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37-609: The town of Biedenkopf lies in the west of Marburg-Biedenkopf district. Ringed by mountains reaching up to 674 metres (2,211 ft)above sea level – the Sackpfeife in the Rothaargebirge reaches this height – the town lies on the upper reaches of the river Lahn . Together with 18 other municipalities, it belongs to the Lahn-Dill-Bergland region. Clockwise from the north, the following towns and communities border on Biedenkopf:

74-549: A Hessischer Rundfunk VHF and television transmission facility on the Sackpfeife . The antenna are borne by a 210-m guyed steel-lattice mast with a diagonal cross-section measure of 1.8 m. Its position is 50°57'8"N, 8°32'1"E. Marburg-Biedenkopf Marburg-Biedenkopf is a Kreis ( district ) in the west of Hesse , Germany . Neighboring districts are Waldeck-Frankenberg , Schwalm-Eder , Vogelsbergkreis , Gießen , Lahn-Dill , Siegen-Wittgenstein . The district

111-444: A 5–6-year urology residency. Thorough knowledge of the female pelvic floor together with intimate understanding of the physiology and pathology of voiding are necessary to diagnose and treat these disorders. Depending on the cause of the individual problem, a medical or surgical treatment can be the solution. Their field of practice heavily overlaps with that of urogynecologists, physicians in a sub-discipline of gynecology, who have done

148-459: A grand coalition. The Kartoffelbraten – or popularly the Brott – is a typical Biedenkopf culinary custom which has grown out of the autumn potato harvest. In many places in the forest, traditionally in early autumn, the tasty tuber is cooked in the glow of a heap of charcoal made from freshly felled beechwood . The unpeeled potato tastes best with butter , salt , liverwurst and salad . For

185-465: A master's degree (2–3 years) or with a Ph.D. (4–6 years) in related topics to prepare them for academic as well as focused clinical employment. As of 2022, there are 146 residency programs that offered 356 categorical positions. Urology is one of the early match programs, with results given to applicants by early February (6 weeks before NRMP match). Applications are accepted starting Sep 1, with some programs accepting applications until early Jan. It

222-407: A particular sub discipline. Endourology is the branch of urology that deals with the closed manipulation of the urinary tract. It has lately grown to include all minimally invasive urologic surgical procedures. As opposed to open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract. Transurethral surgery has been the cornerstone of endourology. Most of

259-417: A stroke, multiple sclerosis , Parkinson's disease , and spinal cord injury can disrupt the lower urinary tract and result in conditions such as urinary incontinence , detrusor overactivity, urinary retention , and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia . Urodynamic studies play an important diagnostic role in neurourology. Therapy for nervous system disorders includes clean intermittent self-catheterization of

296-472: A three-year fellowship after a four-year OBGYN residency. There are a number of peer-reviewed journals and publications about urology, including The Journal of Urology , European Urology , the African Journal of Urology , British Journal of Urology International , BMC Urology , Indian Journal of Urology , Nature Reviews Urology , and Urology . There are national organizations such as

333-583: Is a relatively competitive specialty to match into, with only 65.6% of US seniors matching in the 2022 match cycle. The number of positions has grown from 278 in 2012 to 356 in 2022. Matching is significantly more difficult for IMGs and students who have a year or more off before residency - match rates were 27% and 55% respectively in 2012. The medical school environment may also be a factor. A study in 2012 also showed after an analysis of match rates from schools between 2005 and 2009 that 20 schools sent more than 15 students into urology (1 standard deviation above

370-671: Is accredited by the Australian Medical Council . In Nepal, the formal urologist degree awarded is MCh (Magister Chirurgiae). This is a three years course post masters and includes thesis and a mandatory publication. This degree is awarded after completing MBBS (four and half year plus a one-year rotatory internship) and MS (Mastery of surgery) in general surgery (three years course). Till now two universities Tribhuvan University and Kathmandu University as well as two Autonomous institutes BP Koirala Institute of health sciences and National Academy of Medical Sciences (Bir Hospital) run

407-531: Is described as a commercial hub. Alongside the two regional buslines 481 (RKH line 5301) and 491 (RKH line 5356), other local buses serve the town. The Obere Lahntalbahn is the only railway line that serves the town. In May 1987, passenger traffic towards Dillenburg on the Scheldetalbahn was discontinued. Minor freight services persisted for a few years serving the Buderus firm until December 2002. Biedenkopf

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444-591: Is joined by the Obere Lahntalbahn (a Deutsche Bahn line) to Erndtebrück in Siegen-Wittgenstein district and the town of Marburg by way of Bad Laasphe, Dautphetal and Lahntal. The railway serves three stations in Biedenkopf: Wallau, Biedenkopf-Schulzentrum and Biedenkopf. In Biedenkopf and its outlying communities, machine manufacture and mould making have always been strongly represented. Among

481-521: Is managed by either a urologist or an oncologist, depending on the treatment type (surgical or medical). Most urologic oncologists in Western countries use minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopy or endourology, robotic-assisted surgery) to manage urologic cancers amenable to surgical management. Neurourology concerns nervous system control of the genitourinary system, and of conditions causing abnormal urination . Neurological diseases and disorders such as

518-462: Is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs . Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys , adrenal glands , ureters , urinary bladder , urethra , and the male reproductive organs ( testes , epididymides , vasa deferentia , seminal vesicles , prostate , and penis ). The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect

555-529: The Biedenkopfer Kartoffelbraten , only three kinds of salad are traditionally served: radish salad, onion salad and herring salad. In the 2001 Middle Hesse Regional Plan, the former district seat ( Kreisstadt ) Biedenkopf is designated the middle centre in the rural area. The town is part of the Marburg - Dautphetal - Biedenkopf - (Bad Laasphe) development belt. This belt's job is to open up

592-559: The median ), with Northwestern University sending 44 students over those five years. After urology residency, there are seven subspecialties recognized by the AUA (American Urological Association): Training is completed through the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS). The program requires six years of full-time training (for those who commenced prior to 2016), or five years for those who commenced after 2016. The program

629-597: The Lahn-Dill newspaper group (flagship paper: the Wetzlarer Neue Zeitung ). A local section can also be found for the old district of Biedenkopf in Marburg's Oberhessische Presse , itself a regional paper. Biedenkopf also has a DRK hospital with 110 beds. Alongside surgery , the areas of specialization include gynaecology and obstetrics , internal medicine , and urology . Since 1953, Biedenkopf has been host to

666-527: The MCh Urology programme. This degree is equivalent to Clinical PhD and called as "Chikitsa Bidhyabaridhi" by Tribhuvan University (Government University) and is considered to be the highest degree among the surgical discipline degrees. In Ethiopia, in 2001, there were only five qualified urologists. All trained abroad, in countries like India, Tanzania and Hungary. Before this chapter all urology cases were managed by general surgeons. The only urological unit in

703-620: The bladder, anticholinergic drugs, injection of Botulinum toxin into the bladder wall and advanced and less commonly used therapies such as sacral neuromodulation . Less marked neurological abnormalities can cause urological disorders as well—for example, abnormalities of the sensory nervous system are thought by many researchers to play a role in disorders of painful or frequent urination (e.g. painful bladder syndrome also known as interstitial cystitis ). Pediatric urology concerns urologic disorders in children . Such disorders include cryptorchidism (undescended testes), congenital abnormalities of

740-525: The companies in this business are Meissner AG (model- and toolmaking), Banss Schlacht- und Fördertechnik GmbH and CFS (packing systems, formerly Krämer & Grebe Tiromat). Furthermore, processing synthetic products is another of the town's industries, represented by, among others, the firm Elkamet. The daily newspaper with the greatest market share in Biedenkopf is the Hinterländer Anzeiger owned by

777-439: The cost-effectiveness controversy. Urologic oncology concerns the surgical treatment of malignant genitourinary diseases such as cancer of the prostate, adrenal glands, bladder, kidneys, ureters, testicles, and penis, as well as the skin and subcutaneous tissue and muscle and fascia of those areas (that particular subspecialty overlaps with dermatological oncology and related areas of oncology). The treatment of genitourinary cancer

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814-473: The country was at Tikur Anbessa Tertiary Hospital. The services provided included ESWL and endo-urology. The urology training program was started in 2009 with a curriculum for general surgeons which had a three-year training program. Up to 2019, six urologists have graduated by this program for general surgeons. The first residency program started accepting general practitioners in 2010 for a five-year program. The first two years were trainings in general surgery,

851-636: The field after completing their general degree in medicine. Upon successful completion of a residency program, many urologists choose to undergo further advanced training in a subspecialty area of expertise through a fellowship lasting an additional 12 to 36 months. Subspecialties may include: urologic surgery, urologic oncology and urologic oncological surgery, endourology and endourologic surgery, urogynecology and urogynecologic surgery, reconstructive urologic surgery (a form of reconstructive surgery ), minimally-invasive urologic surgery, pediatric urology and pediatric urologic surgery (including adolescent urology,

888-419: The genitourinary tract, enuresis , underdeveloped genitalia (due to delayed growth or delayed puberty, often an endocrinological problem), and vesicoureteral reflux . Andrology is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men such as prostate cancer, male fertility problems, and surgery of

925-414: The kidneys to the urinary bladder) and genitalia are other examples of reconstructive urology. Female urology is a branch of urology dealing with overactive bladder , pelvic organ prolapse , and urinary incontinence . Many of these physicians also practice neurourology and reconstructive urology as mentioned above. Female urologists (many of whom are men) complete a 1–3-year fellowship after completion of

962-650: The male reproductive system. It is the counterpart to gynaecology, which deals with medical issues that are specific to female health, especially reproductive and urologic health. Reconstructive urology is a highly specialized field of male urology that restores both structure and function to the genitourinary tract. Prostate procedures, full or partial hysterectomies, trauma (auto accidents, gunshot wounds, industrial accidents, straddle injuries, etc.), disease, obstructions, blockages (e.g., urethral strictures), and occasionally, childbirth, can necessitate reconstructive surgery. The urinary bladder, ureters (the tubes that lead from

999-581: The next three years were dedicated urology training program, which included the same three-year training as of the general surgeons three year curriculum. It started with two residents who graduated in 2015 with a certificate in specialty of urology. Up to 2019, seventeen urologists have graduated from this five-year residency program. From the start these programs in 2009 up to 2019, a total of 23 urologists have been trained in Tikur Anbessa Tertioary Hospital. As of 2020, there were 26 trainees in

1036-767: The other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the domain of genitourinary disorders . Urology combines the management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) conditions, such as urinary-tract infections and benign prostatic hyperplasia , with the management of surgical conditions such as bladder or prostate cancer , kidney stones , congenital abnormalities, traumatic injury, and stress incontinence . Urological techniques include minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic surgery , laser-assisted surgeries, and other scope-guided procedures. Urologists receive training in open and minimally invasive surgical techniques, employing real-time ultrasound guidance, fiber-optic endoscopic equipment, and various lasers in

1073-433: The programme. All of the urologists who graduated from Tikur Anbessa Tertioary Hospital were as of 2020 working in different parts of the country. As a medical discipline that involves the care of many organs and physiological systems, urology can be broken down into several subdisciplines. At many larger academic centers and university hospitals that excel in patient care and clinical research, urologists often specialize in

1110-528: The prostate, kidney, and ureter has been expanding this field. Today, many prostatectomies in the United States are carried out by so-called robotic assistance. This has created controversy, however, as robotics greatly increase the cost of surgery and the benefit for the patient may or may not be proportional to the extra cost. Moreover, current (2011) market situation for robotic equipment is a de facto monopoly of one publicly held corporation which further fuels

1147-469: The region, to make possible an exchange of goods and services between middle centres as well as to connect the region to the high centre of Marburg and to the long-distance transportation network. Building on public transport is thus given special importance. Moreover, there exists a local transport and population belt, Dillenburg - Steffenberg - Breidenbach – Biedenkopf , with a regional connective function. Together with Dautphetal and Breidenbach, Biedenkopf

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1184-670: The seat of the landgraves of Hesse, and also their tomb is located in a church in Marburg. The coat held by the lion shows the black cross of the Counts of the Teutonic Knights , who had a castle in Marburg as well. [REDACTED] Media related to Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf at Wikimedia Commons 50°47′10″N 8°46′19″E  /  50.786173°N 8.771918°E  / 50.786173; 8.771918 Urology Urology (from Greek οὖρον ouron "urine" and -λογία -logia "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery ,

1221-565: The towns of Hatzfeld and Battenberg in Waldeck-Frankenberg district, in Marburg-Biedenkopf district the towns of Münchhausen am Christenberg and Wetter and the communities of Dautphetal and Breidenbach as well as the towns of Bad Laasphe and Bad Berleburg in Siegen-Wittgenstein district. Biedenkopf's town council consists of 37 seats. At the last election in 2011, the seats were apportioned thus: The CDU and SPD form

1258-542: The treatment of multiple benign and malignant conditions. Urology is closely related to (and urologists often collaborate with the practitioners of) oncology , nephrology , gynaecology , andrology , pediatric surgery , colorectal surgery , gastroenterology , and endocrinology . Urology is one of the most competitive and highly sought surgical specialties for physicians , with new urologists comprising less than 1.5% of United States medical-school graduates each year. Urologists are physicians which have specialized in

1295-469: The treatment of premature or delayed puberty, and the treatment of congenital urological syndromes, malformations, and deformations), transplant urology (the field of transplant medicine and surgery concerned with transplantation of organs such as the kidneys, bladder tissue, ureters, and, recently, penises), voiding dysfunction , paruresis , neurourology , and androurology and sexual medicine . Additionally, some urologists supplement their fellowships with

1332-405: The urinary tract can be reached via the urethra, enabling prostate surgery, surgery of tumors of the urothelium , stone surgery, and simple urethral and ureteral procedures. Recently, the addition of laparoscopy and robotics has further subdivided this branch of urology. Laparoscopy is a rapidly evolving branch of urology and has replaced some open surgical procedures. Robot-assisted surgery of

1369-597: Was created in 1974 when the districts Marburg, Biedenkopf and the former urban district of Marburg were merged. The district has partnerships with Huntingdonshire in the United Kingdom , the borough of Charlottenburg in Berlin , and the district of Kościerzyna in Poland . The main river in the district is the Lahn . The coat of arms shows the lion of Hesse , as Marburg was

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