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58-759: It is the cultural centre of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine , and Hungarians constitute roughly half (a plurality) of its population. The city serves as the administrative center of Berehove Raion . It has a population of 23,325 (2022 estimate). The city has many different variations of spelling its name: Romanian : Bereg , Rusyn : Берегово (translit. Berehovo ), Russian : Берегово ( translit. Beregovo ), Belarusian : Берагава ( Łacinka Bierahava ), Czech and Slovak : Berehovo, Yiddish : בערעגסאז , Beregsaz , German : Bergsaß , Polish : Bereg Saski . Residents of Berehove voted on October 31, 2010, in

116-654: A modified transliteration is based on the ALA-LC , or Library of Congress (in North America), or, less commonly, the British Standard system. Such a simplified system usually omits diacritics and ligatures (tie-bars) from, e.g., i͡e , ï or ĭ , often simplifies -yĭ and -iĭ word endings to "-y", omits romanizing the Ukrainian soft sign ( ь ) and apostrophe ( ' ), and may substitute ya, ye, yu, yo for ia, ie, iu, io at

174-512: A referendum on renaming the town to Beregszász, its Hungarian-language name. Voter turnout was less than 52%, with 4,688 voting for for, 4,358 against, and 1,016 invalid ballots. Part of the city is also a near adjacent village of Zatyshne of 504 people that has its representation in the city's council. Hungarian was made a regional language in Berehove in September 2012; meaning it would be used in

232-496: A special Unicode font. In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives to be read and pronounced naturally by anglophones . Such transcriptions are also used for the surnames of people of Ukrainian ancestry in English-speaking countries (personal names have often been translated to equivalent or similar English names, e.g., "Alexander" for Oleksandr , "Terry" for Taras ). Typically such

290-694: A territory with 552,000 inhabitants, 70.6% of whom were Ruthenian , 12.5% Hungarian , and 12% were Carpathian Germans . The region remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II in Europe , after which it was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union . Hungary had to renounce the territories won in the Vienna Awards in the Armistice Agreement signed in Moscow on January 20, 1945. The renunciation

348-748: A version without ligatures and diacritical marks is sometimes used. For broader audiences, a "modified Library of Congress system" is employed for personal, organizational, and place names, omitting all ligatures and diacritics, ignoring the soft sign ь (ʹ), with initial Є- ( I͡E- ), Й- ( Ĭ- ), Ю- ( I͡U- ), and Я- ( I͡A- ) represented by Ye- , Y- , Yu- , and Ya- , surnames' terminal -ий ( -yĭ ) and -ій ( -iĭ ) endings simplified to -y , and sometimes with common first names anglicized, for example, Олександр ( Oleksandr ) written as Alexander . Similar principles were systematically described for Russian by J. Thomas Shaw in 1969, and since widely adopted. Their application for Ukrainian and multilingual text were described in

406-625: Is also mentioned in the DSTU 9112:2021 standard (approved in 2022) as the "B system"; the new standard also includes an "A system" with diacritical marks and some differences from ISO 9:1995: г=ğ, ґ=g, є=je, и=y, і=i, х=x, ь=j, ю=ju, я=ja. ISO 9 is a series of systems from the International Organization for Standardization . The ISO published editions of its "international system" for romanization of Cyrillic as recommendations (ISO/R 9) in 1954 and 1968, and standards (ISO 9) in 1986 and 1995. This

464-635: Is always represented by the transliteration g ; ґ ( Ukrainian letter Ge ) is represented by g̀ . Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode, and a few characters are rarely present in computer fonts, for example g-grave: g̀. This is the official system of Ukraine, also employed by the United Nations and many countries' foreign services. It is currently widely used to represent Ukrainian geographic names, which were almost exclusively romanized from Russian before Ukraine's independence in 1991, and for personal names in passports. It

522-658: Is based on English orthography , and requires only ASCII characters with no diacritics. It can be considered a variant of the "modified Library of Congress system", but does not simplify the -ий and -ій endings. Its first version was codified in Decision No. 9 of the Ukrainian Committee on Issues of Legal Terminology on April 19, 1996, stating that the system is binding for the transliteration of Ukrainian names in English in legislative and official acts. A new official system

580-541: Is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet . Different variations are appropriate to represent the phonology of historical Old Ukrainian (mid 11th–14th centuries) and Middle Ukrainian (15th–18th centuries). A variation was codified in the 1898 Prussian Instructions for libraries, or Preußische Instruktionen (PI), and widely used in bibliographic cataloguing in Central Europe and Scandinavia. With further modifications it

638-540: Is intuitive for English-speakers. For Ukrainian, the former BGN/PCGN system was adopted in 1965, but superseded there by the Ukrainian National System in 2019. A modified version is also mentioned in the Oxford Style Manual. Requires only ASCII characters if optional separators are not used. The Soviet Union's GOST , COMECON 's SEV, and Ukraine's Derzhstandart are government standards bodies of

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696-820: Is the only nationally registered Hungarian organization. It was established in October 1991 by the Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia (KMKSZ, which has suspended its membership since 1995), the Cultural Federation of Hungarians in Lviv , and the Association of Hungarians in Kyiv . The Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia is associated with the political party KMKSZ – Hungarian Party in Ukraine , which

754-667: The 2014 European Parliament election in Hungary Andrea Bocskor who lives in Ukraine (in the city Berehove ) was elected into the European Parliament (for Fidesz ). Hence, Bocskor, who is ethnically Hungarian and a citizen of Hungary, became the first elected member of the European Parliament who additionally holds a Ukrainian passport. Since 2017, the Hungary–Ukraine relations rapidly deteriorated over

812-681: The Encyclopedia of Ukraine ". Requires Unicode for connecting diacritics, but only plain ASCII characters for a simplified version. British Standard 2979:1958 "Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Characters" , from BSI , is used by the Oxford University Press. A variation is used by the British Museum and British Library, but since 1975 their new acquisitions have been catalogued using Library of Congress transliteration. In addition to

870-699: The Kingdom of Romania at end of that year. It was later recaptured by Hungary in the summer of 1919. After the defeat of the remaining Hungarian armies in 1919, the Paris Peace Conference concluded the Treaty of Trianon that awarded Zakarpattia to the newly formed Czechoslovakia as the Subcarpathian Rus , one of the four main regions of Czechoslovakia, the others being Bohemia , Moravia and Slovakia . Hungary had sought to restore its historical borders and

928-527: The Lands of the Hungarian Crown before it was detached from the Kingdom of Hungary and provisionally attached to the newly created Czechoslovakia in 1918, following the disintegration of Austria-Hungary as a result of World War I . This was later confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. The Zakarpattia region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918 and occupied by

986-696: The Ukrainian SSR . After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it became part of independent Ukraine as the Zakarpattia Oblast. Hungary was the first country to recognize Ukraine's independence. Árpád Göncz , who was president of Hungary at the time, was invited to visit the region, and a joint declaration, followed in December 1991 by a state treaty, acknowledged that the ethnic Hungarian minority had collective as well as individual rights. The treaty provided for

1044-637: The Ukrainian census of 2001 and are the third largest national minority in the country. Hungarians are largely concentrated in the Zakarpattia Oblast (particularly in Berehove Raion and Berehove city), where they form the largest minority at 12.1% of the population (12.7% when native language is concerned). In the area along the Ukrainian border with Hungary (the Tisza River valley), Hungarians form

1102-540: The phonemes , or meaningful sounds of a language, and is useful to describe the general pronunciation of a word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone , and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets [ ... ]. The International Phonetic Alphabet precisely represents pronunciation. It requires

1160-528: The "British" system, the standard also includes tables for the "International" system for Cyrillic, corresponding to ISO/R 9:1968 (and ISO's recommendation reciprocally has an alternate system corresponding to BSI's). It also includes tables for romanization of Greek. BGN/PCGN romanization is a series of standards approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. Pronunciation

1218-500: The 1984 English translation of Kubiiovych's Encyclopedia of Ukraine and in the 1997 translation of Hrushevskyi's History of Ukraine-Rusʹ , and other sources have referred to these, for example, historian Serhii Plokhy in several works. However, the details of usage vary, for example, the authors of the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine render the soft sign ь before о with an i , "thus Khvyliovy, not Khvylovy, as in

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1276-513: The 2017 Ukrainian education law was changed and made it legal to teach "one or more disciplines" in "two or more languages – in the official state language, in English, in another official languages of the European Union ". All not state funded schools were made free to choose their own language of instruction. This policy change did not improve Hungary–Ukraine relations and Hungarian minority groups in also continued to be unsatisfied and demanded

1334-475: The American Library Association in 1885, and published in 1904 and 1908, including rules for romanizing Church Slavic, the pre-reform Russian alphabet, and Serbo-Croatian. Revised tables including Ukrainian were published in 1941, and remain in use virtually unchanged according to the latest 2011 release. This system is used to represent bibliographic information by US and Canadian libraries, by

1392-668: The British Library since 1975, and in North American publications. In addition to bibliographic cataloguing, simplified versions of the Library of Congress system are widely used for romanization in the text of academic and general publications. For notes or bibliographical references, some publications use a version without ligatures, which offers sufficient precision but simplifies the typesetting burden and easing readability. For specialist audiences or those familiar with Slavic languages,

1450-882: The EU and NATO over disputes on minority rights. László Brenzovics  [ uk ] , at the time the only ethnic Hungarian in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament), said that "There is a sort of purposeful policy, which besides narrowing the rights of all minorities, tries to portray the Hungarian minority as the enemy in Ukrainian public opinion." In 2017 there were 71 Hungarian Schools in Ukraine with 16,000 enrolled students. In 2019 there were 72 secondary education Hungarian Schools in Ukraine with 13,247 students plus 26 (secondary education) schools with mixed Ukrainian language / Hungarian language education. All of then were located in Zakarpattia Oblast . In January 2020

1508-580: The German or Polish. Others are transcribed from equivalent names in other languages, for example Ukrainian Pavlo ("Paul") may be called by the Russian equivalent Pavel , Ukrainian Kyiv by the Russian equivalent Kiev . The employment of romanization systems can become complex. For example, the English translation of Kubijovyč's Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia uses a modified Library of Congress (ALA-LC) system as outlined above for Ukrainian and Russian names—with

1566-543: The Hungarian language of instruction alongside Ukrainian, but in 37 of them no class had been formed in which the training took place only in Ukrainian. The general manager of the Hungarian State Opera , Szilveszter Ókovács, claimed in a February 2023 letter published in The Guardian "in today’s Ukraine it is forbidden to use the Hungarian language today." The Hungarian Democratic Federation in Ukraine (UMDSZ)

1624-512: The Saint-Germain Peace Treaty, it became part of Czechoslovakia. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary 's Bereg County until 1920 and between 1940 and 1945. From 1920 until 1938 it was part of Czechoslovakia . Prior to World War II, the city had a significant Jewish population, estimated at 8,000 persons. Only four returned following the war. A local newspaper has been published here since December 1945. In January 1989

1682-515: The Slovak declaration of an independent state , Ruthenia declared its independence ( Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine ) The Hungarian Teleki government and Miklós Horthy were informed by Hitler on March 12 that they had 24 hours to resolve the Ruthenian question. Hungary responded immediately with the military occupation of the entire Carpathian Ruthenia . As a result of the annexation, Hungary gained

1740-575: The UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names ( UNGEGN ) held in New York 30 July and 10 August 2012 after a report by the State Agency of Land Resources of Ukraine (now known as Derzhheokadastr: Ukraine State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre) experts approved the Ukrainian system of romanization. The BGN/PCGN jointly adopted the system in 2019. Official geographic names are romanized directly from

1798-663: The Ukrainian keyboard layout . Methods of romanization include transliteration (representing written text) and transcription (representing the spoken word). In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a native Ukrainian Latin alphabet , usually based on those used by West Slavic languages , but none have been widely accepted. Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using another writing system . Rudnyckyj classified transliteration systems into scientific transliteration, used in academic and especially linguistic works, and practical systems, used in administration, journalism, in

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1856-679: The Ukrainian census of 2001. Hungarian cultural heritage in Ukraine includes medieval castles: Romanization of Ukrainian The romanization of Ukrainian , or Latinization of Ukrainian , is the representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters . Ukrainian is natively written in its own Ukrainian alphabet , which is based on the Cyrillic script . Romanization may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or pronunciation for non-Ukrainian readers, on computer systems that cannot reproduce Cyrillic characters, or for typists who are not familiar with

1914-471: The available character set. For telegraph transmission. Each separate Ukrainian letter had a 1:1 equivalence to a Latin letter. Latin Q, W, V, and X are equivalent to Ukrainian Я (or sometimes Щ), В, Ж, Ь. Other letters are transcribed phonetically. This equivalency is used in building the KOI8-U table. Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonological , or phonemic, transcription represents

1972-522: The beginnings of words. It may also simplify doubled letters. Unlike in the English language where an apostrophe is punctuation, in the Ukrainian language it is a letter. Therefore sometimes Rus' is translated with an apostrophe, even when the apostrophe is dropped for most other names and words. Conventional transliterations can reflect the history of a person or place. Many well-known spellings are based on transcriptions into another Latin alphabet, such as

2030-486: The exceptions for endings or doubled consonants applying variously to personal and geographic names. For technical reasons, maps in the Encyclopedia follow different conventions. Names of persons are anglicized in the encyclopedia's text, but also presented in their original form in the index. Various geographic names are presented in their anglicized, Russian, or both Ukrainian and Polish forms, and appear in several forms in

2088-425: The former Eurasian communist countries. They published a series of romanization systems for Ukrainian, which were replaced by ISO 9:1995. For details, see GOST 16876-71 . On 1 April 2022, the "Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules" ( SSOU 9112:2021 ) was approved as State Standard of Ukraine . The standard is based on modified ISO 9:1995 standard and

2146-399: The issue of Ukraine's education law . Ukraine's 2017 education law makes Ukrainian the required language of primary education in state schools from grade five. The situation since then has been ongoing in problem, as Hungary continues to block Ukraine's attempt to integrate within the EU and NATO over disputes on minority rights. Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion 's villages have

2204-512: The majority. Concentrated primarily in Zakarpattia (Trans-Carpathian), in Hungarian those Hungarians are referred to as Kárpátaljai magyarok (Transcarpathian Hungarians), while Zakarpattia is referred to as Kárpátalja. The region of Transcarpathia was part of Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the end of the 9th century to 1918. Historically it was one of

2262-490: The ninth grade. In the twelfth and final year at least 60% of education should be taught in Ukrainian. The 2017 language education law stipulated a 3-year transitional period to come in full effect. In February 2018, this period was extended until 2023. In June 2023 this period was again extended to September 2024. In late 2022 the Language ombudsman reported that most of the 108 schools in Berehove Raion had classes with

2320-399: The normal orthography of another Slavic language, such as Polish or Croatian (such as the established system of scientific transliteration, described above). Czech and Slovak standard transliteration uses letters with diacritics (ž, š, č, ď, ť, ň, ě) and letters i, y, j, h, ch, c in the local meaning. Diphthong letters are transcribed as two letters (ja, je, ji, ju, šč). Czech transliteration

2378-541: The option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine is in Berehovo, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College . In 2017 a new education law made Ukrainian the required language of primary education in state schools from grade five. This led to a rapid deterioration of Hungary–Ukraine relations over this issue. Hungary continues to block Ukraine's attempt to integrate within

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2436-546: The original Ukrainian and not translated. For example, Kyivska oblast not Kyiv Oblast , Pivnichnokrymskyi kanal not North Crimean Canal . Romanization intended for readers of other languages than English is usually transcribed phonetically into the familiar orthography. For example, y , kh , ch , sh , shch for anglophones may be transcribed j , ch , tsch , sch , schtsch for German readers (for letters й, х, ч, ш, щ), or it may be rendered in Latin letters according to

2494-399: The original text, or it may be preferable to have a transliteration which sounds like the original language when read aloud. Scientific transliteration , also called the academic , linguistic , international , or scholarly system, is most often seen in linguistic publications on Slavic languages. It is purely phonemic, meaning each character represents one meaningful unit of sound, and

2552-586: The population was 30,157 people. The first Hungarian-language college in Ukraine is in Berehove, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College. As of the 2001 Ukrainian census , Berehove had a population of 26,554 inhabitants. Numbering roughly 12,800 people, Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the city. The second largest ethnic group were Ukrainians (10,300), followed by Gypsies (1,700) and Russians (1,500). The remaining population consists of Germans , Poles , Slovaks , Armenians and Belarusians . The exact composition

2610-403: The postal system, in schools, etc. Scientific transliteration, also called the scholarly system, is used internationally, with very little variation, while the various practical methods of transliteration are adapted to the orthographical conventions of other languages, like English, French, German, etc. Depending on the purpose of the transliteration it may be necessary to be able to reconstruct

2668-427: The preservation of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious identities; education at all levels in the mother tongue; and the ethnic Hungarians' participation in local authorities charged with minority affairs. It is quite common among the Hungarian minority in Ukraine to hold both Ukrainian citizenship and Hungarian citizenship , although currently Ukrainian law does not recognise dual citizenship . In

2726-484: The revision of the Treaty of Trianon . On 2 November 1938, the First Vienna Award separated territories from Czechoslovakia , including the southern Carpathian Rus' that were mostly Hungarian -populated and returned them to Hungary . The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czechoslovak Republic . After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia on March 15, 1939, and

2784-425: The right to hold fairs 12 times a year. With the abolition of serfdom, the industrial development of the city began. Enterprises appeared, banks, savings banks, and credit institutions were opened. In 1910, out of 12,933 inhabitants 12,432 were Hungarians (96.1%), 221 Ukrainians ( Ruthenians ) and 140 Germans. On April 27, 1919, the city was occupied by Czechoslovak and Romanian troops. At the end of 1919, according to

2842-401: The town's administrative office work and documents. This was made possible after new legislation on languages in Ukraine was passed in the summer of 2012. As of December 2020, all decisions of Zakarpattia's local councils on the functioning of regional languages, including Hungarian in Berehove, were cancelled. Berehove has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). In 1824, Berehove received

2900-401: The whole 2017 law to be abolished. According to the 2020 law until the fifth year of education all lessons can be completely taught in the minority language without mandatory teaching of subjects in Ukrainian. In the fifth year not less than 20% of the lessons must be taught in Ukrainian. Then every year the volume of teaching in the state language (Ukrainian) should increase, reaching 40% in

2958-527: Was as follows: In terms of languages, a slim majority speaks Hungarian as their native language. Ukrainian is spoken by a large minority, smaller groups speak Slovakian and Armenian . The exact composition was as follows: Berehove is twinned with: Hungarians in Ukraine The Hungarians in Ukraine ( Hungarian : Kárpátaljai magyarok , Ukrainian : угорці в Україні , tr. uhortsi v Ukraini ) number 156,600 people according to

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3016-709: Was developed by the Technical Committee 144 "Information and Documentation" of the State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine . According to the SSTL , it could be used in future cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine , in which "Ukrainian will soon, along with other European languages, take its rightful place in multilingual natural language processing scenarios, including machine translation." The Derzhstandart 1995 system (invented by Maksym Vakulenko)

3074-632: Was established in February 2005. In March 2005, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice also registered the Hungarian Democratic Party in Ukraine upon the initiative of the UMDSZ. Also Zoltán Lengyel was elected as mayor of Mukachevo after the election on 1 December 2008. UMDSZ also won city municipalities of Berehove , Vynohradiv and Tiachiv in this election. The following data is according to

3132-594: Was introduced for transliteration of Ukrainian personal names in Ukrainian passports in 2007. An updated 2010 version became the system used for transliterating all proper names and was approved as Resolution 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine , January 27, 2010. This modified earlier laws and brought together a unified system for official documents, publication of cartographic works, signs and indicators of inhabited localities, streets, stops, subway stations, etc. It has been adopted internationally. The 27th session of

3190-648: Was originally derived from scientific transliteration in 1954, and is meant to be usable by readers of most European languages. The 1968 edition also included an alternative system identical to the British Standard. The 1995 edition supports most national Cyrillic alphabets in a single transliteration table. It is a pure transliteration system, with each Cyrillic character represented by exactly one unique Latin character, making it reliably reversible, but sacrificing readability and adaptation to individual languages. It considers only graphemes and disregards phonemic differences. So, for example, г ( Ukrainian He or Russian Ge )

3248-695: Was published by the International Organization for Standardization as recommendation ISO/R 9 in 1954, revised in 1968, and again as an international standard in 1986 and 1995. Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode , Latin-2 , Latin-4 , or Latin-7 encoding. Other Slavic based romanizations occasionally seen are those based on the Slovak alphabet or the Polish alphabet , which include symbols for palatalized consonants. The ALA-LC Romanization Tables were first discussed by

3306-643: Was reconfirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 and recorded in the Peace Treaty of 1947 . When the Soviet Army crossed the pre-1938 borders of Czechoslovakia in 1944, Soviet authorities refused to allow Czechoslovak governmental officials to resume control over the region, and in June 1945, President Edvard Beneš formally signed a treaty ceding the area to the Soviet Union . It was then incorporated into

3364-778: Was used, for example, on hiking signs in Transcarpathia, which was established according to the methodology of the Czech Tourists Club – the Ukrainian markers replaced that later with the English transcription. However, the fact that Ukraine itself has started to use English transliteration on its documents and boards, also influences the practice in Czech and Slovak, which is also penetrated by English transliteration of Ukrainian. Users of public-access computers or mobile text messaging services sometimes improvise informal romanization due to limitations in keyboard or character set. These may include both sound-alike and look-alike letter substitutions. Example: YKPAIHCbKA ABTOPKA for "УКРАЇНСЬКА АВТОРКА". See also Volapuk encoding. This system uses

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