Misplaced Pages

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45-464: The bridge was constructed to allow bicycles, pedestrians, and wheelchair users access to the Berkeley Marina , Eastshore State Park , and the city. In the city records, the bridge is referred to as the "City of Berkeley Eastshore Pedestrian Overcrossing". The bridge has two lanes for bikes and a raised sidewalk and is wide enough to carry emergency vehicles. Crossing 14 lanes of traffic, the main span

90-453: A family of chemicals produced as a byproduct during the manufacturing of many pesticides and construction materials like carpeting and PVC . These chemicals exist in the environment attached to soil or dust particles that are invisible to the naked eye. Dioxins break down slowly. It still threatens public health at low levels. Since industry has mostly stopped producing dioxins, one of the largest contributors releasing harmful dioxins left in

135-522: A fishing pier. US 40 was shifted to the new Eastshore Highway and the Bay Bridge. Storms damaged the end of the pier over the years and it was closed. After World War II ended, it was repaired and re-opened in 1946 for fishing. In the 1970s, the city again repaired and upgraded the least damaged length of the Berkeley Pier, and it was in use until 2015 for fishing and viewing. Since about the late 1920s,

180-404: A jobsite. Most guidelines on C&D waste management follows the waste managing hierarchy framework. This framework involves a set of alternatives for dealing with waste arranged in descending order of preference. The waste hierarchy is a nationally and internationally accepted concept used to priorities and guide efforts to manage waste. Under the idea of Waste Hierarchy, there is the concept of

225-408: A new use if applicable. In dealing with construction and demolition waste products, it is often hard to recycle and repurpose because of the cost of processing. Businesses recycling materials must compete with often the low cost of landfills and new construction commodities. Data provided by 24 states reported that solid waste from construction and demolition (C&D) accounts for 23% of total waste in

270-548: A project, especially when electrical and plumbing services are routinely subcontracted. Many issues of waste arise in this area of the construction process because of poorly designed details and irresponsible cutting of pipes and wires leaving short, wasted pipes and wires. The second leading cause of construction waste production is improper material storage. Exposure to the elements and miss handling by persons are due to human error. Part of this human error can lead to illegal dumping and illegal transportation volume of waste from

315-592: A segment of the San Francisco Bay Trail . In addition, it is the western terminus of AC Transit Route 51B (University Avenue-Rockridge BART) on select trips only. The easternmost portion of the Marina, running parallel to I-80/580, is now a part of the Eastshore State Park . The Berkeley Marina was originally part of the open waters of San Francisco Bay . The original shoreline ran a few yards west of

360-452: Is 85 metres (279 ft) long and the elevated approaches total 100 metres (330 ft) in length. Opened on February 27, 2002, the bridge was built at a cost of $ 6.4 million. The new pathway created a route in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 between Berkeley and its Marina and waterfront park region. Prior to its construction, the only wheelchair accessible route

405-689: Is any kind of debris from the construction process. Different government agencies have clear definitions. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA defines construction and demolition materials as “debris generated during the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges.” Additionally, the EPA has categorized Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste into three categories:  non-dangerous, hazardous, and semi-hazardous. Of total construction and demolition (C&D) waste in

450-401: Is made up of materials such as bricks , concrete and wood damaged or unused during construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% usually assumed by quantity surveyors and the construction industry . Since considerable variability exists between construction sites, there

495-467: Is much opportunity for reducing this waste. There has been a massive increase in construction and demolition waste created over the last 30 years in the United States. In 1990, 135 million tons of construction and demolition debris by weight were created and had risen to 600 million tons by the year 2018. This is a 300% increase, but it is important to note that since 2015 the EPA has kept records of how

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540-531: Is not a choice the contractor has the luxury of making on his/her own. In the European Union (EU), there is now significant emphasis on recycling building materials and adopting a cradle-to-grave ideology when it comes to building design, construction, and demolition. Their suggestions are much clearer and easier at the local or regional level, depending on government structure. In the 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, they emphasize

585-477: Is not that it is an optional good thing to do when you can but a mandatory part of construction in the 21st century to ensure a healthy future for generations to follow. Taxing landfill has been most effective in Belgium, Denmark and Austria, which have all decreased their landfill disposal by over 30% since introducing the tax. Denmark successfully cut its landfill use by over 80%, reaching a recycling rate over 60%. In

630-599: Is the westernmost portion of the city of Berkeley, California , located west of the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80 and 580) at the foot of University Avenue on San Francisco Bay . Narrowly speaking, "Berkeley Marina" refers only to the city marina , but in common usage, it applies more generally to the surrounding area. The Berkeley Marina is a hub for various water activities, offering opportunities for kayaking, stand-up paddleboarding, windsurfing, open-water swimming, and kiteboarding. Outdoor enthusiasts gather to enjoy

675-628: Is to send it to landfill sites. In the U.S., federal regulations now require groundwater monitoring, waste screening, and operator training, due to the environmental impact of waste in C&;D landfills (CFR 1996). Sending the waste directly to a landfill causes many problems: Where recycling is not an option, the disposal of construction waste and hazardous materials must be carried out according to legislation of relevant councils and regulatory bodies. The penalties for improper disposal of construction waste and hazardous waste , including asbestos, can reach into

720-457: Is very little information on determining a waste management fee for construction waste created. Many models for this have been created in the past, but they are subjective and flawed. In 2019, a study method was proposed to optimize the construction waste management fee. The new model expands on previous ones by considering life-cycle costs of construction waste and weighs it against the willingness to improve construction waste management. The study

765-641: The Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific ) tracks on Third Street. The area was gradually filled in over the years. In 1909, the City built a municipal wharf at the foot of University Avenue which was used primarily for freight. Starting in 1926, the Golden Gate Ferry Company began construction of the Berkeley Pier . It was built out from the foot of University Avenue about 3.5 miles (5.6 kilometers) into

810-873: The supply chains . In 2010, the EPA created the Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) Program Strategic Plan which marked a strategic shift by the EPA to move emphasis from broad resource recovery initiative to sustainable materials management. Since material management regulations largely exist at a state and local level, this is no real standard practice across the nation for responsible waste mitigation strategies for construction materials . The EPA aims to increase access to collection, processing, and recycling infrastructure in order to meet this issue head on. Construction waste can be categorized as follows: Design, Handling, Worker, Management, Site condition, Procurement and External.  These categories were derived from data collected from past research concerning

855-430: The "3R's," often known as "reduce, reuse, recycle." Certain countries adopt different numbers of "R's." The European Union, for example, puts principal to the "4R" system which includes "Recovery" in order to reduce waste of materials. Alternatives include prevention, energy recovery, (treatment) and disposal. It is possible to recycle many elements of construction waste. Often roll-off containers are used to transport

900-728: The Bay (measured from the original shoreline). On June 16, 1927, auto ferry service began. between the Berkeley Pier and the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco, a pier shared with the Sausalito ferry. During this period US Route 40 ran from San Pablo Avenue down University Avenue to the Berkeley Pier. The ferry service lasted until about 1937, after the 1936 opening of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge . Thereafter it became

945-728: The Bay, was constructed as the Berkeley Yacht Harbor in the late 1930s by the Works Progress Administration in conjunction with its nearby work developing Aquatic Park . It was constructed just west of the West Berkeley Shellmound . During World War II , the Berkeley Yacht Harbor was used by the United States Navy to construct tug boats. From October 1961 until April 5, 1974 a heliport

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990-614: The Berkeley Marina through land reclamation and filling has had notable environmental consequences. The Berkeley Landfill, which now lies beneath César Chávez Park , operated between 1961 and 1983, accepting what was then considered non-hazardous waste. However, on January 18, 2024, the California Water Boards issued a letter requiring the City of Berkeley to conduct tests for potential radioactive substances that may exist within

1035-577: The U.S. This is almost a quarter of the total solid waste produced by the United States. During construction a lot of this waste spends in a landfill leaching toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment. Results of a recent questionnaire demonstrate that although 95.71% of construction projects indicate that construction waste is problematic, only 57.14% of those companies collect any relevant data. C&D Materials, construction and demolition materials, are materials used in and harvested from new building and civil engineer structures. Much building waste

1080-576: The United Kingdom, all personnel performing builders or construction waste clearance are required by law to be working for a CIS registered business. However, the waste generation in the UK continues to grow, but the rate of increase has slowed. The United States has no national landfill tax or fee, but many states and local governments collect taxes and fees on the disposal of solid waste. The California Department of Resource Recycling and Recovery ( CalRecycle )

1125-403: The United States is waste incineration. Dioxins have been proven to cause cancer, reproductive and developmental issues, and immune system damage. Rates of cancer such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma rise significantly the closer one lives to the pollutants' source. Waste management fees, under the 'polluter pays principle', can help mitigate levels of construction waste. There

1170-499: The United States, 90% comes from the demolition of structures, while waste generated during construction accounts for less than 10%. Construction waste frequently includes materials that are hazardous if disposed of in landfills. Such items include fluorescent lights, batteries, and other electrical equipment. When waste is created, options of disposal include exportation to a landfill, incineration, direct site reuse through integration into construction or as fill dirt, and recycling for

1215-503: The bar cutting to companies that prioritize responsible material use. Premixed concrete has one of the lowest waste indices when compared to other building materials. Many site managers site the difficulties controlling concrete delivery amounts as a major issue in accurately quantifying concrete needed for a site. The deviations from actually constructed concrete slabs and beams and the design amounts necessary were found to be 5.4% and 2.7% larger than expected, respectively, when comparing

1260-441: The benefits beyond financial gains for recycling such as job creation and reduced landfilling. They also emphasize the consideration of supply and demand geography ; if the recycling plants are closer to urban areas than the aggregate quarries this can incentivize companies to use this recycled product even if it is not initially cheaper. In Austria , there are new improvements in the recycling of unusable wood products to be burnt in

1305-441: The city municipal dump was located here, and the accumulated garbage and construction debris accounts for most of the dry land of the Berkeley Marina. In the early 1990s much of the former dump was landscaped and converted into a park, originally named "North Waterfront Park". The park was renamed César Chávez Park in 1996 to commemorate the late California labor leader. The actual Berkeley Marina, used by many people who sail on

1350-478: The community animals began dying. By the time the EPA deemed dioxins to be highly toxic in the 1980s, the CDC recommended the town be abandoned entirely due to contaminated waste products in the area. By 1985, the entire population of Times Beach had been relocated, prompting Missouri to build a new incinerator on the contaminated land . They continued to burn 265,000 tons of dioxin-contaminated waste until 1997. Dioxins are

1395-424: The creation of cement which offsets the carbon footprint of both products. The EU urges local authorities who issue demolition and renovation permits to ensure that a high-quality waste management plan is being followed, and they emphasize the need for post-demolition follow-ups in order to determine if the implemented plans are being followed. They also suggest the use of taxation to reduce the economic advantage of

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1440-441: The data from 30 Brazilian sites. Many of these issues were attributed to inadequate form layout or lack of precision in excavation for foundation piles . Additionally, site managers know that additional concrete may be needed, and they will often order excess material to not interrupt the concrete pouring. It is often difficult to plan and keep track of all the pipes and wires on a site as they are used in so many different areas of

1485-575: The food chain. The potential presence of radioactive materials raises further concerns due to the long-lasting and severe effects of radiation. Historical nuclear disasters such as Fukushima and Chernobyl demonstrate the devastating environmental and health impacts of radioactive contamination, which can persist for thousands of years, affecting soil, water, and surrounding ecosystems. 37°52′04″N 122°18′45″W  /  37.86767°N 122.3125°W  / 37.86767; -122.3125 Construction debris Construction waste or debris

1530-665: The frequency of different types of waste noted during each type of these activities. Examples of this type of waste are as follows: Steel is used as reinforcement and structural integrity in the vast majority of construction projects. The main reasons steel is wasted on a site is due to irresponsible beam cutting and fabrication issues. The worst sites usually end up being the ones that do not have adequate design details and standards, which can result in waste due to short ends of bars being discarded due to improper planning of cuts. Many companies now choose to purchase preassembled steel reinforcement pieces. This reduces waste by outsourcing

1575-939: The heliport which is no longer in existence. The Berkeley Bay Festival , held at the Berkeley Marina on San Francisco Bay, is a family-focused event that celebrates the Bay, and the people and organizations dedicated to its protection. Attendees can connect with the Bay and the local community through live music, performances, food, hands-on educational activities, and free boat rides. Prior to Berkeley Pier being closed, fishermen targeted sharks and rays year-round, as well as halibut from spring through summer and striped bass from spring through fall. They also caught smaller species, such as jacksmelt, pileperch, white seaperch, black perch, walleye surfperch, kingfish (white croaker), sand sole, and starry flounder. Fishing boats still use Berkeley Marina, and charter boats targeting halibut, striped bass, salmon, lingcod, rock cod, and Dungeness crab are available for fishermen to rent. The construction of

1620-571: The landfill. According to the letter, these substances could originate from the aluminum extraction process from bauxite ore, which can result in heavy metal contamination. Additionally, Uranium-235 , a byproduct of aluminum processing and the primary fuel used in nuclear reactors , was also mentioned as a potential concern. Heavy metal pollution poses long-term environmental risks, as these substances are non-biodegradable and persist in ecosystems for extended periods. Plants and animals may accumulate these toxins, leading to contamination throughout

1665-531: The landfills to create a situation where recycling becomes a reasonable choice financially. However, they do include the fact that the tax should only apply to recyclable waste materials. The main points of how the Europeans choose to address this issue of waste management is through the utilization of the tools given to a governing body to keep its people safe. Unlike in the United States, the EU's philosophy on waste management

1710-484: The scenic bay, catch the wind for a sail, or practice their water sports skills. There are several restaurants, a hotel and a yacht club in the Berkeley Marina. There are also several walking and bicycle paths. The area is accessible from the rest of Berkeley by foot or bike over the Berkeley I-80 Bridge at the foot of Addison Street (one block south of University Avenue), and is traversed near Interstate 80 by

1755-462: The tens of thousands of dollars for businesses and individuals. Waste-to-energy facilities burn more than 13% of solid municipal waste. The toxic fumes emitted by WTE plants can contain harmful chemicals such as mercury and other heavy metals , carbon monoxide , sulfur dioxide , and dioxins . Dioxin was used as a waste oil in Times Beach, Missouri . Days after the chemicals were introduced to

1800-489: The waste is disposed of. In 2018, 600 million tons of waste was created due to construction and demolition, and 143 million tons of it resides in landfills. This means that about 76% of waste is now retained and repurposed in the industry, but there is still more waste being exported to landfills than the entire amount of waste created in 1990. This unsustainable consumption of raw materials creates increasing business risks. This includes higher material costs or disruptions in

1845-487: The waste. Rubble can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood can also be recovered and recycled. Some certain components of construction waste such as plasterboard are hazardous once landfilled . Plasterboard is broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide , a toxic gas. Once broken down, Plasterboard poses a threat for increases Arsenic concentration Levels in its toxic inorganic form. The traditional disposal way for construction waste

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1890-453: Was based out of China. China has a large waste management issue, and their landfills are mostly filled in urban areas. The results of the study indicated different waste management fees for metal, wood, and masonry waste as $ 9.30, $ 5.92, and $ 4.25, respectively. The cost of waste management per square meter, or just under 11 square feet, on average was found to be $ 0.12. This type of waste management system requires top-down legislative action. It

1935-535: Was created in 2010 to address the growing C&D waste problem in the United States. CalRecycle aids in the creation of C&D waste diversion model ordinance in local jurisdictions. They also provide information and other educational material on alternative C&D waste facilities. They promote these ordinances by creating incentive programs to encourage companies to participate in the waste diversion practices. There are also available grants and loans to aid organizations in their waste reduction strategies. According to

1980-493: Was operated by San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines (known as SFO Helicopter Airlines ) on the north side of University Avenue west of I-80 near the marina. This helicopter airline transported passengers to the San Francisco (SFO) and Oakland (OAK) international airports, and also at one point to downtown San Francisco. SFO Helicopter operated jet turbine powered Sikorsky S-61 and Sikorsky S-62 helicopters into

2025-599: Was via an undercrossing 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north. Bicycles and pedestrians alternately use a path and stairwell that ran under and along the University Avenue freeway overpass. Since opening, the bridge has seen a much higher use than the previous path and stairwell. The National Bicycle Greenway has used it since 2003 in its Oakland to Berkeley Mayors' Ride. 37°51′52″N 122°18′11″W  /  37.86444°N 122.30318°W  / 37.86444; -122.30318 Berkeley Marina The Berkeley Marina

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