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54-410: ( see table ) Toronto City Council 2018–2022 The 2018 Toronto municipal election was held on October 22, 2018, to elect a mayor and city councillors in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Registration for candidates for the office of mayor, councillor, and school board trustee opened on May 1, 2018, and initially closed on July 27, 2018. John Tory won the mayoral election with over 60% of

108-461: A single-tier municipality , arguing, among other things, the need to keep property tax dollars within the city of Mississauga for the good of the future of the city. Opponents of Mississauga's position, including former Brampton mayor Susan Fennell , have argued that from the 1970s through the 1990s, Mississauga was the chief beneficiary of Peel's infrastructure construction projects — funded by taxpayers in all three municipalities — and it

162-573: A constitutional clause allowing it to disallow provincial legislation (a mechanism only used once since 1943) should it pass. At a Liberal Party caucus retreat in Saskatoon , Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated that he would not contribute to the discussions surrounding the sizes of municipal governments in Ontario, as it was "[not] a role that the federal government needs to take on". On September 19, 2018,

216-421: A land area of 1,247.45 km (481.64 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,163.2/km (3,012.6/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 Census, 44% of Peel's population was Christian, 14% was Sikh, 13% was Hindu, 13% was Muslim, 2% belonged to other faiths and 15% had no religious affiliation. According to the 2011 Census, 50.61% of Peel's population have English as mother tongue ; Punjabi

270-504: A majority of regional councillors. This is also why Mississauga's claim for two more regional representatives was seen as vexing - Mississauga would then have a majority at the regional level. Mississauga magnified the control issue by complaining of a historic underrepresentation given that a majority of taxpayers in Peel reside and have resided within Mississauga .. [I] recommend a continuation of

324-461: A population of about 1.5 million, Peel Region's growth can be credited largely to immigration and transportation infrastructure: seven 400-series highways serve the region and most of Toronto Pearson International Airport is located within its boundaries. Mississauga, which occupies the southernmost portion of the region with over 800,000 residents, is the largest in population in Peel Region and

378-524: A referendum. Tory also criticized Ford for not providing any opportunities to consult with the municipal government over the bill. Ford denied Tory's statement, stating that he had met with Tory and other officials multiple times. Bill 5 was passed August 14, 2018. Rocco Achampong, a candidate for one of the wards removed in the consolidation, launched a legal challenge over the bill in the Ontario Superior Court . The government of Ontario argued that

432-484: A single-tier municipality since running for the position of mayor during the 2018 Mississauga municipal election . The following day the government officially announced their intention to dissolve the region. Subsequently, Municipal Affairs Minister Steve Clark tabled Bill 112, the Hazel McCallion Act , which would dissolve the region on January 1, 2025. The bill was fast-tracked through Parliament, bypassing

486-542: A structure that denies any one area municipality a majority at the region. Mississauga council, led by former mayor Hazel McCallion , has argued that Peel Region is an unnecessary layer of government which costs Mississauga residents millions of dollars a year to support services in Brampton and Caledon. Mississauga council unanimously passed a motion asking the Province of Ontario to separate Mississauga from Peel Region and become

540-483: Is due to the lower elevations found in the southern parts of the region, moderating effects of Lake Ontario, and more urbanization in the south (due to the urban heat island effect). In colder months, areas closer to Lake Ontario are warmer while in particularly in spring and summer, the same areas are cooler on many afternoons, owing to the moderating effect of the Lake. Generally, the northwestern parts of Peel Region are

594-573: Is now Brampton's turn to benefit, as it is growing faster than Mississauga, which is mostly built-out. As well, they have argued that common infrastructure, such as waste and water services, would be more efficiently managed at a regional level. On May 17, 2023, information leaked that Ontario premier Doug Ford intended to dissolve Peel Region and make the three lower-tier municipalities independent. Calls for Mississauga to be an independent city have existed for many years, including most notably by Mayor Bonnie Crombie , who called for that city to become

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648-504: Is overall the seventh-largest lower-tier municipality in Canada . It reaches from Lake Ontario north to near Highway 407 . Brampton, a city with over 600,000 residents, is located in the centre of the region, while in the north lies the town of Caledon, which is by far the largest town in the area and the most sparsely populated part of the region. The area was first settled in the early 1800s after being divided into townships in 1805; some of

702-593: Is the mother tongue of 8.92% of the population, followed by Urdu (3.84%), Polish (2.68%), Portuguese (2.29%), Tagalog (2.24%), Italian (2.09%), Spanish (2.08%), Arabic (1.96%), and Hindi (1.50%). The region is responsible for the services and infrastructure related to water delivery and wastewater treatment, waste collection and disposal, some arterial roads, public health, long-term care centres, Peel Regional Police , Peel Regional Paramedic Services , planning, public housing, paratransit, judicial and social services. Other municipal functions are provided by

756-454: The 2014 municipal election , as well as subsequent by-elections and appointments. The Mayor of Toronto for this term (2014-2018) is John Tory . In December 2014, Mayor Tory appointed four Deputy Mayors : Ms. McConnell died during her term in office and was replaced by Ana Bailão. Mayor Tory removed Crisanti after Crisanti endorsed a political rival to Tory, and was replaced by Stephen Holyday. Regional Municipality of Peel With

810-529: The Court of Appeal for Ontario in Toronto (City) v Ontario (Attorney General) issued a stay on the previous Superior Court decision, ruling that Bill 5 "disrupted the campaigns that were already underway" but "does not limit or restrict any message the candidates wish to convey to voters", and was a "dubious ruling that invalidates legislation duly passed by the legislature". As such, the election would be required to use

864-507: The official opposition Ontario NDP disputing its intent and considering it an abuse of power , while other groups (including candidates and the Toronto District School Board ) contended that the bill undermined the democratic process. Toronto mayor John Tory suggested that such significant changes be subject to a public referendum . Toronto's city council voted 24-17 on a motion to oppose Bill 5 and support Tory's call for

918-526: The 2006 municipal elections, one additional seat will be assigned to Brampton and two additional seats will be assigned to Mississauga, giving Mississauga 12 of the 24 seats assigned to municipalities. These numbers do not include the regional chair, who is appointed by council members. These changes are the result of a provincially appointed impartial arbitrator who noted: Regional councilors, whether or not they also wear an area (local) hat, represent all taxpayers in that region...no one area municipality has

972-614: The 25-ward alignment mandated by Bill 5. Since it was made redundant by the stay, Bill 31 was also withdrawn. The nomination period was reopened as a result of the stay and closed on September 21, 2018. On October 1, 2021, by a 5–4 majority, the Supreme Court of Canada held that Ontario was permitted to reduce the size of Toronto City Council during the 2018 municipal election. Endorsed by Toronto Star and Toronto Sun . Toronto City Council 2014%E2%80%932018 The 2014-2018 Toronto City Council consisted of councillors elected in

1026-748: The Arctic, subtropics, and the Atlantic Ocean; consequentially, it is impacted by air masses from different origins. In general, the air masses that affect the region are continental polar, continental arctic, maritime polar, and occasionally continental tropical air masses in summer. During winter, cold and dry air masses predominate (continental arctic and maritime polar) although warmer, moister air masses may move north during this time, leading to milder temperatures and potential for heavy snowfall/freezing rain/rainfall. The most severe snow and freezing rain events occur when warmer, moister air masses move northward to

1080-490: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , also known as the notwithstanding clause, to implement the effects of Bill 5 in defiance of the court ruling. If passed, it would have been the first time that the notwithstanding clause had ever been invoked in Ontario. The Toronto city council voted 29–7 in favour of directing the city solicitor to challenge the new legislation in court, and to ask the federal government to invoke

1134-463: The Great Lakes. This is seen by the tendency for thunderstorms from the west to weaken/dissipate as they approach Toronto Pearson Airport, located in the southeastern part of the region. Temperatures are higher in the southern parts of Peel compared to the northern parts of the region. Annual temperatures are 3 °C (5 °F) warmer in the south than in the northern parts of the region. This

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1188-485: The Toronto city council align its municipal wards with those of the federal and provincial electoral ridings, thus reducing the size of Toronto's council from 47 to 25 wards. Each council member would serve an area representing an average of 111,000 residents. Ford justified the legislation by stating that the council had "failed to act on the critical issues facing the city", and that expanding it to 47 wards would exacerbate

1242-651: The air masses that influence the region are predominantly maritime polar air masses from the Pacific Ocean, and tropical air masses from the Gulf of Mexico, the latter being responsible for bringing heat waves, high humidity, and intense rainfall events. Towards late summer and early autumn, the remnants of tropical storms and hurricanes may bring strong winds and heavy rainfalls to the area. During autumn, Arctic air masses become increasingly common, leading to colder conditions. The Great Lakes (particularly Lake Ontario) moderate

1296-422: The area in lots for sale, and applied the name "Brampton" to the area, which was soon adopted by others. The Region of Peel was created by the government of Bill Davis in 1974 from the former Peel County, and was legislated to provide community services to the (then) rapidly urbanizing area of south Peel County (now Mississauga and Brampton). Most of Peel Region boundaries are the same as Peel County. Portions of

1350-477: The claimed cost savings, stating that it would only save $ 6 million over four years, taking into account the increased staffing that would be required to operate the larger wards, and the costs incurred by realigning the election to match the new boundaries. On September 10, 2018, the Better Local Government Act was struck down as unconstitutional by Superior Court Justice Edward Belobaba, ruling that

1404-476: The committee stage and going straight to third reading. This was criticized by the opposition, claiming that it prevented proper consultation with Peel Region residents. The bill was passed in June 2023. To prepare for the dissolution, the Ontario government convened a 5-member transition board tasked with providing recommendations on winding down the operations of the regional government. Brampton mayor Patrick Brown

1458-616: The cooler air masses during autumn and winter, causing the region to have milder conditions than similar areas away from the Lakes. Because the Great Lakes are slower to warm than the land, they keep shoreline areas cooler in spring, leading to prolonged cool weather that persists well into April. The prolonged cool conditions on the shoreline causes the leafing and blossoming of the plants to be delayed, which protects tender plants such as fruit trees from being damaged by late spring frosts. Thus, plants from more warmer climates are able to survive on

1512-584: The council to 25 wards. The bill attracted controversy for its intent to change electoral boundaries in the middle of a campaign, and was struck down as unconstitutional in September 2018 but a stay on this ruling was granted nine days later by the Court of Appeal for Ontario . The three judge panel ruled the bill was constitutional and that the previous ruling was "dubious", thus reinstating the 25-ward election. Seventeen Toronto councillors were elected with less than half of all votes cast. One councillor, Cynthia Lai

1566-470: The dissolution. However, there were disagreements over how the services would be funded. Crombie has pushed for them to be funded using a pay-per-usage model, while Brown wanted them to remain under the current assessment formula model. After the transition board reported that the dissolution would cause heavy increases to municipal property taxes as a result of lost regional funding, the Ontario government announced that they would not continue with dissolving

1620-467: The existing "dysfunction". The province claimed that such a reduction would result in a savings of $ 25 million over the next four years (in comparison to the city's operating budget of $ 11.12 billion per-year). The bill also cancelled pending elections for regional chair in the regional municipalities of Niagara and Muskoka , Peel , and York , resetting all four positions back to appointed, rather than elected, offices. The bill proved controversial, with

1674-633: The former Trafalgar Township in Halton County west of present-day Winston Churchill Boulevard to Ninth Line and south of Highway 407 to Dundas Street became part of Mississauga (forming western parts of Erin Mills and Meadowvale West , as well as Churchill Meadows from Town of Milton ). The senior administrators of the region are: Seats on Peel Regional council are not assigned to member municipalities according to population or tax contributions, and this has produced considerable controversy within

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1728-421: The influence of the Great Lakes on summertime convective precipitation, northernmost extent to where tropical air progresses in winter, and positions of frontal zones in spring and autumn). These regional storm track differences are responsible for a slight rain shadow effect for most of Peel except for the northern parts which lie on the windward side and receive more precipitation from frontal systems moving from

1782-445: The larger wards infringed on citizens' rights to effective electoral representation, and that unilaterally changing electoral boundaries in the middle of a campaign infringed on candidates' freedom of expression. He explained that "passing a law that changes the city's electoral districts in the middle of its election and undermines the overall fairness of the election is antithetical to the core principles of our democracy", and questioned

1836-508: The larger wards were intended to improve voter parity for the 2018 municipal election (as the 47 ward model would not achieve voter parity until 2026). However, the city asserted that the 25-ward structure provided no better parity than the newly-implemented 47-ward structure, and a consultant argued that the roughly doubled ward population reduced councillors' capacity to serve their communities—another aspect of effective representation. In an affidavit, Toronto city manager Giuliana Carbone disputed

1890-544: The province's intent and timing of the legislation. Ford criticized the ruling, contending that its only supporters were a "small group of left-wing councillors looking to continue their free ride on the taxpayers' dollar and a network of activist groups who have entrenched their power under the status quo." The Ford government introduced the Efficient Local Government Act , also known as Bill 31 , on September 12, 2018. The bill would have invoked Section 33 of

1944-606: The redrawing of ward boundaries at the Ontario Municipal Board . The appeal was rejected and new ward boundaries approved in a 38-page decision. The council had to pass a by-law before January 2018 for the boundaries to be changed before the election. On July 27, 2018, the last day for candidate registration, former councillor and new Ontario Premier Doug Ford introduced the Better Local Government Act , also known as Bill 5 . The legislation requires that

1998-567: The region and meet colder air. During winter, a common type of storm is known as the "Alberta Clipper" which affects the region in which moist Pacific air moves east of the Rocky Mountains to the region, bringing snow that is often followed by the influx of cold continental air afterwards (leads to colder temperatures). Spring and autumn are characterized by variable weather and rapid alternating air masses. This leads to frequent cloudy conditions, rain, and occasional thunderstorms. In summer,

2052-479: The region. Long Term Care Facilities are for seniors and others with long-term health needs: Social Housing The Regional Municipality of Peel owns and operates Peel Living, a social housing corporation, which is the largest landlord in the region one of the largest in Canada. Public Works Peel manages the regions public works needs including: TransHelp The Region of Peel operates paratransit service for people with disabilities. Transhelp , which

2106-413: The region. Mississauga currently comprises about 62 per cent of the region's population and says it contributes 66 per cent of the taxes, but had been assigned 10 of the 21 council seats (or 48 per cent) distributed among the municipalities, with Brampton receiving six and Caledon five. In June 2005, the provincial government passed legislation that will revise the composition of the council. Beginning in

2160-467: The region. The region's climate are influenced by various air masses and weather systems from other locations, proximity to Lake Ontario, topography and elevation (e.g. Niagara Escarpment, and Oak Ridges Moraine), and urban and rural land uses. The air masses and weather systems are the major factors in influencing the climate of the region. Being located in Southern Ontario, it is located between

2214-570: The relatively cooler lake surfaces), leading to lower spring and summer precipitation on their shorelines compared to inland areas. In winter, lake effect snowfall occurs. In spring and summer, lake breezes can penetrate inland, creating narrow boundaries more inland causing cloudy conditions, severe thunderstorms, and convective rainfall events. This is known as the "lake breeze front" or "lake breeze thunderstorms" phenomenon, in which intense, sharply defined squall lines develop quickly on summer afternoons amplified by localized wind patterns between

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2268-537: The shoreline due to this. Occasionally, temperature inversions can occur, particularly in spring and early summer. Temperature inversions occur when warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico moves pass the Great Lakes because while the top layers of the Lakes are warmed, the bottom layers remain cool, leading to moisture and airborne pollutants being trapped in the cool air below, humid days, and causing fog, haze, and smog in low laying industrial areas. The Great Lakes also stabilize conditions in spring and summer (due to

2322-597: The slogan "All roads lead to Brampton" and shows six 400-series numbers (401, 403, 407, 409, 410, 427). 400-series freeways: Other highways: Education in the Region of Peel is primarily available from taxpayer-funded public schools (secular) and separate schools (Catholic) in both the English and French languages. Schools in Peel are managed by four school boards: the Peel District School Board (English public),

2376-454: The three local-tier municipalities . These responsibilities have changed over time, as functions have been uploaded and downloaded to and from the provincial and regional levels, as directed by the Government of Ontario . Emergency medical services provided by Peel to the region's municipalities: Peel Regional Paramedic Services Formerly administered by the province, now in the hands of

2430-594: The townships came into existence later (to 1819). County of Peel was formed in 1851. It was named after Sir Robert Peel , the nineteenth-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . The townships that would eventually constitute Peel were initially part of York County in the Home District , and were designated as the West Riding of York in 1845. In 1867, Peel officially separated from York County. Peel County

2484-521: The vote. To account for the city's growing population, Toronto's council wards underwent a realignment, with the removal of a ward in the west end, three new wards added in the downtown area, and a new ward in North York, expanding the city to 47 wards. In July 2018, newly-elected Premier of Ontario Doug Ford introduced legislation to require that Toronto's municipal elections use the same ridings as it does for provincial and federal elections, thus reducing

2538-479: The west. In all seasons, precipitation mostly comes from low pressure systems from the mid-Atlantic states and Gulf of Mexico. As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the Regional Municipality of Peel had a population of 1,451,022 living in 450,746 of its 467,970 total private dwellings, a change of 5% from its 2016 population of 1,381,739 . With

2592-460: The wettest areas both seasonally and annually while southern parts are the driest. Mean annual precipitation in the region ranges from 835 to 935 mm (32.9 to 36.8 in) in the northwest to 794 to 836 mm (31.3 to 32.9 in) in Mississauga in the south. The north–south precipitation gradient is primarily due to topographic and elevation differences, and some regional storm track differences. The regional storm track differences include

2646-539: Was dissolved in 1974. Brampton was virtually a village in 1834. The only building of consequence at the corner of Hurontario (now Main) and Queen Streets, today the centre of Brampton, was William Buffy's tavern. In fact, at the time, the area was referred to as "Buffy's Corners". All real business in Chinguacousy Township took place one mile distant at Martin Salisbury's tavern. By 1834, John Elliott laid out

2700-683: Was elected with approximately 27% of the votes cast. The Toronto City Council commissioned an independent review of its ward boundaries in order to account for predicted population growth in specific areas of the city. The consultants recommended the realignment of the city's 44 wards into 47. Under the 47 ward model, wards would not achieve voter parity until 2026 (when the population projection of 61,000 residents per ward would eventually kick in). The Supreme Court considers voter parity to be crucial to achieving effective representation. Three new wards were added in downtown , one in North York , while one

2754-428: Was formerly run for Miway in Mississauga, and Brampton Transit in Brampton. Convention transit is operated by the aforementioned transit systems. Seven 400-Series Highways border or pass through Peel Region. These freeways are among the busiest and most modern of Ontario, mostly constructed since the 1970s, and have contributed significantly to the rapid growth of the Region. One of the welcome signs of Brampton has

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2808-533: Was removed from Toronto's west end by consolidating 3 wards into 2. Based on the patterns of incumbents shifting to successor wards, the four "new" wards are Ward 20 , Ward 21 , Ward 25 and Ward 29 ; the ward reduction in the west end is reflected in the effective merger of what had been designated as Ward 17 and Ward 18 on the preceding map into new Ward 16 . Two city councillors, Giorgio Mammoliti and Justin Di Ciano , along with several Toronto citizens, appealed

2862-423: Was resistant to dissolving the region, claiming that it would leave the city underfunded and interfere with municipal housing priorities. Brown had also demanded that Mississauga pay compensation to cover lost regional funding, which he claimed was critical to ensuring that an independent Brampton could function properly. Caledon mayor Annette Groves was completely opposed to the dissolution, claiming that Caledon

2916-456: Was the "child of the divorce" and that they did not have the resources to function without regional funding. New Democrat MPP and municipal affairs critic Jeff Burch proposed having the rural areas of Caledon transferred to Dufferin County . It had been proposed that some regional services, such as EMS, public health and police, continue to be shared among the single-tier municipalities after

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