60-628: Bhandarkar is common surname found amongst the Konkani people and Maharashtrians, Karnataka, kerala, Goa in India . Notable people with the surname include: D. R. Bhandarkar (1875–1950), Indian archaeologist and epigraphist Madhur Bhandarkar , film director Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar (1837–1925), social worker, Indologist See also [ edit ] Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
120-471: A French physician-cum-spy named Charles Dellon. He published a book in 1687 describing his experiences, titled Relation de l'Inquisition de Goa . The remaining few Hindus who wanted to keep their Hindu religion did so, by emigrating to the neighbouring territories that continued to be ruled by Bijapur, where these Hindus again had to pay jizya tax . Ironically, the Inquisition was a compelling factor for
180-502: A Saraswat Naik family to show that when a person successfully did a bidding for a renda from the government, he had to name some guarantors - who were usually his relatives or caste members. The Saraswats also traded at the Vengurla and Raybag ports and acted as suppliers of rice and pepper that they imported from Kanara . In this context, they also dealt with the Dutch who has established
240-564: A communication medium during the 16th century. The Maratha threat was compounded by their attacks on native Catholics and destruction of local churches during their repeated attacks on Goa in the 17th century. This led the Portuguese government to initiate a positive programme for the suppression of Konkani in Goa, in order to make native Catholic Goans identify fully with the Portuguese Empire. As
300-493: A factory in the port of Vengurla. Scholars mention a certain P. Nayak who was a notable merchant in the 1670s. Saraswat merchant families during the Portuguese rule of Goa also were involved in trade with Portuguese colonies around the globe including in the African slave trade. In the 19th century also, French slave merchants came to Goa and contacted the Portuguese and Saraswat Brahmins who sold them African slaves. In Konkan ,
360-503: A low caste. They have a legend of origin related to Lord Ramachandra (not the same as Parashurama), who could not find a priest in Balochistan and applied a Tilaka on the head of some Mleccha . Jürgen Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that such "low ranking Brahmins" formed a symbiotic relationship with Vaishya castes such as Khatris , Lohanas , etc. who were trying to raise their varna status - which in turn would benefit
420-551: A result, Konkani was suppressed and rendered unprivileged in Goa by the enforcement of Portuguese. Urged by the Franciscans , the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684 and further decreed that within three years, the local people in general would speak the Portuguese language and use it in all their contacts and contracts made in Portuguese territories. The penalties for violation would be imprisonment. The decree
480-483: Is also spoken by populations in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Damaon , Kerala , & Gujarat . A large percentage of Konkani people are bilingual . The word Koṅkaṇa (कोंकण) and, in turn Koṅkaṇi , is derived from Kuṅkaṇa (कुङ्कण) or Kuṅkaṇu (कुङ्कणु). Different authorities elaborate etymology of this word differently. They include: Thus the name Konkani , comes from the word Konkaṇ , which means
540-528: Is believed that tribes of Austric origin like Kols , Mundaris , Kharvis may have settled Goa and Konkan during the Neolithic period, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC. According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume , the Gauda and Kunbi and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. In his work he mentions several words of Mundari origin in
600-542: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Konkani people The Konkani people are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the Konkan region of the Indian subcontinent . They speak various dialects of the Konkani language . Following the Konkani language agitation , Konkani became the premier official language of Goa state , while Marathi remains as the associate official language of Goa. Konkani
660-613: Is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka". According to the sociologist , Gopa Sabharwal (2006), in Belgaum, Karnataka , "marriages between Saraswat and non-Saraswat Brahmins are on the increase though they were unheard of before, mainly because the Saraswats eat fish and occasionally meat , while all other Brahmins are vegetarians". According to sociologist Ramesh Bairy, even in 2010, in Karnataka, "at
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#1732855751338720-833: The Annexation of Goa in 1961. Konkani received official recognition only in February 1987, when the Indian government recognized Konkani as the official language of Goa. Saraswat Brahmin Saraswat Brahmins are spread over widely separated regions spanning from Kashmir and Punjab in North India to Konkan in West India to Kanara (coastal region of Karnataka ) and Kerala in South India . In places such as western and southern India,
780-706: The Arabs , Turks , introduction of Jainism , patronising Shaivism , use of Sanskrit and Kannada , the overseas trade had an overwhelming impact on the people. In 1350CE, Goa was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate of Turkic origin. However, in 1370, the Vijayanagar Empire , a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi , reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for Arabian horses on their way to Hampi to strengthen
840-460: The Bhoja kings. The Yadava Bhojas patronised Buddhism and settled many Buddhist converts of Greek and Persian origin. The Abhirs , Chalukyas , Rashtrakutas , Shilaharas ruled the then Konkan-Goa for several years which was responsible for many changes in the society. Later The powerful Kadambas of Goa , came to power. During their rule, the society underwent radical transition. Close contact with
900-638: The Chronista de Tissuary (Chronicles of Tiswadi ), the last auto da fe was held in Goa on 7 February 1773. The Inquisition was set as a tribunal, headed by an Inquisitor, sent to Goa from Portugal and was assisted by two more judges. These three judges were answerable only to the Portuguese Inquisition in Lisbon and handed down punishments according to the Inquisition Laws. The Laws filled 230 pages and
960-622: The Deccan Sultanates for generations. In the 18th century, the quasi-independent Shinde and the Holkar rulers of Malwa recruited Saraswats to fill their administrative positions. This made them wealthy holder of rights both in Maharashtra and Malwa during the eighteenth century. During the same period in Peshwa ruled areas, there was a continuation of filling of small number of administration post by
1020-535: The Homo sapiens in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic phase i.e. 8000–6000 BC. The rock engraving in many places along the coast has proven the existence of hunter-gathers. Nothing much is known about these earliest settlers. Figures of mother goddess and many other motifs have been recovered which do not really shed light on the ancient culture and language. Traces of Shamanic religion have been found in Goa. It
1080-626: The Konkan coast which have a regional significance in Maharashtra and Goa. In Karnataka and Kerala , Majority of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are followers of Madhvacharya , while the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins are Smarthas , followers of Adi Shankara . Writer Chandrakant Keni and former I.C.S officer V. N. Kudva says, "The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa , are now Vaishnavas ". The Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan were called sindhur and were considered
1140-521: The Konkanabhyudhaya . Advaita saints such as Gaudapada , grand-teacher of the philosopher Shankaracharya ; Narayana Tirtha, the first peetadhipathi of Gokarna Math and Yadavendra Tirtha, the first peetadhipathi of Kashi Math , are some of the prominent saints from the Saraswat Brahmin community. In Kalhana 's Rajatarangini (12th century CE), the Saraswats are mentioned as one of
1200-494: The Pancha Gauda and Pancha Dravida classification of Brahmins, which became popular during the 13th-14th centuries. Saraswats were spread over a wide area in northern part of the Indian subcontinent. One group lived in coastal Sindh and Gujarat , this group migrated to Bombay State after the partition of India in 1947. One group was found in pre-partition Punjab and Kashmir , these also have tended to migrate away from
1260-487: The língua de criados (language of the servants). Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically, Konkani is at present the 'cement' that binds all Goans across caste, religion and class and is affectionately termed Konkani Mai (Mother Konkani). Due to negative propaganda from the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party , Marathi was made the official language of Goa following
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#17328557513381320-759: The surname Bhandarkar . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhandarkar&oldid=1176268933 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of Indian origin Konkani-language surnames Marathi-language surnames Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Misplaced Pages articles written in Indian English Articles with short description Short description
1380-643: The 1540s discrimination against non-Christians in Goa increased and there were mass conversions to Christianity. Despite this, between 1600 and 1670, about 80% of the tax farms or rendas were held by the Hindus, especially Saraswats. The prominent Saraswat merchants mentioned at this time, that is, early 1600s are Govinda, Pondya as well as the Kini and Nayaks. The rendas were on various items such as spices(pepper), cotton and silk cloths, food shops and duties on gold. Michael Pearson has given an example of members and relatives of
1440-433: The 20th century multi-faceted Marathi scholar Purushottam Laxman Deshpande are some of the prominent scholars from the Saraswat Brahmin community. According to Nagendra Rao, the trading communities of Saraswats, Jews, Arabs, Komatis , Nawayath , etc. were active in south Kanara when the Portuguese arrived for trading in the 1500s. The items of trade were rice, pepper, ginger, etc. International trade already existed at
1500-639: The Deccan plateau. A wave of Kusha or Harappan people a Lothal probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade. The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society. The Maurya era is marked with migrations from the East, advent of Buddhism and different Prakrit vernaculars. The advent of Western Satrap rulers also led to many Scythian migrations, which later gave its way to
1560-450: The Inquisition. 57 were sentenced to death and executed in person, another 64 were burned in effigy. Of these, 105 of them were men and 16 women. The rest of those convicted were subjected to lesser punishments or penanced. Those sentenced to various punishments totaled 4,046, out of whom 3,034 were men and 1,012 were women. Seventy-one autos da fe were recorded. In the first few years alone, over 4000 people were arrested. According to
1620-466: The Kanara coast south of Goa" were a "caste of open status", which sometimes claimed to be Brahmins although they were associated with mercantile activity and called as "Chatins" from Chetti by the Portuguese. Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta had also visited Basrur, which was considered "the great center of Saraswat trade", two centuries earlier than the Portuguese, but it did not interest him as much as it did
1680-516: The Konkani language. He also elaborates on the deities worshiped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming and its overall impact on modern day Konkani society. They were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture, and they were food-gatherers rather. The tribe known as the Konkas , from whom is derived the name of the region, Kongvan or Konkan with the other mentioned tribes formed reportedly
1740-725: The Konkanis as Āmcigelo / Āmcigelī . This literally means our tongue or people speaking our tongue . Though this is not common amongst the Goans , they normally refer to Konkani as Āmgelī bhās or our language . Sometimes Āmgele can be used in the Goan context to mean people from my community . Many of the colonial documents mention them as the Concanees , Canarians , Concanies . The prehistoric region consisting of Modern Goa and some parts of Konkan adjoining Goa were inhabited by
1800-611: The Portuguese. Chatins de Barcelor was the term used for the Saraswat community of merchants at Basrur in the time of Diogo do Couto , but the term Chatin acquired a pejorative meaning later. It is likely derived from the Tamil 'Chati', which is a suffix for many trading castes that were present on the southern side of the Godavari river. The Saraswats and Gujarati Vanias in Goa, were involved not only in trade but also in tax related income. After
1860-755: The Saraswat Brahmins are divided into three sub-groups, they are, Gaud Saraswat Brahmins , Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins and Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins . Vaishnavas among them are followers of Kashi Math and Gokarna Math , while the Smarthas are followers of Kavale Math and Chitrapur Math . The majority of Saraswats speak Konkani , one of the languages of the Indo-Aryan language family. The major dialects of Konkani used by Saraswats are Goan Konkani , Maharashtrian Konkani and Canarese Konkani . Historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam states that Saraswats at " Basrur on
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1920-504: The Saraswat as well as the fishermen communities were traditionally traders as well as sailors . The reason for seafaring was that the land of Konkan suffered due to salinisation and unpredictable rains. This caused the Saraswats to look for livelihood outside of Konkan and they would often use the Arabian Sea for travelling for trade. Dabhol was the main Konkan port in 1600 to Hormutz and
1980-602: The Saraswats as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era. Saraswats of western India claim to be part of the Saraswat brahmin community of the north based on the Sahyadri Khanda of Skanda Purana. As per the Purana, Parshurama brought Saraswats to Konkan . However, Sanskrit scholar Madhav Deshpande, Indologist and Sanskrit Scholar Stephan Hillyer Levitt and historian O'Hanlon consider
2040-545: The Saraswats. During the rule of the Chitpavan Brahmin Peshwas in the 18th century, Saraswat Brahmins was one of the communities against whom the Chitpavans conducted a social war which led to Gramanya (inter-caste dispute). After the liberation of Goa from the Portuguese colonial rule in 1961, many Goan Saraswats opposed merger of Goa into Maharashtra. The 19th century Konkani scholar Shenoi Goembab ,and
2100-598: The Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the Bahmani Sultans . When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate , who made Goa Velha their second capital. The Portuguese conquest of Goa occurred in 1510 under the leadership of Afonso de Albuquerque and with the assistance of the local Hindus led by Timoji . The Christianisation of Goa and its simultaneous Lusitanisation soon followed. The Goa Inquisition
2160-792: The claim of Brahminhood of some communities who claim to be Saraswat Brahmins is disputed. The word Saraswat is derived from the Rigvedic Sarasvati River . Saraswats Brahmins are classified under the Pancha Gauda Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community in India. In Western and South India, along with the Chitpavan , Karhades (including Padhyes , Bhatt Prabhus ), and Konkani -speaking Saraswat Brahmins are referred to as Konkani Brahmins , which denotes those Brahmin sub-castes of
2220-607: The earliest form of Prakrit or Vedic Sanskrit vernacular. This migration of the northerners is mainly attributed to the drying up of the Sarasvati River in Northern India . Many historians claim only Gaud Saraswat Brahmins and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti , Volume I explains that
2280-409: The earliest settlers in the territory. Agriculture was not fully developed at this stage, and was just shaping up. The Kols and Mundaris might have been using stone and wood implements as iron implements were used by the megalithic tribes as late as 1200 BC. The Kol tribe is believed to have migrated from Gujarat . During this period worship of mother goddess in the form of anthill or Santer ,
2340-476: The emigration of some Portuguese immigrant soldiers who, although raised Roman Catholic, wanted to lead a Hindu-style way of life with multiple native Hindu concubines. These men went on to seek their fortunes as mercenaries in the courts of different Indian kings, where their services were employed usually as gunners or cavalrymen. Konkani language had originally been studied and Roman Konkani promoted by Catholic missionaries in Goa (e.g. Thomas Stephens ) as
2400-678: The fifteenth century) The former follow the lunar calendar while latter who are in the majority follow the solar calendar. Walter Lawrence states that the Kashmiri Pandit community to be divided into the following classes - the Jotish (astrologer), the priestly class Guru or Bachabat and the Karkun (working class) that was employed in government service. Philosophers like Sureśvara , the first peetadhipathi of Sringeri Sharada Peetham , Mandana Mishra , were Kashmiri Saraswat Brahmins. and Parijnanashram I ,
2460-546: The five Pancha Gauda Brahmin communities residing to the north of the Vindhyas . According to M. K. Kaw (2001), Kashmiri Pandits , a part of the larger Saraswat Brahmin community hold the highest social status in Kashmir . Based on the calendar used, they divided into two groups-Malmasi (who remained in the valley despite religious persecution) and Banmasi (who are said to have immigrated or re-immigrated under King Zain ul Abidin in
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2520-512: The greatest advocates of Konkani, were expelled from Goa by the Marquis of Pombal in 1761. In 1812, the Archbishop decreed that children should be prohibited from speaking Konkani in schools. In 1847, this rule was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools until Portugal became a Republic in 1910. The result of this linguistic displacement was that Konkani in Goa became
2580-675: The latter half of the seventeenth century and this resulted in major income for the King of Cochin. According to some socialists due to the pescatarian diet of saraswats the claim of satkarmi brahminhood of saraswats was contested by local Brahmins but majority of saraswat Brahmins were Vegetarians, this was discussed during the coronation of shivaji where Gagabhatt gave verdict in favour of saraswat Brahmins,further during British era this matter reached court which resulted in court declaring saraswat Brahmins as Satkarmi Brahmins Sociologist and researcher Ramesh Bairy writes that "Saraswat claim to Brahminhood
2640-410: The level of the community as a whole, Brahmins may not be incensed at the Saraswat claim to Brahminhood. But a non-Saraswat Brahmin will not be keen on proposing marriage with a Saraswat family". The Saraswat Brahmins are divided into various territorial endogamous groups, who did not intermarry. Kashmiri Pandits eat mutton and fish, but obey restrictions laid down by the shastras of not eating
2700-632: The meat of forbidden animals. Professor Frederick J. Simoons says according to some reports, Saraswat Brahmins from northern India also consume fish as part of their diet. In Goa and Konkan region , Saraswat Brahmins have both vegetarians and pescetarians among them, while in Maharashtra they are pescetarians . In Gujarat , Saraswat Brahmins are pure vegetarians and do not even consume masur dal and garlic . They chiefly live on Bajri (millet), wheat roti (unleavened bread) with rice during lunch ,and Khichdi (a mixture of rice and pulse) in
2760-457: The original Sarasvat tribe consisted of people of all the folds who followed the Vedic fourfold system and not just Brahmins , as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti , Volume I). The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 and 1450 BC . This second wave migration was accompanied by Dravidians from
2820-587: The palace where the Inquisition was conducted was known as the Big House and the Inquisition proceedings were always conducted behind closed shutters and closed doors, to prevent outside interference while the accused was being interrogated. In 1567, the campaign of destroying temples in Bardez was completed after the majority of the local Hindus had converted to Christianity. At the end of it, 300 Hindu temples were destroyed. Laws were enacted from 4 December 1567 prohibiting
2880-552: The part of Punjab located in Pakistan after 1947. Another branch known as Dakshinatraya Saraswat Brahmin are now found along the western coast of India . Saraswats have contributed to the fields of Sanskrit, Konkani, Marathi and Kannada literature and philosophy. All the mathadhipathis of Kashi Math , Gokarna Math , Kavale Math and Chitrapur Math without a single exception are from the Saraswat Brahmin community. The 17th-century Madhva Saraswat scholar, Sagara Ramacharya, authored
2940-423: The people of Konkan . In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is Koṅkaṇo and the feminine form is Koṅkaṇe . The plural form is Konkane or Konkani . In Goa Konkano now refers only to Hindus, and Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos as they were banned by the Portuguese from referring to themselves this way. Saraswat Brahmins of Canara refer to
3000-595: The portion of the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa that describes Saraswats to be corrupted and recently interpolated by Saraswats themselves in order to improve their status. The southward migration of Saraswat Brahmins is explained in the Skanda Purana . The Sayhadrikhand of Skandapurana narrates the founding myths of various Brahmin communities.In the text, Shiva narrates the following founding myths to Skanda: Parshurama brought Sarasvatas from Tirhut to Konkan , settling them in
3060-458: The public performance of Hindu rituals such as marriages, sacred thread wearing and cremation. All persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. In 1583, Hindu temples at Assolna and Cuncolim were also destroyed by the Portuguese after the majority of the locals had converted. One person convicted by the Goa Inquisition was
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#17328557513383120-574: The time in South Kanara and business existed with Malabar, Maldives, ports of the Red Sea. In Mangalore, Saraswats were part of the trading community when the Portuguese arrived to import saltpetre . The items from Mangalore were exported to Malabar, Goa, Surat, Bengal, Malacca, Maldives, Mecca, Aden, Congo, Hormuz and Ceylon. Studies show that between 1500 and 1650, in Kanara, Saraswats and Nawayath were dominant in commerce with ports outside India but it
3180-427: The traders traded with Socotra and Yemen but by 1700 Dabhol was ruined due to silting and sandbanks . Moreover, the cities with which the trading occurred had also declined. During Shivaji's coronation, the ritual status of the Saraswats to be Brahmins was supported by Gaga Bhatt , a leading Brahmin from Benares . Historically, in Maharashtra, Saraswats had served as low and medium level administrators under
3240-485: The villages of Kelosi and Kusasthal . These settlers were "attractive, well-behaved, and skilled in every rite". The deities Shantadurga , Mangesh , Mhalsa , Nagesh and Mahalakshmi accompanied them to Konkan. According to Rosalind O'Hanlon, the core of the text was likely written around the end of the 1st millennium, it contains stories about Brahmin village settlements that have fallen from virtue. The remaining text appears to have been written later, as it describes
3300-444: Was Mappila Muslims and Middle Eastern Muslims who dominated in Malabar. The rulers in India encouraged Tobacco production from the mid-1600s because chewing, smoking and sniffing Tobacco gathered momentum in India. The Dutch extended cultivation in Kerala. Some towns in Kerala received support from the King of Cochin for tobacco cultivation. Here, the Saraswat Brahmin merchants such as Nayak, Kamat, etc. took up tobacco farming in
3360-481: Was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687. However, according to the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho's letter to the Portuguese monarch João V in 1731, these draconian measures were unsuccessful. The fall of the "Province of the North" (which included Bassein , Chaul and Salsette ) in 1739 led to the suppression of Konkani gaining new strength. On 21 November 1745, the Archbishop of Goa, Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo ( O.F.M. ), decreed that fluency in Portuguese
3420-434: Was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Its main aim was to investigate New Christians for heresy , and to preserve the Catholic faith. Crypto-Jews who emigrated to Goa from the Iberian Peninsula to escape the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition , were the main cause behind the launch of the Goa Inquisition. Some 16,202 persons were brought to trial by
3480-411: Was mandatory for the Goan applicants to the priesthood, and also for all their immediate relatives (men as well as women). This language fluency would be confirmed via rigorous examinations by ordained priests. Furthermore, the Bamonns and Chardos were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage. The Jesuits , who had historically been
3540-443: Was started. Anthill is called as Roen (Konkani:रोयण), this word has been derived from the Austric word Rono meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated to Santara in Prakrit by them. The first wave of Vedic people came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region. Some of them might have been followers of Vedic religion . They were known to speak
3600-602: Was the first peetadhipathi of Chitrapur Math . Mohyal Brahmins are a sub-caste of Saraswat Brahmins from the Punjab region, who are sometimes referred to as 'Warrior Brahmins'. Mohyal Brahmins stopped practising priestly duties. A small minority of Mohyals also have an association with Shia Muslims because they helped Imam Hussain in the Battle of Karbala , these Mohyal Brahmnins are called Hussaini Brahmins . In Gangetic belt mainly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Saraswat Brahmins were landlords and priests. They follow Shakta tradition, Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Here
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