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83-472: The buildings in the Beverly Fairfax district were majorly developed between 1924 and 1949. The neighborhood's architectural styles include Spanish Colonial Revival , Mission Revival , Chateauesque , Streamline Moderne , Mediterranean Revival , Tudor Revival , Minimal Traditional , and Art Deco . Out of 463 residences, 79% of the district's buildings contribute to its historical significance. By 1940,

166-578: A Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival. Many houses of this style can still be seen in the Colonia Nápoles , Condesa , Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. The Pasaje Polanco shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture. Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in

249-474: A chapel, often atop the destroyed temple for the indigenous spirituality. This chapel played a role in bringing the rest of the people of the town to the Church. The Franciscans in particular wanted an indigenous priesthood, and built schools to teach indigenous elite about humanistic studies. The clergy were most interested in converting the souls of the indigenous, by any means possible. Therefore, in many instances,

332-657: A distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the Mexican Revolution , there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European eclecticism (favored during the Porfiriato ). The 1915 book La patria y la arquitectura nacional by architect Federico E. Mariscal ( es ) was influential in advocating viceregal architecture as integral to national identity. During

415-411: A husband bring his many wives to the church, and had each state her reasons for being the one true wife. The friars then decided who was the wife, and performed the sacrament. In addition to religious changes, Spanish missionaries also brought about secular changes. With each generation of natives, there was a gradual shift in what they ate, wore and how the economy within the missions worked. Therefore,

498-430: A midwife. Many missionaries even allowed for natives to keep some aspects of their original ritual in place, like giving the child or newborn a small arrowhead or broom to represent their future roles in society, as long as it complied with Catholic beliefs. Other sacraments, like Matrimony , were fairly different from native practices. Many natives were polygamous. To perform the sacrament of marriage, Franciscan friars had

581-407: A missionary, saw the need for a change in faith. He decided the best approach was to adapt to their way of life. He learned their language and participated in their conversations and games. Despite having a stutter, he was a successful translator of Nahuatl and Spanish. Additionally, Pedro de Gante was a big advocate of education of the youth, where he established schools throughout Mexico to cater to

664-634: A pivotal role in dismantling the practice of "encomenderos", with the establishment of the New Laws in 1542 . These laws were intended to prevent the exploitation and mistreatment of the indigenous peoples of the Americas by the encomenderos , by strictly limiting their power and dominion over groups of natives. To promote conversions, the Catholic Missionaries in the Americas received Royal approval to create provinces, or parishes. These parishes echoed

747-607: A registered National Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are the Jackling House and Lobero Theatre also in California. Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influenced Hawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects: Currently: In Florida notable architects include: Spanish missions in

830-514: A way of establishing a common language. They translated hymns, prayers, and religious texts into Nahuatl to make Catholicism more widely spread and understood. The clergy in Peru used Quechua and Aymara in similar ways. Early into the existence of the community, the European clergy formed a cofradía, which is a lay brotherhood meant to raise funds to construct and support the parish church, provide aid to

913-555: Is a term used to encompass a number of revivalist architectural styles based in both Spanish colonial architecture and Spanish architecture in general. These styles flourished throughout the Americas , especially in former Spanish colonies, from California to Argentina . In the United States , the earliest use of this style was in Florida and California . St. Augustine, Florida

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996-673: Is estimated that every 20 years or so, a new epidemic wiped out the adult population of natives in many missions, giving no chance for recovery. It is imperative, at this moment, to illustrate the loss of life in the Native population by using the example of the small province known as Jemez in New Mexico. Scientists say that upon the arrival of the Spanish missionaries in 1541, approximately 5,000 to 8,000 natives lived in Jemez. Through examination of plants within

1079-445: Is marked by the prodigious use of smooth plaster ( stucco ) wall and chimney finishes, low- pitched clay tile , shed, or flat roofs, and terracotta or cast concrete ornaments. Other characteristics typically include small porches or balconies , Roman or semi-circular arcades and fenestration , wood casement or tall, double–hung windows , canvas awnings , and decorative iron trim. Structural form: One of

1162-652: The Catholic missionaries and beholden to the Crown but independent of secular colonial authorities. Missionaries usually followed a strategy of creating reductions to concentrate indigenous people into Spanish-style settlements in which they were instructed in Christianity and Spanish customs. In general and over centuries, the reductions succeeded in achieving the widespread adoption by indigenous people of Christianity and Spanish customs. Spanish authorities and missionaries forced

1245-765: The Ponce de Leon Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1882) and the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887). These influenced the development of the Spanish Colonial Revival style. A few years later, at the Panama–California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , Spanish Colonial Revival was given further national exposure. Embraced principally in Florida and California,

1328-842: The Santa Barbara News-Press . Real estate developer Ole Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of San Clemente, California in 1928. The Pasadena City Hall by John Bakewell, Jr. and Arthur Brown, Jr. , the Sonoma City Hall , and the Beverly Hills City Hall by Harry G. Koerner and William J. Gage are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in Riverside and many of them have been preserved. The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has

1411-609: The St. Augustine area at Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose (Fort Mose), the first settlement of former slaves in North America . Spain also settled the California region with a number of African and mulatto Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered Los Pobladores , the founders of Los Angeles in 1781. Catholic missions were installed throughout the Americas in an effort to integrate native populations as part of

1494-568: The United States and Mexico to Argentina and Chile . The relationship between Spanish colonization and the Canonicalization of the Americas is inextricable. The conversion of the Indigenous people of the Americas was viewed as crucial for colonization. The missions created by members of the Catholic orders were often located on the outermost borders of the colonies. The missions facilitated

1577-570: The Western United States by Fred Harvey and his Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depots and Hotels. The Spanish Colonial Revival style is also influenced by the American Craftsman style and Arts and Crafts Movement . Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras of Spanish Baroque , Spanish Colonial , Moorish Revival and Mexican Churrigueresque architecture. The style

1660-748: The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago , and the Mission Inn , along with the Electric Tower of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1900 introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integrated porticoes , pediments and colonnades influenced by Beaux Arts classicism as well. By the early years of the 1910s, Florida was major center for Spanish Colonial Revival style in

1743-530: The northern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termed colonial californiano . Modern-day tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconic terracotta shingles and stucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present. The antecedents of

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1826-523: The Americas The Spanish missions in the Americas were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in the period of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Many hundreds of missions , durable and ephemeral, created by numerous Catholic religious orders were scattered throughout the entirety of the Spanish colonies, which extended southward from

1909-501: The Americas afforded the Crown an increasing income from the levied taxes and control over tithe income. That economic interest—along with the Crown’s control over the Church’s educational and charitable institutions, which directly interacted with and deeply influenced a large swath of the indigenous populations they were colonizing—provided an argument for the Crown’s interest in incorporating

1992-646: The Americas, to ensure their adherence to the Patronato Real. It determined the founding of churches, convents, hospitals, and schools, as well as the appointment and payment of secular clergy. It is clear that the Patronato Real provided the Spanish Crown with an unprecedented level of authority over the Catholic Church. It demonstrates the intricate relationship the political expansion of the colonies had with Catholicism. The expansion of Catholic missions around

2075-501: The Catholic Church into their colonization of the Americas. Franciscan missionaries were the first to arrive in New Spain, in 1523, following the Cortes expeditions in Mexico, and soon after began establishing missions across the continents. The Franciscan missionaries were split evenly and sent to Mexico, Texcoco, and Tlaxcala. In addition to their primary goal of spreading Christianity,

2158-471: The Christian faith to his native brothers and sisters. During this time, the mentality of the Spanish people proscribed empowering the indigenous people with knowledge, because they believed that would motivate them to retaliate against the Spanish rulers. Nevertheless, Pedro de Gante saw the ritualistic practices of the indigenous, which traditionally involved human sacrifices (specially from enemy tribes), and as

2241-471: The Crown and the Church to be legal minors, so much of the motivation for this paternalism comes from the desire of the Church to protect their “children” from the harsh and corrupt Europeans. In converting natives, missionaries had to find various ways of implementing sacramental practices among them. Some sacraments , like Baptism , were already similar to the Nahuatl rituals during birth, usually performed by

2324-413: The Crown with the exclusive task of exploiting indigenous labor. The Catholic orders profited tremendously from the expansion of the parishes and from the conversion of the indigenous peoples, along with the exploitation of their labor. The Jesuits , among other orders, became extremely wealthy as a result. The Jesuits gained landholdings in the 17th century, becoming prominent property owners throughout

2407-456: The Dominicans, Augustinians, and Jesuits followed. These orders are discussed in more detail previously in this article. To begin the process of constructing a new parish, the priests entered an indigenous village and first converted the leaders and nobles, called caciques . These conversions were often public. Once the caciques were converted, the clergy collaborated with the elites to construct

2490-577: The Florida land boom of the 1920s. The Coral Gables Congregational Church, donated by Merrick, and the Catholic Church of the Little Flower, were classic examples of the Spanish Renaissance style. Early in the city's planning and development, Merrick shared his vision for Coral Gables as "a most extraordinary opportunity for the building of 'Castles in Spain'. Merrick's success in executing this vision for

2573-506: The King to fund missions. Having friars taking money was controversial within the church. In addition, the colonial government claimed missionaries were mistreating indigenous people working on the missions. On the other hand, the Franciscan missionaries claimed that the Spanish government enslaved and mistreated indigenous people. Present day efforts are to show where Franciscan missionaries protected

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2656-701: The Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles in the 1880s. With the construction of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (designed by Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887), and the Casa Monica Hotel (later the Hotel Cordova) built by Franklin W. Smith in 1888, Spanish-influenced architecture spread to several other parts of Florida. These three hotels were influenced not only by

2739-587: The Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. In St. Augustine, Florida, a former Spanish colony, a winter playground was developing for wealthy people from northern cities in the United States. Three architects from New York City John Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings and Bostonian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in

2822-467: The Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931. In Mexico , the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in the arts encouraged by the post– Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by the Baroque architecture of central New Spain , in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by

2905-557: The Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San Diego Panama–California Exposition , with architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in the California Quadrangle , built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect Lilian Jeannette Rice designed

2988-538: The Spanish culture; from the point of view of the Monarchy, naturals of America were seen as Crown subjects in need of care, instruction and protection from the military and settlers, many of which were in the pursuit of wealth, land and nobility titles. The missionaries goal was to convert natives to Christianity, because diffusion of Christianity was deemed to be a requirement of the religion. Spanish Vice-royalties in America had

3071-404: The Spanish wanted. This caused strain between colonial governments and Franciscan friars, which eventually led to several friars fleeing to present day western Mexico and the dissolution of Franciscan parishes. Other issues also contributed to the dissolution of Franciscan parishes, including the vow of poverty and accusations from colonial governments. However, Spanish missions often used money from

3154-654: The United States primarily came under the Spanish flag. Esteban , an African Catholic enslaved by Spaniards, was among the first European group to enter the region in 1528, via what would become Florida . He would go on to serve on various other North American expeditions. As early as the 17th century, Spanish Florida acted as a haven for fugitive slaves from the Southern colonies . The Spanish colonial authorities in Florida freed slaves who reached their territory if they converted to Roman Catholicism. Most such freedmen settled in

3237-474: The United States. Frederick H. Trimble 's Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach , completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of St. Cloud, Florida , espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtle stucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners Ida Annah Ryan and Isabel Roberts . One of

3320-510: The adults in European methods of construction, manufacturing, and, to a certain extent, agriculture. By 1732, there were thirty villages populated by approximately 140,000 Indians located from Northern Mexico down to Paraguay. Spanish settlers were prohibited from living or working in reductions. This led to a strained relationship between Jesuit missionaries and the Spanish because in surrounding Spanish settlements people were not guaranteed food, shelter, and clothing. Another major Jesuit effort

3403-529: The centuries-old buildings remaining from the period Spanish rule in St. Augustine but also by The Old City House , constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture. The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international expositions . For example, California's Mission Revival style Pavilion in white stucco at

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3486-540: The city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period like The Chinese Architect and The Builder regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement. After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By

3569-619: The city would catch the attention of Spain's King, Alfonso XIII , who awarded Merrick the Order of Isabella the Catholic for his support of Spanish culture in Coral Gables. Several other cities in southern Florida showcased the Spanish Revival of the time, including Palm Beach. The Palm Beach Town Hall , built in 1925 by Harvey and Clarke , with renovations later made by several notable architects. The major location of design and construction in

3652-465: The clergy used indigenous religions to gain trust and legitimacy. In fact, many members of the clergy learned indigenous languages so they could be more accessible and understandable to those wanted to convert. They even selected indigenous languages to be used as lingua franca in areas that had linguistic diversity. In New Spain, which is modern-day Mexico and Central America, the friars taught Nahuatl to indigenous Americans who had not spoken it prior, as

3735-484: The colonial Mexico City government building was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s. The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in Mexico City 's then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico as colonial californiano ( Californian Colonial ). That is,

3818-459: The colonies. Unlike other methods used for property accumulation, like land seizure or royal grant, the Jesuits gained property from purchase and donation. The Jesuits also amassed wealth from tithes and clerical fees, as well as from profits made from the production of agricultural and other commercial products. The Jesuits, along with the other religious orders, fully participated in and profited off of

3901-485: The conflict, the Spanish abandoned their policy of "peace by purchase (tribute)" in favor of "war of fire and blood." With resistance and revolts, the native population dropped drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions. However, the main factor for the overwhelming losses were due to epidemics in the missions. Despite being affected before the introduction of missions, the buildings allowed rodents to infiltrate living areas and spread disease more rapidly. Some of

3984-434: The corrupt encomenderos and other European settlers. The Church and its clergy were meant to be advocates for the interests of the indigenous, as well as to provide them with social services. To do this, the indigenous parishes had different laws, different economies, different government styles, all with the intention of keeping them separate, and protected from the European society. The indigenous Americans were considered by

4067-467: The country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country. Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlier Mission Revival style derived from the architecture of the California missions , and Pueblo Revival style from the traditional Puebloan peoples in New Mexico . Both precedents were popularized in

4150-469: The district threatened the neighborhood's unique cultural and architectural heritage. In response, Save Beverly Fairfax hired Architectural Resources Group to complete a district survey and draft the National Register nomination for the Beverly Fairfax neighborhood. The nomination was submitted to the National Register on May 30, 2018, and was officially recognized on October 4, 2018. Save Beverly Fairfax

4233-527: The early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like Sydney suburbs Manly and Bondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in

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4316-521: The expansion of the Spanish empire through the religious conversion of the indigenous peoples occupying those areas. While the Spanish Crown dominated the political, economic, and social realms of the Americas and people indigenous to the region, the Catholic Church dominated the religious and spiritual realm. In some regions, missionaries attempted to create settlements of indigenous people ruled by

4399-415: The government of President Venustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style. In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with Plateresque elements; such as grotesques , pinnacles and mixtilinear arches ( es ). Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government)

4482-459: The implementation of Encomienda systems by the Vice-royal authorities, which forced native labor onto land granted to Europeans by the Spanish Crown and led to oppression. Much of the expressed goals of the spread of Catholicism was to bring salvation to the souls of the indigenous peoples. The Church and the Crown alike viewed the role and presence of the Church in the Americas as a buffer against

4565-416: The indigenous Americans to Catholicism, as well as total authority over the Church, educational, and charitable institutions. It authorized the Crown’s control over the Church’s tithe income, the tax levied on agricultural production and livestock, and the sustenance of the ecclesiastical hierarchies, physical facilities, and activities. It provided the Crown with the right to approve or veto Papal dispatches to

4648-517: The indigenous communities. His influence spanned so wide, others like him followed by example. Of the future missionaries to come to America, at least three of his compatriots came. By 1532, approximately 5,000 native children were educated by the Franciscan missionaries in newly built monasteries spread throughout central Mexico. Many of these children resided in cities such as Cholula, Tlalmanalco, Texcoco, Huejotzingo, Tepeaca, Cuautitlán, Tula, Cuernavaca, Coyoacán, Tlaxcala and Acapistla. Pedro De Gante

4731-534: The indigenous people from Spanish cruelties and supported empowering the native peoples. The Jesuits had a wide-spread impact from their arrival in the New World about 1570 until their expulsion in 1767. The Jesuits, especially in the southeastern part of South America, followed a widespread Spanish practice of creating settlements called " reductions " to concentrate the widespread native populations in order to better rule, Christianize, exploit their labor, and protect

4814-447: The indigenous people to live in the reductions. Resistance to and revolts against the missionaries were frequent. The missionaries helped, with varying success, to protect indigenous people from slave raiders and Spanish colonists wishing to exploit indigenous labor. However, the concentration of the indigenous people into reductions facilitated the spread of Old World diseases such as smallpox . Epidemics were frequent and often reduced

4897-536: The internal trade economy of the Americas. In addition to the encomienda system, the aggressive implementation of missions and their forcible establishment of reductions and congregations led to resistance and sometimes revolt in the native populations being colonized. Many natives agreed to join the reductions and congregations out of fear, but many were initially still allowed to quietly continue some of their religious practices. However, as treatment of natives grew worse and suppression of native customs increased, so did

4980-461: The mission population by more than one-half. The Patronato Real , or Royal Patronage, was a series of papal bulls constructed in the 15th and early 16th Century that set the secular relationship between the Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church, effectively pronouncing the Spanish King’s control over the Church in the Americas. It clarified the Crown’s responsibility to promote the conversion of

5063-554: The missionaries studied the native languages, taught children to read and write, and taught adults trades such as carpentry and ceramics. Pedro de Gante was a Flemish Franciscan missionary who desired assimilation of Native American communities to further educational discourse amongst indigenous communities. He was so influential in his work, he became known as "The first teacher of the Americas". Originally, Peeter Van der Moere, Pedro de Gante, came to New Spain , in 1523 also known as Mexico. A missionary, Pedro de Gante, wanted to spread

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5146-613: The most accomplished architects of the style was George Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s in Santa Barbara, California . His own residences El Hogar (1916, a.k.a. Casa Dracaena ) and Casa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estate Casa del Herrero in Montecito , now

5229-401: The most common diseases were typhus, measles and smallpox. Many natives were living in cramped spaces with poor hygiene and poor nutrition. This led not only to high mortality rate, but to low fertility rates as well. In specific areas where natives were dispersed in various regions, friars created new villages to divide the natives from Europeans and simultaneously systemize their teachings. It

5312-416: The most significant examples of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival in the United States at the time was is the architecture of Coral Gables, Florida . A planned city established in the 1920s, the city's architecture is almost entirely Mediterranean Revival style , mandated in the original plan. The city was developed by George E. Merrick , a real estate developer from Pennsylvania , during

5395-425: The native populace. The Jesuit Reductions were socialist societies in which each family had a house and field, and individuals were clothed and fed in return for work. Additionally, the communities included schools, churches, and hospitals, and native leaders and governing councils overseen by two Jesuit missionaries in each reduction. Like the Franciscans, the Jesuit missionaries learned the local languages and trained

5478-474: The neighborhood had one of the highest concentrations of Jewish residents in Los Angeles , with over two-thirds of the district's population being Jewish. Jewish schools, religious institutions, social clubs, and storefronts flourished here in the 20th century. Following World War II , many Holocaust survivors moved to Beverly Fairfax because it was an established safe haven for Jewish people living in Los Angeles. In 2016, several major development projects near

5561-403: The poor, aged, or infirmed and to widows and orphans, and to organize religious processions and festivals for Catholic holidays. That said, the creation of the parish also depended on the labor of the recently converted indigenous people to build schools, offices, houses, and other infrastructure for economic production. This need for labor led to conflict with the encomenderos, who were charged by

5644-492: The resistance of the natives. An example of rebellion against colonization and missionaries is the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, in which the Zuni , Hopi , as well as Tiwa , Tewa , Towa , Tano , and Keres -speaking Pueblos took control of Santa Fe and drove the Spanish colonists of New Mexico with heavy casualties on the Spanish side, including the killing of 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. The region remained independent under native control until 1692 when it

5727-443: The same structure as the Vice-Royalties in Spanish provinces. The Catholic church depended on the Kings administratively, but in doctrine was subjected, as always, to Rome. Spain had a long battle with the Moors, and Catholicism was an important factor unifying the Spaniards against the Muslims. Further, the religious practices of American natives alarmed the Spanish, so they banned and prosecuted those practices. The role of missionaries

5810-432: The structures of European towns—created with the explicit intention of converting the indigenous peoples who constructed and lived in them. These territories were separate from the jurisdictions of the Crown, with separate laws and structures. The papacy sent multiple religious orders to set up towns in areas along the borderlands to prevent a single order from becoming too powerful. First the Franciscans set up parishes, then

5893-538: The style in the development of the town of Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County. The city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake . The County Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and the Arlington Theatre designed by Edwards and Plunkett are prime examples. George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara including Casa del Herrero and Jackling House , along with businesses Lobero Theatre and

5976-542: The time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities. The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout

6059-500: The village, scientists were able to determine the age gap of plant life to better understand the loss of human interaction with vegetation. By 1680, scientists concluded that the Jemez village was populated by approximately 850 natives. This 87% decrease in population size illustrates the tragic effects of diseases of the time, combined with the introduction of a new culture influenced by the Spanish missionaries. The first African Catholic slaves that arrived in what would eventually become

6142-603: The wealthier suburbs, the most famous being Boomerang , at Elizabeth Bay . The Plaza Theatre in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style. In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in Shanghai , particularly in the former French Concession . Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in

6225-527: The younger generation of natives were the most imperative in the eyes of the Spanish mission. The missionaries began educating the native youth by separating the children from their families and placing them in Christian-based schooling systems. To reach their audience, the Spanish missionaries devoted much time to learning the native culture. This cultural shift can best be seen in the very first trilingual dictionary dating back to 1540 in Mexico. This book that

6308-404: Was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture. Traditional materials such as tezontle , cantera and Talavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings. The colonial-era National Palace was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly,

6391-648: Was awarded with the Governor's Historic Preservation Award and the LA Conservancy Preservation Award in 2019 for achieving the Historic District recognition for Beverly Fairfax. [REDACTED] Media related to Beverly Fairfax Historic District at Wikimedia Commons Spanish Colonial Revival architecture The Spanish Colonial Revival architecture ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ), often known simply as Spanish Revival ,

6474-435: Was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. The city had served as the capital of Florida for over 250 years when Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819. By the late 1880s, St. Augustine was being developed by Henry M. Flagler as a winter resort for wealthy northern families. He built two grand hotels in the Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles:

6557-464: Was primarily to replace indigenous religions with Christianity, which facilitated integration of the native populations into the Spanish colonial societies. One symbolic example of this was the practice of constructing churches and cathedrals, such as Santa Domingo and Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption , on top of demolished native temples. Establishment of missions was often followed by

6640-522: Was reconquered by the Spanish whose regime thereafter became less oppressive. The Tepehuan Revolt from 1616 to 1620 was likewise stirred by hostilities against the missionaries, which arose due to the concurrent and explosive rise in disease that accompanied their arrival. The Tepehuan associated the rise in death directly with these missionaries and their reductions, which spread disease and facilitated exploitative labor to encomanderos and miners. The revolt caused heavy casualties on both sides. During

6723-476: Was recorded to have the largest class of approximately 600 natives in Mexico City. The first missionaries to arrive in the New World were Franciscan friars from the observant faction, which believed in a strict and limited practice of religion. Because the friars believed teaching and practicing can only be done through "meditation and contemplation," Franciscans were not able to convert as many people as quickly as

6806-583: Was that of Eusebio Kino S.J. , in the region then known as the Pimería Alta – modern-day Sonora in Mexico and southern Arizona in the United States . The Dominicans were centralized in the Caribbean and Mexico and, despite a much smaller representation in the Americas, had one of the most notable histories of native rights activism. Bartolomé de las Casas was the first Dominican bishop in Mexico and played

6889-788: Was uncovered took the printed version of author Antonio Nebrija’s dictionary titled Grammar and Dictionary (focused on spanish and Latin translations), and added handwritten translations of Nahuatl language within the document. Although the author of these edits is unknown, it is a tangible example of how Spanish missionaries began the process of catholic transformation in Native territories. Missionaries introduced adobe style houses for nomadic natives and domesticated animals for meat rather than wild game. The Spanish colonists also brought more foods and plants from Europe and South American to regions that initially had no contact with nations there. Natives began to dress in European-style clothing and adopted

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