiopathology of malaria . He became professor at Sapienza University of Rome and dirigent of The Institute of Malariology "E. Marchiafava", and he was the only member of the Roman School of Malariology to take part in the campaign of eradication of malaria, in support of the work of Alberto Coluzzi. "Con Bastianelli possiamo ben dire che scompare dalla scuola medica romana un grande scienziato e dalla società un uomo probo ed onesto che meritatamente fu chiamato ad occupare un seggio nel Senato italiano" Giuseppe Bastianelli
465-434: The first chair of semiotics in Italy , which he left in 1935 for age limits. His vast culture allowed him to form a large group of pupils, and he established a new educational course which was mainly practical and consisted in putting small groups of students in contact with the patient and instructing them with the help of his collaborators. The method became established and was followed by numerous doctors; practical teaching
496-406: The interest in the short-term findings to assess whether the action of the preventive or therapeutic interventions persisted over time. Between 1891 and 1892, Bastianelli dedicated himself to the study of the function of leukocytes in the blood , concluding that circulating mononucleated cells behave in the same way as the fixed elements of the splenic and medullary pulp with which they share
527-574: The international Congress of malaria. The school was established with the aim of Promoting studies and training on all the medical problems related to malaria and on the reclamation and on the cultivation of marshy areas. Initially, the institute was directed by Professor Vittorio Ascoli and had its headquarters at the Medical Center of the Royal University of Rome. Bastianelli succeeded to Ascoli, being appointed Director on March 25, 1931. With
558-460: The liberation of spores at segmentation (schizont rupture) caused fever, and that there were different species of malaria parasites (each with its own different characteristics, notably fever periodicity). They observed that malignant malaria was caused only by the parasite species causing aestivo-autumnal malaria. With Giuseppe Bastianelli , he discovered that in malarial patients, it was the young (early staged) Plasmodium that caused fevers, but not
589-401: The morphological significance: an observation that anticipated the concept of the reticuloendothelial system , which was established only some years later. In addition, he illustrated the pathogenesis of malaria hemoglobinuria and the passage of parasites from mother to fetus . In 1926, Bastianelli was entrusted with the teaching of medical semeiotics at the University of Rome, occupying
620-444: The most serious issues of the social medicine of his time and that claimed many human victims in some areas close to Rome , where himself lived. Between 1880 and 1885, he and his colleagues Angelo Celli , Ettore Marchiafava , Amico Bignami , Camillo Golgi and Giovanni Battista Grassi contributed to the resolution of this big social and sanitary issue by associating a different species of Plasmodium to each type of malaric fever:
651-417: The most severe form of malaria, called terzana maligna was attributed to Plasmodium falciparum , while a milder form of the disease called terzana benigna was associated to Plasmodium vivax . The research that, among all, gave Bastianelli his fame was that on the cycle of the parasite in the anopheles . Bastianelli and Bignami worked on anopheles that were caught and sent to them by Grassi and fed with
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#1733106904495682-637: The new direction, the school was relocated from the medical clinic to the IX pavilion of the Policlinico Umberto I . Six years on from its creation, the School was transformed into the Institute of Malariology Ettore Marchiafava because more suitable toward research. The Institute had the aim of teaching malariology and studying malaria. In the Institute there were courses of specialization for doctors from all over
713-472: The old crescent forms (gametocytes), discovered by Alphonse Laveran . Specifically they found that the crescent forms appeared in the second week of fever. Bignami theorised in 1896 that the mosquito can be the vector of the disease. To show this, he captured mosquitoes in areas with high incidence of malaria and had them bite healthy people. But, like Sir Ronald Ross , a British Army surgeon working in India on
744-408: The same mission (following Patrick Manson 's mosquito-malaria theory ), he failed to find direct evidence. In August 1897, Ross discovered malarial parasites inside the mosquito, which indicated that the mosquito was the carrier. In 1898, Bignami, Giovanni Battista Grassi , Antonio Dionisi and Giuseppe Bastianelli's experiments succeeded. Bignami did not hesitate to be bitten himself and to contract
775-449: The transmission chain were considered to achieve the target of stopping it. Bastianelli was also among the firsts attempting to conduct modern clinical trials in Italy on antimalarial agents, in respect of which methodology used is particularly relevant. Main features of his trials are the attention to both historical controls and concurrent controls, the accurate description of side effects,
806-465: The world, initially promoted by the League of Nations , to create competent personnel to be sent to the different countries struggling with malaria. During these courses, Bastianelli organized trips and visits to the areas of Italy most plagued by malaria to illustrate the organization and defensive and prophylactic network against it and to raise awareness on chronic malaria . Over the years, he followed
837-404: Was an Italian physician and zoologist who worked on malaria and was the personal physician of Pope Benedict XV . Born in Rome , Bastianelli was initially interested in chemistry , physiology and neurology ; subsequently he became interested in the study of malaria . He worked in the "Santo Spirito a Roma" hospital with Ettore Marchiafava , Angelo Celli and Amico Bignami , studying
868-458: Was immediately appointed as assistant to Tommasi Crudelli in the Institute of General Pathology, where he worked until 1891. That year he joined the Institute of Pathological Anatomy under by Ettore Marchiafava . In 1890, he became extraordinary professor of pathology at the University of Rome and was promoted to full professor in 1906. In 1917, he became professor of medicine, a post he occupied until his retirement in 1921. In addition from 1896 he
899-500: Was practising assistant physician at the Ospedale riuniti di Roma. He was interested particularly in the pathology of the brain. He discovered the clinical nature of alcoholism , now known as Marchiafava–Bignami disease . He also made pioneering work in isolation of Bacterium coli (now Escherichia coli ) in humans. He also contributed to the study of leukemia . He died in Rome in 1929. Bignami and his colleague Machiafava published
930-459: Was supplemented by a few theoretical lessons, real essays on anatomy , physiology , physics and chemistry applied to sick people. He endowed and enriched the institute, even only for generous personal donations, of the best scientific apparatus. The Institute Ettore Marchiafava was born as an evolution of the Superior School of Malariology , established in Rome in 1925 as an output of
961-435: Was then awarded the nomination of senator in 1939, due to his admirable scientific accomplishments, and he was able to get the recognition he deserved for his excellence in both the medical and social field. He died in Rome on March 30, 1959, at the age of ninety-six. Bastianelli dedicated himself to a long series of researches on the various clinical forms of malaria , a life-threatening disease that represented one of