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39-604: Bereket is located in an oasis in the foothills of the Kopetdag Mountains and on the edge of the Karakum Desert . Bereket is a strategic junction of the Trans-Caspian Railway ( Caspian Sea - Turkmenistan - Uzbekistan - Kazakhstan ) and North-South Transnational Railway ( Russia -Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan- Iran - Persian Gulf . The city has a large locomotive repair depot and a modern railway station. The city

78-439: A cool desert climate ( Köppen BWk ), with generally chilly winters and very hot summers. Rainfall is generally light and erratic, and occurs mainly in the winter and autumn months. In summer, day temperatures may reach between 42 and 44 °C (107.6 and 111.2 °F), and during nights fall to between 15 and 18 °C (59.0 and 64.4 °F). The air flow is windy, chilly in winters and dusty in summers. In its storage area,

117-418: A desert . Steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid or continental climate. Extremes can be recorded in the summer of up to 45 °C (115 °F) and in winter of down to −55 °C (−65 °F). Besides this major seasonal difference, fluctuations between day and night are also significant. In both the highlands of Mongolia and northern Nevada , 30 °C (85 °F) can be reached during

156-418: A steppe ( / s t ɛ p / ) is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: A steppe is usually covered with grass and shrubs , depending on the season and latitude . The term steppe climate denotes a semi-arid climate , which is encountered in regions too dry to support a forest , but not dry enough to be

195-700: A large locomotive repair depot and a modern passenger railway station. The Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway link is part of the North–South Transport Corridor and is a 677 km (421 mi) long railway line connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan with Iran and the Persian Gulf . It links Uzen in Kazakhstan with Bereket– Etrek in Turkmenistan and ends at Gorgan in Iran's Golestan province. In Iran,

234-796: A smaller portion of Jurassic rocks in the southeastern parts. The mountains were formed in the Miocene and the Pliocene during the Alpine orogeny . As the Tethys Sea was closed and the Arabian plate collided with the Iranian plate and was pushed against it and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian plate towards the Iranian plate and their final collision, the Iranian plate

273-652: Is a mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran that extends about 650 kilometres (400 mi) along the border southeast of the Caspian Sea , stretching northwest-southeast from near the Caspian Sea in the northwest to the Harirud River in the southeast. In the southwest it borders on the parallel eastern endings of the Alborz mountains being together part of the much larger Alpide belt . The highest peak of

312-661: Is an example of a steppe region in North America outside of the Great Plains. In South America , cold steppe can be found in Patagonia and much of the high elevation regions east of the southern Andes . Relatively small steppe areas can be found in the interior of the South Island of New Zealand . In Australia , a moderately sized temperate steppe region exists in the northern and northwest regions of Victoria , extending to

351-489: Is another source of income. In September 2014 a poultry complex with production capacity of 8 million eggs and 1000 tons of poultry meat a year was constructed. The State Commercial Bank Dayhanbank has a branch in Bereket. The postal code for the city is 745130. The city has mobile coverage from the state-owned Altyn Asyr . The city has a small public transportation network. Several small buses run scheduled routes connecting

390-666: Is another steppe region in Central Europe , centered in Hungary but also including portions of Slovakia , Poland , Ukraine , Romania , Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , and Austria . Another large steppe area ( prairie ) is located in the central United States , western Canada and the northern part of Mexico . The shortgrass prairie steppe is the westernmost part of the Great Plains region. The Columbia Plateau in southern British Columbia , Oregon , Idaho , and Washington state ,

429-943: Is found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia , and neighbouring countries stretching from Ukraine in the west through Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to the Altai , Koppet Dag and Tian Shan ranges in China . The Eurasian Steppe is speculated by David W. Anthony to have had a role in the spread of the horse, the wheel and Indo-European languages . In the Eurasian steppe, soils often consist of chernozem . The inner parts of Anatolia in Turkey , Central Anatolia and East Anatolia in particular and also some parts of Southeast Anatolia , as well as much of Armenia and Iran are largely dominated by cold steppe. The Pannonian Plain

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468-459: Is located approximately 260 km (162 mi) west of the Turkmen capital of Ashgabat and 340 km (211 mi) east of the Caspian Sea port of Turkmenbashy . The largest cities nearby are Balkanabat 120 km (75 mi) to the west, and Serdar 90 km (56 mi) to the east. The estimated population of the city is 24,500 as of March 2015. Gazanjyk is probably derived from

507-515: The Gorgan Plain in Iran. At Jeitun (or Djeitun), mud brick houses were first occupied c. 6000 BC (see BMAC origins ). Also the foothills of the Kopet-Dag near Ashgabat are the site of the remains of the ancient Parthian city of Nisa (Nessa, Nusaý). This mountain range has a ski resort , officially opened by the former president of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov . Despite the lack of snow in

546-846: The Mediterranean area also hosts the same steppe-like vegetation, such as the Algerian-Moroccan Hautes Plaines and by extension the North Saharan steppe and woodlands . In Asia , a subtropical steppe can be found in semi-arid lands that fringe the Thar Desert of the Indian subcontinent as well as much of the Deccan Plateau in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats , and the Badia of

585-654: The Middle East and Europe . Aleksey Kuropatkin , the Imperial Russian Army commander of the Turkestan Rifle Brigade, who led an 18-day march in 1880–1881 across 800 kilometres (500 mi) of Karakum Desert, wrote in his memoirs, "...the 5th transition to Kazanjyk – 64 miles [103 km]. A waterless road. The soil is sandy, clayey, alkaline; there are sparse clumps of weeds and even sparser haloxylon trees four feet in height. This transition separates

624-461: The Turkic language word gazan or kazan (meaning a large cooking pot used throughout Central Asia , roughly equivalent to a cauldron ) and -jyk , a suffix to denote "small in size". The name can be translated into English as "small cauldron". Atanyyazow notes that Gazanjyk is the name of a spring near the city, and it was named after its shape. On 29 December 1999, by Parliamentary Resolution XM-66,

663-554: The 1990s most of them migrated to larger cities for better economic opportunities. Many Russian families also emigrated to the Russian Federation . The city is the semi-industrial and semi-agricultural centre of Bereket District. It is an important railway and automobile junction, the city has a large railroad yard and locomotive repair depot , a brick yard, Turkmen carpet weaving factory, wheat and cotton processing and storage facilities. Animal husbandry (camels, cows, sheep)

702-644: The Balkan mountains from Kyurendag. Gazanjyk wells lie in the gorge of the Kyurendag mountains, along the stream of a small river. Water in the wells is fresh and of good quality." After the conquest of Transcaspian Oblast the Russian Empire started to build the Trans-Caspian railway including towns and settlements along the route. Gazanjyk, as an urban settlement, was founded in 1895 to serve as an important junction on

741-457: The Bereket Depot museum, has a relic Russian made class T locomotive ТЭ-189 (built between 1857 and 1915). FD class steam locomotives ФД20-2526, ФД20–2494 (ФД20–1441) (built between 1931 and 1942), and Russian class E locomotives Эр796-88, Эм734–66 (Эм733–96), Эу705–41, Эм725–30, Э-13 (built between 1912 and 1957). There are also several ТЭ1 class locomotives, whose prototype was

780-753: The Kopet Dag mountains, Niyazov was determined to build a major resort there. The woodlands of the region are home to many fruit trees, shrubs, and vines that have proved valuable for human use and selective breeding , including pomegranate ( Punica granatum ), wild grapes Vitis sylvestris , fig ( Ficus carica ), wild apple ( Malus turkmenorum ), wild pear ( Pyrus boissieriana ), wild cherries ( Prunus spp. , also called Cerasus microcarpa, C. erythrocarpa, C. blinovskii ), wild prune ( Prunus divaricata ), almonds ( Amygdalus communis = Prunus dulcis , and A. scoparia = Prunus scoparia ), and hawthorns ( Crataegus spp. ). Steppe In physical geography ,

819-601: The Kopetdag do not know the name Kopetdag...Vambery conjectures that the word kopet is derived from the words kubbet , kuppe (perhaps a lot — S.A.)...Pomerantsev also interprets the name as "multi-mountain" (mountain range), while the locals consider it part of the mythical Cape Mountain in Kopet, but these interpretations are incorrect. Geologically, the Kopet Dag Range is made chiefly of Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks with

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858-684: The Kyurendag ridge is 968 m (3,176 ft). The vegetation of the ridge is quite poor and is represented primarily by species of desert flora: sagebrush , semi-desert and dry steppe and rocky outcroppings. Soils are grey soils. One can occasionally find juniper trees , single or large groups of tamarisk and small shrubs. Wildlife in recent years has become greatly impoverished. Ungulates are few in number. Argali sheep are seen occasionally, as are bezoar goats , wild boar , and gazelles . Predators include wolves , jackals , foxes , and hyenas . Among birds klik are rarely seen and stone curlews and jacks very rarely. Reptile species are represented by

897-506: The Richter scale have been recorded. The most western foothills of the Kopetdag mountains are known as the 'Kürendag Ridge'. There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the well-watered northern foothills of the Kopet Dag during the Neolithic period. This region is dotted with the multi-period hallmarks characteristic of the ancient Near East, similar to those southwest of the Kopet Dag in

936-585: The border with the People's Republic of China ). The city has three public schools, kindergartens, a small hospital, and medical emergency centre. In 2012 several new buildings were constructed within the State Development Program including the mayor's office ( häkimlik ), two schools, a hotel, cultural center, a hospital and a knitting factory. Until 2000, the city had a library, two open-air and one winter cinema. All are currently closed. Bereket has

975-614: The city and district ( etrap ) of Gazanjyk were renamed Bereket. Bereket means in the Turkmen language abundance or prosperity . The word bereket is borrowed from the Persian word Barakat (برکت), which in turn is borrowed from the Arabic Barakah (برکة). Since ancient times the area where city is now located was known as an important junction on the Silk Road that connected China with

1014-535: The city. In 1988 it was the station of the 231st tank regiment, the 160th motorized rifle regiment and the 405th artillery regiment. The December 2000 Turkmenistan earthquake (7.0 on the moment magnitude scale) devastated the city centre. See satellite image of Bereket. The city is located on the westernmost foothills of the Kopetdag mountains , called Kyurendag , on the edge of the Karakum deserts . he maximum height of

1053-575: The day with sub-freezing readings at night. Steppes average 250–500 mm (10–20 in) of annual precipitation and feature hot summers and cold winters when located in mid-latitudes. In addition to the precipitation level, its combination with potential evapotranspiration defines a steppe climate. Steppe can be classified by climate: It can also be classified by vegetation type, e.g. shrub-steppe and alpine-steppe . The world's largest steppe region, often referred to as "the Great Steppe ",

1092-518: The eastern and western parts of the city (some 5–6 km.) Bereket is an important railway junction and station for commercial and freight transportation on the Turkmenistan national railway system . Bereket is a strategically important junction of the Trans-Caspian Railway ( Caspian Sea , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and eastern Kazakhstan ) and North-South Transnational Railway ( Russia -Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan- Iran - Persian Gulf ). The city has

1131-535: The famous US made ALCO RSD-1 locomotive. Bereket Railway Station ( Turkmen : Bereket demirýol menzili ) is the main railway station in the city. It was built in 1885. The station is operated by the Türkmendemirýollary . Kopet Dag The Köpet Dag , Kopet Dagh , or Koppeh Dagh ( Turkmen : Köpetdag ; Persian : کپه‌داغ ), also known as the Turkmen-Khorasan Mountain Range,

1170-506: The most part, it was very dangerous to cross, because of the wind and the cold. That is why the Persians call the mountain range "bad mountain" and the Turkmens call it "God bless you". In the second half of the last century, Russian scholars who studied in the Kopetdag passed the name onto maps as the name of the entire range and spread it to the public. Many of the elders living in the foothills of

1209-567: The railway is linked to the national network making its way to the ports of the Persian Gulf. The project is estimated to have cost $ 620 million, which was jointly funded by the governments of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran. In May 2013, the 311 km (193 mi) Bereket – Uzen section of the North-South Transnational Railway was completed. In February 2014 256 km (159 mi) long section between Bereket and Etrek

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1248-510: The railway. Gazanjyk was classified as a town until 1939, when it was upgraded to the status of a city. Between 1916 and 1924 Gazanjyk and the surrounding area were the scene of furious battles between Russian Imperial forces, and after 1918 the Soviet Red Army, and local nationalist Muslims of the Basmachi movement . During Soviet period the 61631st Army garrison was built on the outskirts of

1287-638: The range in Turkmenistan is the Mount Rizeh (Kuh-e Rizeh), located at the southwest of the capital Ashgabat and stands at 2,940 metres (9,646 ft). The highest Iranian summit is Mount Quchan (Kuh-e Quchan) at 3,191 metres (10,469 ft). Vambery conjectured that köpet originates from the Turkmen language where "köp" means "a lot" or "many" and the word "dag" means "mountain" or "peak". He thus translated Köpetdag as "Many mountains (peaks)". He and others noted that in Persian koppeh means "pile" or "heap", and

1326-585: The southern and mid regions of New South Wales . This area borders the semi-arid and arid Australian Outback which is found farther inland on the continent. In Europe , some Mediterranean areas have a steppe-like vegetation, such as central Sicily in Italy , southern Portugal , parts of Greece in the southern Athens area, and central-eastern Spain , especially the southeastern coast (around Murcia ), and places cut off from adequate moisture due to rain shadow effects such as Zaragoza . In northern Africa ,

1365-641: The steppe tortoise, monitor lizard, boa, agam, etc. The major source of water for irrigation is the Karakum Canal , which runs dry near Bereket and delivers water to points west via a pipeline. The city is divided into several neighbourhoods, called by the traditional name for a semi-nomadic village, aul . The majority of the inhabitants are Turkmen from the Yomud tribes, with a minority of Teke . Previously strong communities of Azeris, Armenians, Russians, Ukrainians and Persians are now reduced to several families. In

1404-520: The word dag or dagh means "mountain" in Turkic. Thus, a second conjecture held that the Persian version of Kopet Dagh or Koppeh Dagh could be defined as "the mountain that is piled or heaped" and therefore the words could mean "piled or hilly mountains" or "low hills" in general. Ataniyazov, however, rejects those hypotheses: The word kopet is probably derived from the Persian word kuhibet ( kuh - "dag", bet - "bad") and means "bad mountain". No name

1443-564: Was completed. Currently railway stations along the new railway are being constructed such as Däneata , Dövletýar , Bugdaýly , Balguýi , Madaw , Akjadepe . The Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway link was officially inaugurated in October 2014. The city is located on the M37 Highway (Turkmenistan's section of the European route E60 which connects Brest, France to Irkeshtam , Kyrgyzstan on

1482-418: Was given to the entirety of this range, but a name was given to each part of it...According to Murzayev, the section of this mountain range west of Ashgabat was called Kopetdag (Murzayev. SA, p. 248). The most common name for this part of the range was Taňrigargan ("God bless you")...the Persians called it Kupet ...(in Persian this name is wah, i.e., it is spelled with a long drawn-out Ku: pet and Ku: bet). For

1521-667: Was pressed against the Turan Platform. This collision folded the entire rocks that had been deposited in this geosyncline or basin from the Jurassic to the Miocene and formed the Kopet Dag Mountains. The Kopet Dag Range is a region characterized by foothills, dry and sandy slopes, mountain plateaus, and steep ravines. The Kopet Dag is undergoing tectonic transformation, and is subject to severe earthquakes. Earthquakes exceeding seven on

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