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29-797: The group represents the uppermost unit of the Cayugan Series and the youngest Silurian unit in Ontario. The group overlies the Salina Group and is conformably overlain by the Devonian Bois Blanc Formation in Ontario and Onondaga Limestone in New York. Two formations within the Bertie Group, the Fiddler's Green and Williamsville, are considered Konservat-Lagerstätten ; geologic units that contain

58-502: A depth of 1800 feet on Cleveland's east side and Clarence Foster examined drilling records from Standard Oil along Lake Erie . In 1827, Gypsum was first identified in Michigan, near Grand Rapids. An Odawa man discovered it in a rock outcrop along Plaster Creek where it enters Grand River . In 1838, Michigan's first state geologist , Douglass Houghton , arrived to select a site for salt mining and reported an abundance of gypsum in

87-411: A near-shore marine to lagoonal setting, and the evaporites and casts of halite pseudomorphs, with sides of up to 30 centimetres (12 in), suggest the environment was far from normal marine; hypersalinity must have prevailed throughout most of the depositional history of the group. Alternating hypersaline and brackish estuarine conditions have been recorded in the group. The dolomitization of

116-459: A unique and typically soft-bodied fauna. These formations have produced thousands of Silurian eurypterids (sea scorpions) as well as early scorpion Proscorpius osborni , xiphosurans, primitive fossil flora, the planktonic cephalodiscid Rotaciurca superbus and the fish Nerepisacanthus denisoni . The excellent preservation of the many eurypterids and other taxa was the possibly result of periodic hypersaline and anoxic conditions owing to

145-473: Is an extinct genus of acanthodian , probably acritolepid , from Middle Silurian (?late Llandovery ( Telychian ) to Ludlow stages) deposits of New Brunswick , Canada . Nerepisacanthus is known from many incomplete but articulated specimens. It was collected from the Cunningham Creek Formation , near Nerepis, southern New Brunswick . It was first named by Carole J. Burrow in 2011 and

174-673: Is an extensive formation. It ranges from West Virginia up through Pennsylvania into Ohio and then Michigan in the United States, and from Pennsylvania into New York . It is also found in the Canadian province of Ontario . (See Figure 1.) The thickness of the Salina Group varies greatly within the two basins, ranging from 84 feet in the southwestern corner of Michigan to an estimated 5,000 feet in that state's Gladwin County . This formation

203-457: Is of economic importance for salt mining , oil reservoir creation, gypsum mining, and potential natural gas storage. Research has also been done on the viability of storing radioactive waste in the salt beds of the Salina. The Salina Formation is composed chiefly of dolomite and shale , interbedded with anhydrite , gypsum , and salt . Stratigraphically , the Salina is placed in

232-605: Is often divided into the A1 and A2, with A1 being the basal unit. Unit B is another salt unit and marks the Middle Vernon. The percentage of salt can range from 90% to 100%. Thin dolomite beds run through this unit. In comparison, Unit C marks the top of the Vernon Formation . It is a shaly dolomite; however, it can range from pure shale to pure dolomite beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be prevalent within this unit as well. Unit D,

261-572: Is progressively cut by the Bass Islands Formation from Dunnville to Hagersville. In Pennsylvania , the Bertie Group is time-equivalent with the Keyser Formation . The Bertie Group Fiddler's Green and Williamsville formations are considered Konservat-Lagerstätten ; units characterized by rare and typically soft-bodied fauna. These formations have produced thousands of fossil eurypterids (sea scorpions) since collecting began in earnest in

290-608: Is quarried for crushed stone at Fort Erie, Port Colborne , Dunnville , Cayuga , and Hagersville. The Bertie Group is the uppermost unit in the Cayugan Series and forms part of the Tippecanoe II sequence. At its type locality, the group is subdivided into several formations. In central New York, the Group is subdivided into the Fiddlers Green Dolomite, Forge Hollow Shale, and Oxbow Dolomite members, from oldest to youngest. Here,

319-683: The Late Silurian age and is the lower member of the Cayugan Series. It overlies predominantly the Lockport ; in parts central to northeast Pennsylvania it overlies the Bloomsburg Formation . It also underlies the Helderberg Group . Being a thick formation, the Salina has subunits, as well as letter designations for the different formations. The letters originate at the base (oldest) with

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348-398: The type species is Nerepisacanthus denisoni . Additional specimen is known from Bertie Formation , making that species the oldest near-complete acanthodian. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] This article about an Acanthodii prehistoric fish is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a Silurian animal

377-476: The A unit to the stratigraphic top H unit (youngest) made up of Anhydrite . During an extensive study in the state of Michigan , each unit was mapped. Unit A consists of dolomite and shaly dolomite, and is the bottom of the Vernon. Where the formation thickens, there may also be one or two large salt beds within the unit. Anhydrite can be found throughout this unit. Due to unit A having two salt or anhydrite beds, it

406-841: The Arch System. Medusaegraptus graminiformis (Ruedemann 1925) Orbiculoidea bertiensis (Ruedemann) Lingula semina (Ruedemann) Cyathophyllum hydraulicum (Simpson) Eurypterus remipes (DeKay, 1825) Archaeophonus eurypteroides (Kjellesvig-Waering 1966) Proscorpius osborni (Whitfield 1885) Paracarcinosoma scorpionis (Grote & Pitt) Eurypterus lacustris (Harlan, 1834) Erettopterus waylandsmithi (Kjellesvig-Waering & Caster 1955) Waeringopterus cumberlandicus (Leutze, 1961) Waeringopterus apfeli (Leutze, 1961) Dolichopterus herkimerensis (Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering 1956) Leperditia scalaris (Jones 1856) Megalomus canadensis (Hall, 1852) Loyalsburg Formation Nerepisacanthus Nerepisacanthus

435-653: The Bertie Group is overlain by the Honeoye and Chrysler formations. In New York, the Onondaga Limestone overlies the Bertie Group. The group is in Ontario conformably overlain by the Middle Devonian Bois Blanc Formation . Laterally, the group is equivalent to the Bass Islands Formation and is mapped as a combined stratigraphic unit. Haynes and Parkins (1992) reported that the Bertie Group

464-740: The F has beds of salt separated by rock grading from shale to dolomite, often with anhydrite present especially in the shale. Unit G is the Camillus , which consists of dolomite and anhydrite while unit H is known as the Bertie Formation . In the Michigan Basin, the Bertie is pinched out; the Bass Islands Formation makes up the upper most Salina. Wabash Formation made up of the Liston Creek Member, Kenneth Limestone Member, Kokomo Limestone Member and

493-676: The Misslssinewa Shale member. The Pleasant Mills Formation is made up of the Louisville Equivalent Member and Waldon Equivalent Member and Limberlost Dolomite Member. The Pleasant Mills Formation is equivalent to the entire "A Unit" in the Appalachian Basin. Salt mines and brine wells are located in Western New York, Northeast Ohio and Detroit, Michigan with Ohio's salt production predating European settlement of

522-473: The area as Native Americans collected and processed brine from springs in several locations, including "salt licks" where minerals were deposited by brine seeping out of the ground. Licking County was named for this natural phenomenon. Mahoning County's name is derived from a Native American term "ma-hon-ink" meaning "at the lick." Throughout the early 1800s, Ohio's salt demand exceeded its production from brine wells and licks. Oil and gas exploration facilitated

551-688: The area. That same year, he and Bela Hubbard discovered an outcrop of gypsum at the mouth of the Au Gres River in Saginaw Bay . In 1841, Daniel Ball and business partner Warren Granger built a mill to process gypsum in 1841; a mill built by Houghton and Hubbard in Alabaster, Michigan became operational in 1862. The Salina serves as an oil reservoir formation along the Findlay Arch from Southwestern Michigan down into Northwest Ohio. Salt in not present along

580-548: The bottom of the Syracuse formation, is almost pure salt. Some dolomite may also occur within this unit. It is the thinnest unit of the Salina, and is not always present. Unit E consists of shale, but can include dolomitic shale and dolomite. Anhydrite may also be present within this unit and is also part of the Syracuse. Unit F is the youngest and largest salt in the group, also known as the Syracuse Formation . Where thicker,

609-635: The deposition of evaporites in the Salina Group , ranging in thickness from 120 to 800 metres (390 to 2,620 ft). Zones of stromatolites and thrombolites (non-laminated algal mounds) occur in several formations in the Bertie Group, along with numerous desiccation cracks . During the Hercynian orogeny in the Devonian, many of the Silurian sediments were eroded to the south in the Appalachians, while north of

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638-585: The discovery of salt during the 1860s; however, it was not until 1886 when the Cleveland Rolling Mill was drilling its second natural gas well that it hit brine. The salt was located at a depth of approximately 1,900 feet. By the 1890s, brine wells were drilled and operating in Cleveland. During this period, five salt-producing companies operated in Northeast Ohio. Sterling Morton built a salt mine at

667-523: The group most probably was not primary. Loyalsburg Formation Salina Group Illinois Basin The Salina Group or Salina Formation is a Late Silurian -age, Stratigraphic unit of sedimentary rock that is found in Northeastern and Midwestern North America . Named for its Halite beds, the phrase "Salina Group" was first used as a descriptive term by James D. Dana in 1863. The Salina

696-526: The group's position within a shallow inland sea (the Appalachian basin ). The type locality for the Bertie Group is Ridgemount Quarry, located west of Fort Erie on the Niagara Peninsula of Bertie, Ontario, 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Buffalo, New York , after which the group is named. The first author who recognized the group as a separate stratigraphic unit was Chapman in 1884. In more recent years,

725-416: The mid-20th century. Other fossils from the unit include early scorpion Proscorpius osborni , early flora , and a fossil fish; Nerepisacanthus denisoni . The excellent preservation of the many eurypterids possibly was the result of periodic hypersaline and anoxic conditions. The Bertie Formation is late Silurian ( Pridoli , or Cayugan in the local chronologies). The Appalachian Foreland basin

754-504: The mountains the Silurian units were preserved. The sediments of the Bertie Group were deposited on the paleosouthern side of the subsiding Algonquin Arch , flanking the northern rim of the Appalachian foreland basin of Laurentia . The Bertie Group was deposited in a hypersaline marine environment . The stratigraphic sections and the fossil content suggest that the group was deposited in

783-416: The outcrop area between Fort Erie and Hagersville, the thickness varies from 35 to 60 feet (11 to 18 m). It thickens to 495 feet (151 m) in the subsurface. Sanford (1969) used the term Bertie Group from Fort Erie to the vicinity of Hagersville and the term Bass Islands Formation north and west of Hagersville. The group is correlated with the Bass Islands Formation of Michigan . Bertie Group dolomite

812-430: The unit has been elevated to group status. The Bertie Group forms the bedrock in a narrow band extending from Fort Erie , west of Buffalo, New York , through Hagersville , New Hamburg , Harriston , and Walkerton to Southampton on Lake Huron . The group consists of medium- to massive-bedded aphanitic brown to grey, laminated, bituminous and burrowed dolomites , with minor thin-bedded shaly dolomites. Along

841-621: Was formed during the Alleghanian orogeny in the Early to Middle Ordovician . The period of mountain building led to the closure of the Iapetus and Rheic Oceans . Due to tectonic loading, the foreland basin developed in the present-day area north of the Appalachian Mountains . The late Silurian climate was arid and warm; this, and the restricted and shallow nature of the inland basin, resulted in

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