The Bidai , who referred to themselves as the Quasmigdo , were a tribe of American Indians from eastern Texas .
29-616: The name Bidai is Caddo language term for "brushwood". Their oral history says that the Bidai were the original people in their region. Their central settlements were along Bedias Creek that flows into the Trinity River , but their territory ranged from the Brazos River to the Neches River . The first written record of the tribe was in 1691, by Spanish explorers who said they lived near
58-412: A harness at the dog's shoulders, with the butt ends dragging behind the animal; midway, a ladder-like frame, or a hoop made of plaited thongs, was stretched between the poles; it held loads that might exceed 60 pounds. Women also used dogs to pull travois to haul firewood or infants. The travois were used to carry meat harvested during the seasonal hunts; a single dog could pull a quarter of a bison . In
87-481: A long-term project of trying to record and digitally archive Caddoan oral traditions, which are an important part of Caddo culture. As of 2010, a Caddo app is available for Android phones. As of 2012, the Caddo Nation teaches weekly language classes; language CDs, a coloring book, and an online learning website are also available. There is a Caddo grammar, published August 2018, and an in-depth examination of
116-427: A low tone (e.g. /ù/), unmarked in the orthography ⟨u⟩; a high tone (e.g. /ú/), marked by an acute accent over the vowel ⟨ú⟩; and falling tone, which always occurs on long vowels (e.g. /ûː/) and is marked by a grave accent over the vowel ⟨ù꞉⟩. Tone occurs both lexically (as a property of the word), non-lexically (as a result of tonological processes), and also as a marker of certain morphological features. For instance,
145-625: A palatal affricate so it has not been included here. Nevertheless, the third process probably occurs.) Caddo has three processes by which a syllable nucleus (vowel) may be lengthened: The Caddo word táy:sha’ [tə́jːʃaʔ] , meaning "ally" or "friend," is the ultimate origin of the place name Texas . Arikara language Arikara is a Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara Native Americans who reside primarily at Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota . Arikara
174-491: A semivowel. In general, the long vowels do not feature this kind of variation but are simply lengthened versions of the phonemes that are represented in the chart. Caddo also has four diphthongs , which can be written a number of different ways; the transcription below shows the typical Caddo Nation orthography (a vowel paired with a glide) and the IPA version, represented with vowels and offglides. Caddo has three lexical tones :
203-513: Is a Native American language, the traditional language of the Caddo Nation . It is critically endangered, with no exclusively Caddo-speaking community and as of 2023 only two speakers who had acquired the language as children outside school instruction, down from 25 speakers in 1997. Caddo has several mutually intelligible dialects. The most commonly used dialects are Hasinai and Hainai; others include Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi. Caddo
232-564: Is a member of the Caddoan language family ; this family includes the Pawnee-Kitsai (Keechi) languages ( Arikara , Kitsai , and Pawnee ) and the Wichita language. Kitsai and Wichita are now extinct, and Pawnee and Arikara each have fewer surviving speakers than Caddo does. Another language, Adai , is postulated to have been a Caddoan language while it was extant, but because of scarce resources and
261-556: Is close to the Pawnee language , but they are not mutually intelligible . The Arikara were apparently a group met by Lewis and Clark in 1804; their population of 30,000 was reduced to 6,000 by smallpox . For several hundred years, the Arikara lived as a semi- nomadic people on the Great Plains in present-day United States of America . They are believed to have separated as a people from
290-438: Is generally realized as its lower counterpart /ɪ/ , and the high back vowel /u/ is similarly often realized as its lower counterpart /ʊ/ . The low central vowel /ä/ has a wider range of variation, pronounced (most commonly) as /ɐ/ when it is followed by any consonant except a semivowel or a laryngeal consonant, as a low central /ä/ at the end of an open syllable or when followed by a laryngeal consonant, and as /ə/ before
319-505: Is taught at Fort Berthold Community College , White Shield School, and at the Arikara Cultural Center. Arikara is extensively documented, with several volumes of interlinear texts of Arikara stories, a learner's introductory text, and linguistic studies. As of 2014, iPhone and iPad Arikara language apps are available. The language is used in the 2015 film The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass ,
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#1732851225983348-454: Is the English articles. Caddo has a glottalization process by which any voiceless stop or affricate (except p) becomes an ejective when it is followed by a glottal stop . Caddo has a palatalization process that affects certain consonants when they are followed by /j/, with simultaneous loss of the /j/. (Melnar includes a third palatization process, /tj/ → [ts]. However, /ts/ is not
377-665: The Brazos Indian Reservation in present-day Young County, Texas , and were removed with the Caddo to Indian Territory . The remaining Bidai formed one village about 12 miles from Montgomery, Texas , growing corn and picking cotton for hire in the mid-19th century. Ethnographer John Reed Swanton identified one Bidai descendant in 1912. Andre Sjoberg published an ethnohistory of the Bidai in 1951. The Bidai hunted, gathered, fished, grew maize , and bartered their surplus maize. They snared game and trapped them in cane pens. During
406-515: The Hasinai . French explorer François Simars de Bellisle described them as agriculturalists in 1718 and 1720. He wrote that they were allied with the Akokisa . They had three distinct villages or bands in the 18th century. The Deadose were the northernmost band of Bidai, who broke off in the early 18th century. The 18th-century population of Bidai was estimated to be 600 with 200 additional Deadoses. In
435-568: The Pawnee in about the 15th century. The Arzberger site near present-day Pierre, South Dakota , designated as a National Historic Landmark , is an archeological site from this period, containing the remains of a fortified village with more than 44 lodges. During the sedentary seasons, the Arikara lived primarily in villages of earth lodges . While traveling or during the seasonal bison hunts, they erected portable tipis as temporary shelter. They were primarily an agricultural society, whose women cultivated varieties of corn (or maize). The crop
464-688: The Sioux , and European-American settlers. During the Black Hills War , in 1876 some Arikara served as scouts for Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign . The three tribes are settled on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota. Arikara has the following consonant phonemes : Notably, it is one of the very few languages without [m]. Arikara distinguishes between
493-579: The Caddo verb, published in 2004. In August 2022 the Caddo Nation Language Preservation Program was launched. The program's goals are to archive resources in the language, share their resources through community events and programs, and develop a curriculum to teach the language. Caddo has 19 contrastive consonants , a normal-sized consonant inventory. It is somewhat unusual in that it lacks liquid consonants . The IPA symbols for
522-612: The affricate [ t͡ʃ ] and the consonant cluster /t+ ʃ /: Voiced consonants in Arikara have voiceless allophones . Whenever a sonorant precedes a devoiced vowel, that sonorant devoices as well. Arikara also has the following vowel phonemes: Arikara is now spoken in North Dakota by a very few elders. One of the last fluent speakers, Maude Starr, died on January 20, 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs. Language revitalization efforts are continuing. As of 2014, speakers are centered on White Shield, North Dakota . The language
551-406: The consonant cluster simplification process, there are four processes by which a syllable-final consonant is altered: There are three word-boundary processes in Caddo, all of which occur word-initially: Such processes are generally not applicable in the case of proclitics (morphemes that behave like an affix and are phonologically dependent on the morpheme to which they are attached). An example
580-413: The consonants of Caddo are given below: Caddo also features contrastive gemination of consonants, which is generally indicated in orthography by a double letter: /nɑ́ttih/ "woman." Caddo has three contrastive vowel qualities: /i/ , /a/ and /u/ , and two contrastive vowel lengths, long and short. However, there is a great deal of phonetic variation in the short vowels. The high front vowel /i/
609-451: The end of the 19th century. The only attested Bidai words are: Bidai has been spelled Biday, Bedies, Bidaises, Beadweyes, Bedies, Bedees, Bidias, Bedais, Midays, Vidais, Vidaes, Vidays. Their name could be Caddo , meaning "brushwood", and having reference to the Big Thicket near the lower Trinity River about which they lived. Their autonym was Quasmigdo. Caddo language Caddo
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#1732851225983638-439: The language's extinct status, this connection is not conclusive, and Adai is generally considered a language isolate. The Caddo Nation is making a concentrated effort to save the Caddo language. The Kiwat Hasí꞉nay ('Caddo Home') foundation, located at the tribal home of Binger, Oklahoma, offers regular Caddo language classes, in addition to creating dictionaries, phrase books, and other Caddo language resources. They have also made
667-504: The late 18th century, the tribe suffered a high rate of fatalities from smallpox epidemics , which so reduced their population as to disrupt their social structure. Due to their reduced numbers, the Arikara started to live closer to the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes in the same area for mutual protection. They migrated gradually from present-day Nebraska and South Dakota into North Dakota in response to pressure from other tribes, especially
696-594: The mid-18th century, some Bidai settled at Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas . In 1770, the Bidai colluded with French settlers to sell guns to the Lipan Apaches , as all parties were enemies with the Spanish. The Bidai suffered several epidemics during 1776–77, reducing their population by at least half, from about 100 to 50. The survivors joined neighboring tribes, such as the Akokisas and Koasati . Some settled on
725-414: The past tense marker is associated with high tone. There are three processes that can create non-lexical high tone within a syllable nucleus . See the section below for an explanation of other phonological changes which may occur in the following examples. There are two vowel syncope processes in Caddo, which both involve the loss of a low-tone vowel in certain environments. The first syncope process
754-426: The shape of their skulls . They also enhanced their appearance through body and facial tattooing. Bidai medicine men were herbalists and performed sweatbathing. Patients could be treated by being raised on scaffolds over smudge fires. While other Atakapan bands are known for their ritual cannibalism , the practice was never recorded among the Bidai. Bidai was a possible language isolate that became extinct by
783-458: The summer months, they lived along the coasts, but in winters they moved inland in which they lived in bearskin tents. Before contact, the Bidai made their own ceramics but quickly adopted metal utensils from European trade. They still made pottery into the 19th century and also wove a variety of baskets. In 1803, Dr. John Sibley wrote that Bidai had "an excellent character for honesty and punctuality." The structure of their cradleboards altered
812-451: Was described above as low tone-deletion. The second syncope process is described below: As a result of the syncope processes described above, several consonant clusters emerge that are then simplified by way of phonological process. At the present stage of research, the processes seem to be unrelated, but they represent a phonetic reduction in consonant clusters; therefore, they are listed below without much further explanation. Similar to
841-507: Was such an important staple of their society that it was referred to as "Mother Corn". Traditionally an Arikara family owned 30–40 dogs. The people used them for hunting and as sentries, but most importantly for transportation in the centuries before the Plains tribes adopted the use of horses in the 1600s. Many of the Plains tribes had used the travois , a lightweight transportation device pulled by dogs. It consisted of two long poles attached by
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