Misplaced Pages

#367632

44-664: The Silver River , aka the Big Silver River and Big Silver Creek , or zácta in the St'at'imcets language of the In-SHUCK-ch people, is the second-largest stream entering Harrison Lake in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia , Canada (the largest is the 209-km long Lillooet River , at the head of the lake). Rising in the central Lillooet Ranges to the east of the lake, it is approximately 40 km in length; its main tributary

88-579: A high vowel even when the indicative mood has a lower vowel; for example, Latin rogamus , "we ask", in the indicative mood, corresponds to the subjunctive rogemus , "let us ask", where e is a higher vowel than a . The subjunctive mood retains a highly distinct form for nearly all verbs in Portuguese , Spanish and Italian (among other Romance languages ), and for a number of verbs in French . All of these languages inherit their subjunctive from Latin, where

132-403: A schwa , spelled -e . The past tense, however, often displays i- umlaut . In Old Norse , both suffixes evolved into -i- , but i-umlaut occurs in the past subjunctive, which distinguishes them. In Modern English , the subjunctive is realised as a finite but tenseless clause where the main verb occurs in the bare form. Since the bare form is also used in a variety of other constructions,

176-610: A Lil’wat-language program." St̓át̓imcets has 44 consonants : St'at'imcets has 8 vowels : Post-velar Harmony (retraction): There are two orthographies, one based on Americanist Phonetic Notation that was developed by the Mount Currie School and used by the Lillooet Council, and a modification by Bouchard that is used by the Upper St̓át̓imc Language, Culture and Education Society. The latter orthography

220-426: A fait partir, et moi je comptois qu'elle vous feroit rester jusqu'à ce que vous eussiez reçu des nouvelles du départ de mon manuscrit ; au moins étoit-ce le sens littéral et spirituel de ma lettre. The Italian subjunctive ( congiuntivo ) is commonly used, although, especially in the spoken language, it is sometimes substituted by the indicative. The subjunctive is used mainly in subordinate clauses following

264-465: A literal interpretation, along the lines of "the thing which is", is translated as English "whatever" or "anything"; similarly, Spanish donde sea is English "wherever" and Spanish quien sea is English "whoever". For example, Spanish lo que quieras , literally "that which you want", is translated as English "whatever you may want"; Spanish cueste lo que cueste is translated to English as "whatever it may cost"; and Spanish donde vayas, voy

308-466: A past subjunctive conjugation, but in spoken German the conditional is most commonly formed using würde (Konjunktiv II form of werden which in here is related to the English will or would rather than the literal to become ; dialect: täte , KII of tun 'to do') with an infinitive. For example: An deiner Stelle würde ich ihm nicht helfen 'I would not help him if I were you'. In

352-457: A range of functions such as expressing plural, diminutive, aspect, etc. A more complicated type of reduplication is the internal reduplication used to express the diminutive. In this case the consonant before a stressed vowel is reduplicated after the stressed vowel and usually the vowel then changes to e (IPA: [ə] ). Examples are below: More than one reduplicative process can occur in a given word: St’át’imcets has several other variants of

396-457: A sentence: Within independent clauses : Within dependent clauses : Historically, the Latin subjunctive originates from the ancestral optative inflections , while some of the original subjunctive forms went on to compose the Latin future tense , especially in the Latin third conjugation. The * -i- of the old optative forms manifests itself in the fact that the Latin subjunctives typically have

440-555: A set phrase or conjunction, such as benché , senza che , prima che , or perché . It is also used with verbs of doubt, possibility and expressing an opinion or desire, for example with credo che , è possibile che and ritengo che , and sometimes with superlatives and virtual superlatives. Differently from the French subjunctive, the Italian one is used after expressions like Penso che ("I think that"), where in French

484-402: A somewhat other meaning, indirect speech has to switch to the perfect tense, so that: Er sagte: "Ich war da." becomes Er sagte, er sei da gewesen. The KII or past subjunctive is used to form the conditional tense and, on occasion, as a replacement for the present subjunctive when both indicative and subjunctive moods of a particular verb are indistinguishable. Every German verb has

SECTION 10

#1732848601368

528-449: A subjunctive mood ( aanvoegende wijs ) and sometimes conditional mood ( voorwaardelijke wijs ). In practice, potential subjunctive uses of verbs are difficult to differentiate from indicative uses. This is partly because the subjunctive mood has fallen together with the indicative mood: Archaic and traditional phrases still contain the subjunctive mood: Luxembourgish has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above). For

572-514: Is Máma I am going to talk about. She went that way to get some food from her roothouse. So she took along her bucket. She got there, and she stayed around, taking potatoes. She was doing that, and then a mouse ran by there. So she grabbed it, she squeezed it. So she said: "You get all squashed now!" So she opened her hand and she let go of what turned out to be a potato, it was a rotten potato that she had caught... Subjunctive mood The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages)

616-438: Is a grammatical mood , a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods , which refer to what

660-477: Is an endangered language with around 580 fluent speakers, who tend to be over 60 years of age. St̓át̓imcets has two main dialects: Upper St̓át̓imcets is spoken around Fountain , Pavilion , Lillooet , and neighboring areas. Lower St̓át̓imcets is spoken around Mount Currie and neighboring areas. An additional subdialect called Skookumchuck is spoken within the Lower St̓át̓imcets dialect area, but there

704-1106: Is glossed as 'subjunctive' by van Eijk (1997) and Davis (2006) The following is a portion of a story in van Eijk (1981:87) told by Rosie Joseph of Mount Currie. St̓át̓imcets: Nilh aylh lts7a sMáma ti húz̓a qweqwl̓el̓tmínan. N̓as ku7 ámlec áku7 tsípunsa. Nilh t̓u7 st̓áksas ti xláka7sa. Tsicw áku7, nilh t̓u7 ses wa7, kwánas et7ú i sqáwtsa. Wa7 ku7 t̓u7 áti7 xílem, t̓ak ku7 knáti7 ti pú7y̓acwa. Nilh ku7 t̓u7 skwánas, lip̓in̓ás ku7. Nilh ku7 t̓u7 aylh stsuts: "Wa7 nalh aylh láti7 kapv́ta!" Nilh ku7 t̓u7 aylh sklhaka7mínas ku7 láti7 ti sqáwtsa cwilhá k̓a, nao7q̓ spawts ti kwanensása... International Phonetic Alphabet: /neɬ ɛjɬ lʧʔɛ ˈʃmɛmɛ te ˈhoˀzɛ qʷəqʷˀləˀltˈmenɛn. ˀnɛʃ koʔ ˈɛmləx ˈɛkoʔ ˈʧeponʃɛ. neɬ tɬʼoʔ ˈʃtɬʼɛkʃɛʃ te ˈχlɛkɛʔʃɛ. ʧexʷ ˈɛkoʔ neɬ tɬʼoʔ ʃəʃ ɣʷɛʔ ˈkʷɛnɛʃ ətˈʔo e ˈʃqɛɣʷʧɛ. ɣʷɛʔ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ˈɛteʔ ˈχeləm tɬʼɛk koʔ ˈknɛteʔ te ˈpoʔˀjɛxʷɛ. neɬ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ˈʃkʷɛnɛʃ lepʼeˀnˈɛʃ koʔ. neɬ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ɛjɬ ʃʧoʧ ɣʷɛʔ nɛɬ ɛjɬ ˈlɛteʔ kɛˈpʌtɛ neɬ koʔ tɬʼoʔ ɛjɬ ʃkɬɛkɛʔˈmenɛʃ koʔ ˈlɛteʔ te ˈʃqɛɣʷʧɛ xʷeɬˈɛ kʼɛ naʔqχʼ ʃpɛɣʷʧ te kʷɛnənˈʃɛʃɛ/ English translation: This time it

748-860: Is no information available in van Eijk (1981, 1997) (which are the main references for this article). A common usage used by the bands of the Lower Lillooet River below Lillooet Lake is Ucwalmicwts . The "Clao7alcw" (Raven's Nest) language nest program at Mount Currie , home of the Lil’wat , is conducted in the Lil̓wat language and was the focus of Onowa McIvor 's Master's thesis. As of 2014, "the Coastal Corridor Consortium— an entity made up of board members from First Nations and educational partners to improve aboriginal access to and performance in postsecondary education and training— ... [has] developed

792-461: Is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative , a realis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact. Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses , particularly that -clauses . Examples of the subjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest that you be careful" and "It is important that she stay by your side." The Proto-Indo-European language ,

836-411: Is often changed in written reports to the forms using present subjunctive. The present subjunctive is completely regular for all verbs except the verb sein ("to be"). It is formed by adding -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en to the stem of the infinitive. The verb sein has the stem sei- for the present subjunctive declension, but it has no ending for the first and third person singular. While

880-516: Is the Little Silver River. A logging camp at its mouth was once a thriving community named Silver River . 49°34′45″N 121°50′14″W  /  49.57917°N 121.83722°W  / 49.57917; -121.83722 This article about a river in the Coast of British Columbia , Canada is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . St%27at%27imcets language Lillooet

924-494: Is the only other subjunctive tense used in modern-day conversational French. It is formed with the auxiliary être or avoir and the past participle of the verb. Unlike other Romance languages, such as Spanish, it is not always necessary that the preceding clause be in the past to trigger the passé du subjonctif in the subordinate clause: Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives French also has an imperfect subjunctive, which in older, formal, or literary writing, replaces

SECTION 20

#1732848601368

968-448: Is translated to English as "wherever you go, I go". The acronym W.E.I.R.D.O, is commonly used by English-speaking students of Spanish to learn the subjunctive. It usually stands for Wish Emotion Impersonal Expressions Reccomendations Doubt Ojalá. With the exception of negative commands, the subjunctive is always activated in the second clause, when a situation of "W.E.I.R.D.O" is present. Present and past subjunctives The subjunctive

1012-465: Is unusual in that /tɬʼ/ is written ⟨t̓⟩ , but it is preferred in many modern Lillooet-speaking communities. St'at'imcets has two main types of words: The variable word type may be affected by many morphological processes, such as prefixation , suffixation , infixation , reduplication , and glottalization . St̓át̓imcets, like the other Salishan languages, exhibits predicate/argument flexibility. All full words are able to occur in

1056-461: Is used in a range of situations in clauses taking the subjunctive. The present subjunctive is used mostly in subordinate clauses, as in the examples above. However, exceptions include imperatives using the subjunctive (using the third person), and general statements of desire. The Italian imperfect subjunctive is very similar in appearance to (but used much more in speech than) the French imperfect subjunctive, and forms are largely regular, apart from

1100-405: Is used mostly with verbs or adverbs expressing desire, doubt or eventuality; it may also express an order. It is almost always preceded by the conjunction que ( that ). Use of the subjunctive is in many respects similar to English: Sometimes it is not: French uses a past subjunctive, equivalent in tense to the passé composé in the indicative mood, called " passé du subjonctif ". It

1144-538: The preterite (imperfect) declension of the verb with the appropriate present subjunctive declension ending as appropriate. In most cases, an umlaut is appended to the stem vowel if possible (i.e. if it is a , o , u or au ), for example: ich war → ich wäre, ich brachte → ich brächte . Dutch has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above), though they are rare in contemporary speech. The same two tenses as in German are sometimes considered

1188-451: The English subjunctive is reflected by a clause type rather than a distinct inflectional paradigm. German has German has two forms of the subjunctive mood , namely Konjunktiv I (KI) 'present subjunctive' and Konjunktiv II (KII) 'past subjunctive'. Despite their English names, both German subjunctives can be used for past and present time. The present subjunctive occurs in certain expressions, (e.g. Es lebe der König! "Long live

1232-594: The above types. Reduplication is further complicated by consonant glottalization (see van Eijk (1997) for details). The subjunctive mood appears in nine distinct environments, with a range of semantic effects, including: The St̓át̓imcets subjunctive also differs from Indo-European subjunctives in that it is not selected by attitude verbs. St̓át̓imcets has a complex system of subject and object agreement. There are different subject agreement paradigms for transitive vs. intransitive predicates. For intransitive predicates, there are three distinct subject paradigms, one of which

1276-559: The example, the Konjunktiv II form of helfen (hülfe) is very unusual. However, using 'würde' instead of hätte (past subjunctive declension of haben 'to have') and wäre (past subjunctive declension of sein 'to be') can be perceived anywhere from awkward (in-the-present use of the past subjunctive) to incorrect (in the past subjunctive). There is a tendency to use the forms in würde rather in main clauses as in English; in subclauses even regular forms (which sound like

1320-460: The first-person forms of the subjunctive continue to be used, as they are transferred to the imperative, which formerly, like Greek, had no first person forms. In the Germanic languages , subjunctives are also usually formed from old optatives (a mood that indicates a wish or hope), with the present subjunctive marked with * -ai- and the past with * -ī- . In German , these forms have been reduced to

1364-427: The formal, written Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit 'He said he had no time' with present subjunctive habe , one can use past subjunctive hätte : Er sagte, er hätte keine Zeit. In speech, however, the past subjunctive is common without any implication that the speaker doubts the speech he is reporting. As common is use of the indicative Er sagte, er ist Arzt and Er sagte, er hat keine Zeit. This

Big Silver Creek - Misplaced Pages Continue

1408-407: The indicative of the preterite and are, thus, obsolete in any other circumstances) can still be heard. Some verbs exist for which either construction can be used, such as with finden ( fände ) and tun ( täte ). Many dictionaries consider the past subjunctive declension of such verbs the only proper expression in formal written German. The past subjunctive is declined from the stem of

1452-422: The indicative would be used. However, it is also possible to use the subjunctive after the expression Je ne pense pas que... ("I don't think that..."), and in questions like Penses-tu que... ("Do you think that..."), even though the indicative forms can be correct, too. The present subjunctive is similar to, but still mostly distinguishable from, the present indicative. Subject pronouns are often used with

1496-442: The king!") and in indirect (reported) speech. Its use can frequently be replaced by the indicative mood. For example, Er sagte, er sei Arzt ('He said he was a physician') is a neutral representation of what was said and makes no claim as to whether the speaker thinks the reported statement is true or not. The past subjunctive can often be used to express the same sentiments: Er sagte, er wäre Arzt. Or, for example, instead of

1540-404: The periphrasis however, géif is used instead of würde or (dialectal) täte . The subjunctive mood is very rarely used in modern Swedish and is limited to a few fixed expressions like leve kungen , "long live the king". Present subjunctive is formed by adding the -e ending to the stem of a verb: The Latin subjunctive has many uses, contingent upon the nature of a clause within

1584-504: The predicate (including words with typically 'nouny' meanings such as nk̓yap 'coyote', which in the predicate essentially means 'to be a coyote') and any full word is able to appear in an argument, even those that seem "verby", such as t̓ak 'go along', which as a noun, is equivalent the noun phrase 'one that goes along'. St̓át̓imcets, as is typical of the Salishan family, has several types of reduplication (and triplication) that have

1628-868: The present subjunctive in a subordinate clause when the main clause is in a past tense (including in the French conditional , which is morphologically a future-in-the-past): Pour une brave dame, / Monsieur, qui vous honore, et de toute son âme Voudrait que vous vinssiez, à ma sommation, / Lui faire un petit mot de réparation. [...] je voudrais que vous vinssiez une fois à Berlin pour y rester, et que vous eussiez la force de soustraire votre légère nacelle aux bourrasques et aux vents qui l'ont battue si souvent en France. J'aimerais qu'ils fissent leur début comme sous-maîtres dans les écoles importantes. Je craignais que vous ne voulussiez pas me recevoir. Similarly, pluperfect subjunctive replace past subjunctive in same context: Ma lettre, à laquelle vous venez de répondre, à fait un effet bien différent que je n'attendois : elle vous

1672-422: The present subjunctive where they are normally omitted in the indicative, since in the first, second and third person singular forms they are the same, so the person is not implicitly implied from the verb. Irregular verbs tend to follow the first person singular form, such as the present subjunctive forms of andare , which goes to vada etc. (first person singular form is vado ). The present subjunctive

1716-494: The reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages , had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and the optative . Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods. In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the full ablaut grade of the root of the verb and appending the thematic vowel * -e- or * -o- to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive

1760-511: The subjunctive and the optative fully separate and parallel. However, in Sanskrit, use of the subjunctive is found only in the Vedic language of the earliest times, and the optative and imperative are comparatively less commonly used. In the later language (from c. 500 BC), the subjunctive fell out of use, with the optative or imperative being used instead, or merged with the optative as in Latin. However,

1804-829: The subjunctive for these; French, for example, says, Qu'il neige and Qu'ils vivent jusqu'à leur vieillesse . However, in the case of the first-person plural, these languages have imperative forms: "Let us go" in French is Allons-y . In addition, the Romance languages tend to use the subjunctive in various kinds of subordinate clauses, such as those introduced by words meaning although English: "Although I am old, I feel young"; French: Bien que je sois vieux, je me sens jeune. In Spanish, phrases with words like lo que (that which, what), quien (who), or donde (where) and subjunctive verb forms are often translated to English with some variation of "whatever" or sometimes an indefinite pronoun. Spanish lo que sea , which is, by

Big Silver Creek - Misplaced Pages Continue

1848-459: The subjunctive mood combines both forms and usages from a number of original Indo-European inflection sets, including the original subjunctive and the optative mood . In many cases, the Romance languages use the subjunctive in the same ways that English does; however, they use them in other ways as well. For example, English generally uses the auxiliary 'may' or 'let' to form desiderative expressions, such as "Let it snow". The Romance languages use

1892-404: The use of present subjunctive for reported speech is formal and common in newspaper articles, its use in colloquial speech is in continual decline. It is possible to express the subjunctive in various tenses, including the perfect ( er sei da gewesen 'he has [apparently] been there') and the future ( er werde da sein 'he will be there'). For the preterite, which forms the Konjunktiv II with

1936-459: Was the Indo-European irrealis , used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations. The optative mood was formed with a suffix * -ieh 1 or * -ih 1 (with a laryngeal ). The optative used the clitic set of secondary personal inflections. The optative was used to express wishes or hopes. Among the Indo-European languages, only Albanian , Avestan , Ancient Greek , and Sanskrit kept

#367632