29-632: Bermeja is a phantom islet lying off the north coast of the Yucatán Peninsula according to several maps of the Gulf of Mexico from the 16th to the 20th centuries. Despite being located somewhat precisely in relation to neighboring islands by notable Spanish cartographers of the 16th century, the island was not found in a 1997 survey, nor in an extensive 2009 study conducted by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) on behalf of
58-489: A data set originally developed by the U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now the National Geospatial‐Intelligence Agency , NGA) during the conversion from physical charts to digital formats, and now used as a standard global coastline data set. Inconsistencies in this data set exist in some of the least explored parts of Earth, due to human digitizing errors and errors in original maps from which
87-520: A land mask was applied to these data sets during pre-processing to differentiate between land and water. Since the World Vector Shoreline Database (WVS) has become the standard global coastline data set used by the scientific community, errors that existed in WVS propagated into data sets that use a land mask. Therefore, rather than providing independent evidence for the existence of an island,
116-640: A landmark for the border between the United States and the territory that would become Canada, before subsequent exploration by surveyors determined that it did not exist. Sandy Island appeared on maps of the Coral Sea beginning in the late 19th century. Purportedly, it existed between the Chesterfield Islands and Nereus Reef near New Caledonia ; however, it was "undiscovered" in the 1970s. Nonetheless, it continued to be included in mapping data sets into
145-400: A precaution. Whether the fictitious Sandy Island was intended to be a correction to the position of Cook's islands of the same name is not clear. While at about the same latitudes, Cook's real "Sandy I." was four degrees of longitude—hundreds of miles—further east than the 160° E that became the usual location of the fictitious Sandy Island on later charts and maps that were drafted after
174-523: A signature was present in various global terrain data sets, such as the bathymetric data from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans , which reported an elevation of 1 metre (3 feet) over the location of Sandy Island. Some data sets derived from satellite imagery indicated that sea surface temperatures were absent in the location, suggesting the presence of land. However, it became apparent that
203-528: Is a phantom island that was charted for over a century as being located near the French territory of New Caledonia between the Chesterfield Islands and Nereus Reef in the eastern Coral Sea . The island was included on many maps and nautical charts from as early as the late 19th century. It was removed from French hydrographic charts in 1974. The island gained wide media and public attention in November 2012 when
232-489: Is a purported island which was included on maps for a period of time, but was later found not to exist. They usually originate from the reports of early sailors exploring new regions, and are commonly the result of navigational errors, mistaken observations, unverified misinformation, or deliberate fabrication. Some have remained on maps for centuries before being "un-discovered". Unlike lost lands , which are claimed (or known) to have once existed but to have been swallowed by
261-544: Is given in Espejo de navegantes ( Seville , ca. 1540) by Alonso de Chaves, who wrote that from a distance, the small island looks "blondish or reddish" (in Spanish : bermeja ). According to Michel Antochiw Kolpa, a French-Mexican cartographer, since 1844 British maps have reported the sinking of the island some 60 fathoms (360 ft; 110 m) below. Explanations for its apparent disappearance include an erroneous observation by
290-588: The R/V Southern Surveyor , an Australian research ship, passed through the area and "undiscovered" it. The island was quickly removed from many maps and data sets, including those of the National Geographic Society and Google Maps . On 14–15 September 1774, Captain James Cook charted a "Sandy I." snaking between latitudes 19° and 20° S and longitudes 163°50′ and 164°15′ E off
319-655: The Mexican Chamber of Deputies . Interest in the island arose in late 2008, fueled by the fact that if such an island existed, it would be important for determining the boundaries for exploitation rights of oil in Hoyos de Dona (Doughnut Holes) in the Gulf of Mexico . The island was first mentioned by Alonso de Santa Cruz in El Yucatán e Islas Adyacentes , a list of islands of the region published in Madrid in 1539. Its precise location
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#1732855207227348-507: The Sandy Island area in 1876 and mistakenly recorded them as an island. This explanation is supported by a 2004 study of an eruption of a volcano near Tonga that found that pumice sea rafts associated with that eruption traveled more than 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) westward. An analysis of the pumice trajectory revealed that pumice rafts passed within 20 kilometers (12 mi) of the location of Sandy Island, approximately 200 days after
377-671: The appearance of Sandy Island in bathymetry and satellite imagery data sets originated from spurious digitized geometries derived from the WVS database. The Australian Hydrographic Service , a department of the Royal Australian Navy , said that mapping an island as a copyright trap —a practice in cartography to place a fictitious " trap street " on a map for the purpose of trapping potential copyright violators—would not have been standard practice with nautical charts , and that its appearance on many contemporary maps may have simply been (and partly were) due to human error. The island
406-559: The area. During the voyage, they noticed a discrepancy between different maps and decided to sail to the supposed location to investigate. The crew found no island; depths recorded were never less than 1,300 metres (4,300 feet). They found that "[t]he ocean floor didn't ever get shallower than 1300 metres below the wave-base". The status of the purported island also became the subject of discussion on scientific mailing lists, such as GMT-HELP, in late November 2012. Some scientists were initially skeptical that such an error could exist, since
435-476: The development of the marine chronometer and accurate longitude reckoning. Hydrographic charts later placed the internationally recognized abbreviation "ED" ("existence doubtful") next to Sandy Island, in recognition of subsequent failures to spot the reported island at the expected location. Seafloor mapping in the area by the Australian Hydrographic Service (AHS) determined a minimum depth for
464-558: The digitizing took place. One of the most commonly used derived products of WVS is the Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shoreline Geography Database ( GSHHG ), which is ported with Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software. Although it is now an independent data set, an error in the original WVS data would have been present in this data set. The Velocity may have observed pumice sea rafts (masses of floating pumice ejected from an underwater volcano) traversing
493-1505: The early 21st century, until its non-existence was re-confirmed in 2012. Other phantom islands are misidentifications of breakers , icebergs, fog banks, pumice rafts from underwater volcanoes, or optical illusions. Observed in the Weddell Sea in 1823 but never again seen, New South Greenland may have been the result of a superior mirage . Some such as Thompson Island or Bermeja may have been actual islands subsequently destroyed by volcanic explosions, earthquakes, submarine landslides, or low-lying lands such as sand banks that are no longer above water. Pactolus Bank , visited by Sir Francis Drake in 1578, may fit into this former sand bank category. In some cases, cartographers intentionally include invented geographic features in their maps, either for fraudulent purposes or to catch plagiarists . [REDACTED] Africa [REDACTED] Antarctica [REDACTED] Asia [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Europe [REDACTED] North America [REDACTED] South America [REDACTED] Afro-Eurasia [REDACTED] Americas [REDACTED] Eurasia [REDACTED] Oceania Sandy Island, New Caledonia Sandy Island (sometimes labelled in French Île de Sable , and in Spanish Isla Arenosa )
522-526: The early cartographers, shifts in the geography of the ocean floor, rising sea levels , and conspiracy theories claiming that the Central Intelligence Agency destroyed the island to expand the exclusive economic zone allotted to the United States . 22°33′N 91°22′W / 22.550°N 91.367°W / 22.550; -91.367 Phantom island A phantom island
551-683: The faulty positioning of actual islands, or other geographical errors. Pepys Island was a misidentification of the Falkland Islands . The Baja California Peninsula and the Banks Peninsula in New Zealand each appear as islands on some early maps, but were later discovered to be attached to their mainlands. Isle Phelipeaux , an apparent duplication of Isle Royale in Lake Superior , appeared on explorers' maps for many years, and even served as
580-476: The immediate area around and over the island ranging from 1,488 to 2,353 metres (4,882 to 7,720 feet) below sea level . Due to a lack of appearance of an island or depths indicating a shallow reef, Sandy Island was removed from the official French hydrographic charts by the French Hydrographic Service in 1974 after a flying recognition campaign and by AHS in 1985. The information about the status of
609-536: The initial eruption. A study of coral migration from Tonga to the Great Barrier Reef found pumice rafts to be the mode of transportation, with a predicted path consistent with the 2004 study. Wind and ocean surface currents in the area may combine to funnel pumice rafts through the area between Fiji and New Caledonia on their way to Australia. As noted above, the French Naval and Oceanographic Service removed
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#1732855207227638-542: The island on its nautical charts in 1974. Public claims that the island did not exist began in April 2000 by amateur radio enthusiasts on a DX-pedition . They noted that it was shown on some maps, but not on others, such as the 1999 Times Atlas of the World , 10th Edition. A discovery of the island's absence was again made on 22 November 2012 by Australian scientists aboard the R/V Southern Surveyor studying plate tectonics in
667-517: The islets extended north and south "along the meridian 159° 57' E" and "between lat 19° 7' S and 19° 20' S". Until the appearance of "Sandy I." in 1876–79, the nearest charted land or reef was the Chesterfield Islands 100 kilometres (55 nautical miles) westwards on the Bellona Plateau. At the time when the chart was created, it was standard practice for all potential navigation hazards to be listed on such charts as
696-572: The phantom island was passed on to other national hydrographic services around the world, but Sandy Island remained in global coastline and bathymetry compilations used by the scientific community and was still there when the RV Southern Surveyor sailed toward the Coral Sea in October 2012. The erroneously reported island persisted because it was included in the World Vector Shoreline Database (WVS),
725-502: The sea or otherwise destroyed, a phantom island is one that is claimed to exist contemporaneously, but later found not to have existed in the first place (or found not to be an island, as with the Island of California ). Some may have been purely mythical, such as the Isle of Demons near Newfoundland , which may have been based on local legends of a haunted island. The far-northern island of Thule
754-468: The tip of New Caledonia. The associated map, titled "Chart of Discoveries made in the South Pacific Ocean…", was published in 1776. The depiction is part of the existing Grand Terre reef encasing New Caledonia, with coordinates of the area generally true to within 20 nautical miles (35 kilometres), despite Cook's use of dead reckoning . The whaling ship Velocity reported the fictitious island in
783-502: The year 1876, as was noted on various late-19th-century maps, including an 1881 German map and 1895 British Admiralty chart. After returning from a voyage in the Pacific, the Velocity ' s master reported two unusual features. The first was a series of "heavy breakers", the second some "Sandy Islets", or Sandy Island. Both then appeared in an Australian maritime directory for 1879. It noted
812-480: Was displayed on the Google Maps Internet mapping service until 26 November 2012, when it was removed. On Google Earth 's default view, the island area is covered by black pixels, but the program's historical imagery feature displays a satellite image of the southern portion taken by DigitalGlobe on 3 March 2009, showing a darkened sea. On 29 November 2012, the National Geographic Society announced that it
841-471: Was reported to exist by the 4th-century BC Greek explorer Pytheas , but information about its purported location was lost; explorers and geographers since have speculated that it was the Shetland Islands , Iceland , Scandinavia , or possibly nonexistent. The island of Hy-Brasil was sometimes depicted on maps west of Ireland, but all accounts of it have been fanciful. Some phantom islands arose through
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