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72-460: The Bennelong Bridge is a 330-metre-long (1,080 ft) vehicular bridge across Homebush Bay between the Sydney suburbs of Rhodes and Wentworth Point . Construction started on 1 September 2014, and it opened on 22 May 2016. Wentworth Point is a new suburb, having been designated under this name only in 2009 and rezoned by Auburn Council from industrial to (mostly) residential use in 2013. Before

144-753: A "C" shape, has a slight helical distortion due to repulsion between the closest pair of hydrogen atoms in the two extremal rings. This effect also causes distortion of picene. Adding another benzene ring to form dibenzo[c,g]phenanthrene creates steric hindrance between the two extreme hydrogen atoms. Adding two more rings on the same sense yields heptahelicene in which the two extreme rings overlap. These non-planar forms are chiral, and their enantiomers can be isolated. The benzenoid hydrocarbons have been defined as condensed polycyclic unsaturated fully-conjugated hydrocarbons whose molecules are essentially planar with all rings six-membered. Full conjugation means that all carbon atoms and carbon-carbon bonds must have

216-448: A PAH that was subsequently demonstrated to cause tumors . Cook, Hewett and Hieger then linked the specific spectroscopic fluorescent profile of benzo[ a ]pyrene to that of the carcinogenic component of coal tar, the first time that a specific compound from an environmental mixture (coal tar) was demonstrated to be carcinogenic. In the 1930s and later, epidemiologists from Japan, the UK, and

288-563: A PAH. Some sources, such as the US EPA and CDC , consider naphthalene to be the simplest PAH. Other authors consider PAHs to start with the tricyclic species phenanthrene and anthracene . Most authors exclude compounds that include heteroatoms in the rings, or carry substituents . A polyaromatic hydrocarbon may have rings of various sizes, including some that are not aromatic. Those that have only six-membered rings are said to be alternant . The following are examples of PAHs that vary in

360-482: A cyclic sequence, with two edge carbons shared between successive rings. All of them must be non-planar and have considerable higher bonding energy (computed to be at least 130 kcal/mol) than coronene; and, as of 2002, none of them had been synthesized. Other PAHs that might seem to be planar, considering only the carbon skeleton, may be distorted by repulsion or steric hindrance between the hydrogen atoms in their periphery. Benzo[c]phenanthrene, with four rings fused in

432-424: A large range of unwanted material - from waste to broken up ships, even toxic industrial waste. Union Carbide had manufactured chemicals, including Agent Orange , on the site and dioxins produced as a by product were buried in landfill or left in drums. A drive to regenerate and rehabilitate the bay began in the 1980s. This led to the construction of Bicentennial Park , including a program to regenerate some of

504-643: A location for the filming of Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome . 33°49′43″S 151°04′51″E  /  33.82870°S 151.08088°E  / -33.82870; 151.08088 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as possible starting materials for abiotic syntheses of materials required by the earliest forms of life . The terms polyaromatic hydrocarbon , or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as PNA) are also used for this concept. By definition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have multiple aromatic rings, precluding benzene from being considered

576-408: A number of smaller abandoned or broken up vessel lie nearby. Bicentennial Park is located on the southern shore of the bay, and contains an area of rehabilitated mangrove wetland representative of the native state of the bay. Sydney Olympic Park is a 640 hectares (1,600 acres) area to the south west of Homebush Bay (and within the former suburb of Homebush Bay) which was notable as the site of

648-636: A primary human health risk of exposure to PAHs. Exposure to PAHs has also been linked with cardiovascular disease and poor fetal development. PAHs have been linked to skin , lung , bladder , liver , and stomach cancers in well-established animal model studies. Specific compounds classified by various agencies as possible or probable human carcinogens are identified in the section " Regulation and Oversight " below. Historically, PAHs contributed substantially to our understanding of adverse health effects from exposures to environmental contaminants , including chemical carcinogenesis . In 1775, Percivall Pott ,

720-1317: A substantial outdoor source of PAHs in particulate air pollution. Geographically, major roadways are thus sources of PAHs, which may distribute in the atmosphere or deposit nearby. Catalytic converters are estimated to reduce PAH emissions from gasoline-fired vehicles by 25-fold. People can also be occupationally exposed during work that involves fossil fuels or their derivatives, wood-burning, carbon electrodes , or exposure to diesel exhaust . Industrial activity that can produce and distribute PAHs includes aluminum , iron , and steel manufacturing; coal gasification , tar distillation, shale oil extraction ; production of coke , creosote , carbon black , and calcium carbide ; road paving and asphalt manufacturing; rubber tire production; manufacturing or use of metal working fluids; and activity of coal or natural gas power stations . PAHs typically disperse from urban and suburban non-point sources through road runoff , sewage , and atmospheric circulation and subsequent deposition of particulate air pollution. Soil and river sediment near industrial sites such as creosote manufacturing facilities can be highly contaminated with PAHs. Oil spills , creosote, coal mining dust, and other fossil fuel sources can also distribute PAHs in

792-500: A surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, observed that scrotal cancer was unusually common in chimney sweepers and proposed the cause as occupational exposure to soot . A century later, Richard von Volkmann reported increased skin cancers in workers of the coal tar industry of Germany, and by the early 1900s increased rates of cancer from exposure to soot and coal tar was widely accepted. In 1915, Yamigawa and Ichicawa were

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864-427: A variety of factors including proximity to municipal and industrial discharge points, wind direction and distance from major urban roadways, as well as tidal regime which controls the diluting effect of generally cleaner marine sediments relative to freshwater discharge. Consequently, the concentrations of pollutants in estuaries tends to decrease at the river mouth. Understanding of sediment hosted PAHs in estuaries

936-486: Is across the Parramatta River from Meadowbank . It is the westernmost of the major bays on the Parramatta River. Several tributaries enter Parramatta River at Homebush Bay: Powells Creek is joined by tributaries Boundary Creek and Saleyards Creek not far from the southern shore of the bay, and flows into the bay from the south, while Haslams Creek joins the bay further to the north. The shoreline of Homebush Bay

1008-602: Is greater (each has a sextet in two of the three Clar structures) compared to the inner rings (each has a sextet in only one of the three). PAHs are nonpolar and lipophilic . Larger PAHs are generally insoluble in water, although some smaller PAHs are soluble. The larger members are also poorly soluble in organic solvents and in lipids . The larger members, e.g. perylene, are strongly colored. Polycyclic aromatic compounds characteristically yield radicals and anions upon treatment with alkali metals. The large PAH form dianions as well. The redox potential correlates with

1080-555: Is important for the protection of commercial fisheries (such as mussels ) and general environmental habitat conservation because PAHs can impact the health of suspension and sediment feeding organism. River-estuary surface sediments in the UK tend to have a lower PAH content than sediments buried 10–60 cm from the surface reflecting lower present day industrial activity combined with improvement in environmental legislation of PAH. Typical PAH concentrations in UK estuaries range from about 19 to 16,163 µg/kg (dry sediment weight) in

1152-569: Is in large parts artificial, with large scale land reclamations for industrial purposes occurring throughout the 20th century. Its history of use for industry and as dumping ground has left the bay heavily contaminated, including with dioxin and other chemicals produced by Union Carbide operations. Fishing is prohibited in Homebush Bay for health reasons. Other contamination includes phthalates, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDT and heavy metals. Remediation from 2008-2010 removed about 75% of

1224-707: Is low. Lower-temperature combustion, such as tobacco smoking or wood-burning , tends to generate low molecular weight PAHs, whereas high-temperature industrial processes typically generate PAHs with higher molecular weights. Incense is also a source. PAHs are typically found as complex mixtures. PAHs may result from the incomplete combustion of organic matter in natural wildfires . Substantially higher outdoor air, soil, and water concentrations of PAHs have been measured in Asia, Africa, and Latin America than in Europe, Australia,

1296-469: Is reversed as the lower molecular weight PAHs are attenuated by biotic decay and photodegradation . Evaluation of the PAH distributions using statistical methods such as principal component analyses (PCA) enabled the study to link the source (burnt moorland) to pathway (suspended stream sediment) to the depositional sink (reservoir bed). Concentrations of PAHs in river and estuarine sediments vary according to

1368-624: The 2000 Olympic Games . Since then, there has been much development in the area including office buildings and apartments in the centre of Sydney Olympic Park. Three completed residential developments in the area are Newington , The Waterfront and Mariners Cove. The Sydney Showground relocated from Moore Park in 1998, in preparation for the Olympic Games. The Sydney Showground provided Olympic venues along with Stadium Australia , Sydney Super Dome , Athletics Centre, Aquatic Centre , Tennis Centre , Hockey Stadium and multiple sports halls. On

1440-498: The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary , more than 100 times the level in adjacent layers. The spike was attributed to massive fires that consumed about 20% of the terrestrial above-ground biomass in a very short time. PAHs are prevalent in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies in both the nearby and distant Universe and make up a dominant emission mechanism in the mid-infrared wavelength range, containing as much as 10% of

1512-581: The Eleanor Schonell Bridge , which opened in 2006). It also has the capacity to carry a future extension of the Parramatta Light Rail . Bennelong Bridge is the first bridge to be funded entirely by property developers in return for additional development density at Wentworth Point under a Voluntary Planning Agreement between the developers and the Roads & Maritime Services . Initially known as

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1584-629: The Greater Western Sydney region in the west and the Inner West region of Sydney in the east, except that the suburb of Wentworth Point , at the northern tip of the western bank, is sometimes marketed as being in the Inner West. Homebush and Homebush West are suburbs to the south, some distance away from the shores of the bay, in the Municipality of Strathfield . The region is a part of

1656-508: The River Clyde and 626 to 3,766 µg/kg in the River Mersey . In general estuarine sediments with a higher natural total organic carbon content (TOC) tend to accumulate PAHs due to high sorption capacity of organic matter. A similar correspondence between PAHs and TOC has also been observed in the sediments of tropical mangroves located on the coast of southern China. Cancer is

1728-472: The ocean can be a substantial sink for PAHs. Algae and some invertebrates such as protozoans , mollusks , and many polychaetes have limited ability to metabolize PAHs and bioaccumulate disproportionate concentrations of PAHs in their tissues; however, PAH metabolism can vary substantially across invertebrate species. Most vertebrates metabolize and excrete PAHs relatively rapidly. Tissue concentrations of PAHs do not increase ( biomagnify ) from

1800-732: The Bennelong Bridge was approved by the Government of New South Wales in March 2013 with construction commencing in September 2014. As a designated T-Way, the bridge is the first in the Sydney region to exclude private vehicles, exclusively carrying Transit Systems bus route 526, Busways bus route 533, Baylink Shuttle, cyclists, pedestrians, and emergency vehicles (a similar bridge already exists in Brisbane,

1872-655: The DNA sequence is altered in genes that regulate cell replication , cancer can result. Mutagenic PAHs, such as benzo[ a ]pyrene, usually have four or more aromatic rings as well as a "bay region", a structural pocket that increases reactivity of the molecule to the metabolizing enzymes. Mutagenic metabolites of PAHs include diol epoxides, quinones , and radical PAH cations . These metabolites can bind to DNA at specific sites, forming bulky complexes called DNA adducts that can be stable or unstable. Stable adducts may lead to DNA replication errors, while unstable adducts react with

1944-459: The DNA strand, removing a purine base (either adenine or guanine ). Such mutations, if they are not repaired, can transform genes encoding for normal cell signaling proteins into cancer-causing oncogenes . Quinones can also repeatedly generate reactive oxygen species that may independently damage DNA. Enzymes in the cytochrome family ( CYP1A1 , CYP1A2 , CYP1B1 ) metabolize PAHs to diol epoxides. PAH exposure can increase production of

2016-462: The Homebush Bay Bridge, it was named Bennelong Bridge after the historic indigenous river resident Bennelong . It was inaugurated on 22 May 2016 and opened to traffic on 23 May 2016. Local state MPs John Sidoti and Luke Foley officially opened the bridge. Despite the bridge being restricted to foot traffic and public bus routes, there have been reports of private vehicles illegally using

2088-510: The U.S., and Canada. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily found in natural sources such as bitumen . PAHs can also be produced geologically when organic sediments are chemically transformed into fossil fuels such as oil and coal . The rare minerals idrialite , curtisite , and carpathite consist almost entirely of PAHs that originated from such sediments, that were extracted, processed, separated, and deposited by very hot fluids. High levels of such PAHs have been detected in

2160-706: The US, including Richard Doll and various others, reported greater rates of death from lung cancer following occupational exposure to PAH-rich environments among workers in coke ovens and coal carbonization and gasification processes. The structure of a PAH influences whether and how the individual compound is carcinogenic. Some carcinogenic PAHs are genotoxic and induce mutations that initiate cancer; others are not genotoxic and instead affect cancer promotion or progression. PAHs that affect cancer initiation are typically first chemically modified by enzymes into metabolites that react with DNA, leading to mutations. When

2232-562: The United States. A year-long sampling campaign in Athens, Greece found a third (31%) of PAH urban air pollution to be caused by wood-burning, like diesel and oil (33%) and gasoline (29%). It also found that wood-burning is responsible for nearly half (43%) of annual PAH cancer-risk ( carcinogenic potential) compared to the other sources and that wintertime PAH levels were 7 times higher than in other seasons, especially if atmospheric dispersion

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2304-460: The Wentworth family - the bay has now disappeared due to land reclamation. Mud Island was an island in the bay, which became connected with the western mainland due to land reclamation. In the 20th century, Homebush Bay became a centre of heavy industry, with large scale land reclamations to accommodate industrial facilities. When industrial operations scaled down, the bay became a dumping ground for

2376-574: The Wentworths. The Home Bush Estate was established in the 1800s by the colony's assistant surgeon D'arcy Wentworth . According to local government historian Michael Jones, "Wentworth is popularly credited with having called the area after his 'home in the bush', although Homebush is also a place in Kent ." The Wentworth family's estate lay on the southwestern shore of the bay, between Powell's Creek and Haslam's Creek, and south to Parramatta Road. Further to

2448-626: The atmosphere and the top layers of surface waters can produce nitrogenated, halogenated, hydroxylated, and oxygenated PAHs; some of these compounds can be more toxic, water-soluble, and mobile than their parent PAHs. The British Geological Survey reported the amount and distribution of PAH compounds including parent and alkylated forms in urban soils at 76 locations in Greater London . The study showed that parent (16 PAH) content ranged from 4 to 67 mg/kg (dry soil weight) and an average PAH concentration of 18 mg/kg (dry soil weight) whereas

2520-455: The atmosphere predominantly in gaseous form, although the physical state of four-ring PAHs can depend on temperature. In contrast, compounds with five or more rings have low solubility in water and low volatility; they are therefore predominantly in solid state , bound to particulate air pollution , soils , or sediments . In solid state, these compounds are less accessible for biological uptake or degradation, increasing their persistence in

2592-450: The bay was remediated starting in 2008 to remove about 75% of the dioxins from the bay. Remediation was completed in mid-2010, however fishing is still prohibited in Homebush Bay. The western shore of Homebush Bay is in the local government area of the City of Parramatta , while its eastern shore is in the City of Canada Bay . As a result, the bay forms part of the geographical boundary between

2664-399: The bay, which will connect Olympic Park railway station with the centre of Parramatta , to the west. The line was initially planned to run alongside the parkland on the southern shore and connect with Strathfield railway station, but in the current plans the line will terminate in nearby Lidcombe. For more information see Stadium Australia The Brickpit at Sydney Olympic Park was used as

2736-513: The bridge as a shortcut. To combat this, a bus lane camera was installed in November 2016 whereby motorists illegally using the bridge are fined and gain a demerit point . Homebush Bay Homebush Bay is a bay on the south bank of the Parramatta River , in the west of Sydney , Australia. The name is also sometimes used to refer to an area to the west and south of the bay itself, which

2808-509: The bridge was built, Wentworth Point had only two road connections to the rest of Sydney and no access to rail transport except via Olympic Park railway station , some distance away. The western part of Rhodes, facing Homebush Bay, is also a newly redeveloped area, having been turned from industrial use to commercial and residential use only after extensive remediation works due to soil contamination from its decades of industrial use, which were completed in 2011. Linking Rhodes and Wentworth Point,

2880-498: The bridge was proposed by John Kinsella of Wentworth Point's developer Billbergia and designed by Wentworth Point Marina's urban designers and architects. It was designed to give Wentworth Point an additional access point by road (albeit not by car) and to allow residents to access Rhodes railway station . By improving access for the suburb, the developers were able to increase development densities in Wentworth Point. Construction of

2952-441: The central ring is less aromatic and therefore more reactive. In contrast, in anthracene the resonance structures have one sextet each, which can be at any of the three rings, and the aromaticity spreads out more evenly across the whole molecule. This difference in number of sextets is reflected in the differing ultraviolet–visible spectra of these two isomers, as higher Clar pi-sextets are associated with larger HOMO-LUMO gaps;

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3024-402: The dioxin from the bay. A number of ships' hulls are visible in Homebush Bay, remains of the ship-breaking operations in the bay during the mid-20th century. These are the steam colliers SS Ayrfield and SS Mortlake Bank , steam tugboat SS Heroic , and boom defence vessel HMAS  Karangi , all broken up in the early 1970s and now lying near the south-western shore of the bay. Remains of

3096-504: The distant universe. In June 2013, PAHs were detected in the upper atmosphere of Titan , the largest moon of the planet Saturn . Volcanic eruptions may emit PAHs. Certain PAHs such as perylene can also be generated in anaerobic sediments from existing organic material, although it remains undetermined whether abiotic or microbial processes drive their production. Most PAHs are insoluble in water, which limits their mobility in

3168-418: The eastern shore, within the suburb of Rhodes , lies the large Rhodes Waterside shopping centre. The Novotel Hotel features cafes, restaurants and bars with outdoor facilities that cater for special events held at Sydney Olympic Park. Bennelong Bridge , a bridge open to pedestrians, cyclists and buses but not to cars, crosses the bay near its mouth (between Rhodes on the east bank and Wentworth Point on

3240-460: The eastern shore. The former Auburn Council sought public comment on a proposal to rename the suburb of Homebush Bay, as well as removing connotations and confusion with its namesake suburb Homebush . The waterfront residential area was renamed Wentworth Point on 2 October 2009, consistent with the gazetting of the northern part of the peninsula in 1976. the Carter Street industrial precinct

3312-408: The environment, although PAHs sorb to fine-grained organic-rich sediments . Aqueous solubility of PAHs decreases approximately logarithmically as molecular mass increases. Two-ringed PAHs, and to a lesser extent three-ringed PAHs, dissolve in water, making them more available for biological uptake and degradation . Further, two- to four-ringed PAHs volatilize sufficiently to appear in

3384-656: The environment. Human exposure varies across the globe and depends on factors such as smoking rates, fuel types in cooking, and pollution controls on power plants, industrial processes, and vehicles. Developed countries with stricter air and water pollution controls, cleaner sources of cooking (i.e., gas and electricity vs. coal or biofuels), and prohibitions of public smoking tend to have lower levels of PAH exposure, while developing and undeveloped countries tend to have higher levels. Surgical smoke plumes have been proven to contain PAHs in several independent research studies. Burning solid fuels such as coal and biofuels in

3456-436: The environment. Two- and three-ringed PAHs can disperse widely while dissolved in water or as gases in the atmosphere, while PAHs with higher molecular weights can disperse locally or regionally adhered to particulate matter that is suspended in air or water until the particles land or settle out of the water column . PAHs have a strong affinity for organic carbon , and thus highly organic sediments in rivers , lakes , and

3528-410: The first to experimentally produce cancers, specifically of the skin, by topically applying coal tar to rabbit ears. In 1922, Ernest Kennaway determined that the carcinogenic component of coal tar mixtures was an organic compound consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. This component was later linked to a characteristic fluorescent pattern that was similar but not identical to benz[ a ]anthracene ,

3600-407: The highest-wavelength absorbance of phenanthrene is at 293 nm, while anthracene is at 374 nm. Three Clar structures with two sextets each are present in the four-ring chrysene structure: one having sextets in the first and third rings, one in the second and fourth rings, and one in the first and fourth rings. Superposition of these structures reveals that the aromaticity in the outer rings

3672-482: The home for cooking and heating is a dominant global source of PAH emissions that in developing countries leads to high levels of exposure to indoor particulate air pollution containing PAHs, particularly for women and children who spend more time in the home or cooking. In industrial countries, people who smoke tobacco products, or who are exposed to second-hand smoke , are among the most highly exposed groups; tobacco smoke contributes to 90% of indoor PAH levels in

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3744-516: The homes of smokers. For the general population in developed countries, the diet is otherwise the dominant source of PAH exposure, particularly from smoking or grilling meat or consuming PAHs deposited on plant foods, especially broad-leafed vegetables, during growth. Exposure also occurs through drinking alcohol aged in charred barrels, flavored with peat smoke, or made with roasted grains. PAHs are typically at low concentrations in drinking water. Emissions from vehicles such as cars and trucks can be

3816-404: The lowest to highest levels of food chains. PAHs transform slowly to a wide range of degradation products. Biological degradation by microbes is a dominant form of PAH transformation in the environment. Soil-consuming invertebrates such as earthworms speed PAH degradation, either through direct metabolism or by improving the conditions for microbial transformations. Abiotic degradation in

3888-433: The mangrove wetlands and saltmarshes which existed around the bay pre-development. In preparation for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , it was decided to site Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush Bay, which spurred the further regeneration and rehabilitation of the bay. A range of residential and commercial developments also began around the bay, including the development of a large shopping centre and residential district at Rhodes on

3960-402: The most important for the characterization of the properties of that PAH. For example, phenanthrene has two Clar structures: one with just one aromatic sextet (the middle ring), and the other with two (the first and third rings). The latter case is therefore the more characteristic electronic nature of the two. Therefore, in this molecule the outer rings have greater aromatic character whereas

4032-420: The names "Homebush Bay" and "Homebush" being used at various times for a large and disparate area ranging from modern-day Wentworth Point in the City of Parramatta , to the seat of the Municipality of Strathfield in modern-day Strathfield , almost 6km away. Wentworth Point, the point on the western extremity of the bay, and Wentworth Bay, the nearby inlet on the western shore of Homebush Bay, are named after

4104-457: The non-planarity may be forced by the topology of the molecule and the stiffness (in length and angle) of the carbon-carbon bonds. For example, unlike coronene , corannulene adopts a bowl shape in order to reduce the bond stress. The two possible configurations, concave and convex, are separated by a relatively low energy barrier (about 11 kcal / mol ). In theory, there are 51 structural isomers of coronene that have six fused benzene rings in

4176-561: The north of - the railway station took its name from the station, and is today partly in the suburb of Homebush and partly in the suburb of Strathfield . Meanwhile, the Home Bush Estate became part of the Municipality of Rookwood in 1891, renamed Lidcombe in 1906. Thereafter, it was part of the suburb of Lidcombe and known as "North Lidcombe". In 1989, North Lidcombe was renamed "Homebush Bay". This history of name borrowing has resulted in

4248-533: The northwest, to the west of Haslam's Creek, the Blaxland family owned the Newington Estate. The bay took its name from the Home Bush Estate. When the railway came through the area south of Parramatta Road in 1855, a station was built in the area to serve the racecourse on the Wentworth estate, and took its name ("Homebush") from the estate also. The village and later suburb that developed to the south of - and later

4320-425: The number and arrangement of their rings: Most PAHs, like naphthalene, anthracene, and coronene, are planar. This geometry is a consequence of the fact that the σ-bonds that result from the merger of sp hybrid orbitals of adjacent carbons lie on the same plane as the carbon atom. Those compounds are achiral , since the plane of the molecule is a symmetry plane. In rare cases, PAHs are not planar. In some cases,

4392-551: The overall distribution also suggested that the PAHs in London soils had undergone weathering and been modified by a variety of pre-and post-depositional processes such as volatilization and microbial biodegradation . Managed burning of moorland vegetation in the UK has been shown to generate PAHs which become incorporated into the peat surface. Burning of moorland vegetation such as heather initially generates high amounts of two- and three-ringed PAHs relative to four- to six-ringed PAHs in surface sediments, however, this pattern

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4464-619: The precinct during the 2000 Sydney Olympics , and is especially heavily used for special events in the Olympic Park precinct. It is serviced by a shuttle connecting Olympic Park to Lidcombe railway station . On the eastern shore, Rhodes railway station is on the T9 Northern line . Sydney Ferries ' Parramatta River ferry services run to the Sydney Olympic Park ferry wharf on the bay. Originally designed to service Sydney Olympic Park,

4536-526: The size of the PAH. The dominant sources of PAHs in the environment are from human activity: wood-burning and combustion of other biofuels such as dung or crop residues contribute more than half of annual global PAH emissions, particularly due to biofuel use in India and China. As of 2004, industrial processes and the extraction and use of fossil fuels made up slightly more than one quarter of global PAH emissions, dominating outputs in industrial countries such as

4608-462: The sp structure of benzene. This class is largely a subset of the alternant PAHs, but is considered to include unstable or hypothetical compounds like triangulene or heptacene . As of 2012, over 300 benzenoid hydrocarbons had been isolated and characterized. The aromaticity varies for PAHs. According to Clar's rule , the resonance structure of a PAH that has the largest number of disjoint aromatic pi sextets —i.e. benzene -like moieties—is

4680-460: The suburbs of Wentworth Point and Rhodes . In the 1900s the bay was contaminated with dioxins and other chemicals by the local Union Carbide chemical plant, which has led to commercial fishing bans in most of Sydney Harbour , and health advisories about limiting the quantity of fish eaten from the Parramatta River. Other contaminants in the bay include phthalates, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , DDT, and heavy metals. The eastern shore of

4752-569: The total PAH content (33 PAH) ranged from 6 to 88 mg/kg and fluoranthene and pyrene were generally the most abundant PAHs. Benzo[ a ]pyrene (B a P), the most toxic of the parent PAHs, is widely considered a key marker PAH for environmental assessments; the normal background concentration of B a P in the London urban sites was 6.9 mg/kg (dry soil weight). London soils contained more stable four- to six-ringed PAHs which were indicative of combustion and pyrolytic sources, such as coal and oil burning and traffic-sourced particulates. However,

4824-466: The total integrated infrared luminosity of galaxies. PAHs generally trace regions of cold molecular gas, which are optimum environments for the formation of stars. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope include instruments for obtaining both images and spectra of light emitted by PAHs associated with star formation . These images can trace the surface of star-forming clouds in our own galaxy or identify star forming galaxies in

4896-508: The traditional land of the Wann-gal people who lived in Homebush Bay thousands of years ago and survived on the resources offered by the estuary. The first European settlers arrived here in 1793 and declared the land as 'Flats' whose grants were given to free men. For this reason, it came to be known as the 'Liberty Plains'. The land was dominated by two families during this period - the Blaxlands and

4968-475: The west bank). The bridge opened on 22 May 2016. Between 2014 and 2016, during construction, the low bridge was protected by a "maritime exclusion zone", meaning that watercraft was not able to enter or leave Homebush Bay. Two stations on the Sydney Trains metropolitan passenger rail network sit near the shores of the bay. To the south-west, Olympic Park railway station was built to cater for large crowds to

5040-529: The wharf now mainly serves the residents of Wentworth Point. Busways run a number of regular bus services to the area around the bay. There are also a number of Sydney Olympic Park bus routes for sporting events, concerts and other major events at the Sydney Olympic Park precinct such as the Sydney Royal Easter Show . A light rail line is planned to be constructed on the western shore of

5112-419: Was absorbed by the neighbouring suburb of Lidcombe , and the remaining bulk of the suburb, consisting of Sydney Olympic Park , was renamed to that name as a suburb. Homebush Bay is located on the southern shore of Parramatta River. Immediately to the east is Bray Bay, which is separated from Homebush Bay by a narrow peninsula (considerably expanded through land reclamation) that forms the suburb of Rhodes . It

5184-410: Was formerly an official suburb of Sydney, and has now become the suburbs of Sydney Olympic Park , Wentworth Point and part of the neighbouring suburb of Lidcombe , all part of the City of Parramatta . Homebush Bay is located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of the Sydney central business district . The bay has a natural and artificial shoreline on the southern side of the Parramatta River between

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