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37-647: 65°12′30″N 163°35′22″W  /  65.20833°N 163.58944°W  / 65.20833; -163.58944 The Bendeleben (/ˈbɛn.dəˌleɪ.bɨn/) Mountains are a mountain range on the heart of the Seward Peninsula in Nome Census Area , Alaska , United States. This range forms a major divide between drainage basins draining into the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean . The tallest peak, Mount Bendeleben

74-571: A Moselle Franconian dialect word used for the circular lakes of the Daun area of Germany. The word evolved from its first use in German in the modern geological sense in 1819 and is now used in English and in the geological sciences as the term for the explosion crater, even if water from rainfall might always have drained from the crater after the formation event. This extension in meaning was due to recognising that

111-416: A relatively shallow crater lake , which may also be called a maar. Maars range in size from 20 to 3,000  m (66 to 9,800  ft ) across and from 5 to 200 m (20 to 700 ft) deep. Most maars fill with water to form natural lakes. Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of volcanic rocks and rocks torn from the walls of the diatreme . The name maar comes from

148-463: A volcanic crater, is a maar. The carbon dioxide -saturated Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon is another example, as is Zuñi Salt Lake in New Mexico , a shallow saline lake that occupies a flat-floored crater about 6,500 ft (2,000 m) across and 400 ft (120 m) deep. Its low rim is composed of loose pieces of basaltic lava and wall rocks ( sandstone , shale , limestone ) of

185-614: Is 3,730 feet (1,140 m) at the summit, and is located on the west end. Bits of the range go into the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve , but most of the peaks remain unclaimed. The Tubutulik River flows in the area. Mount Bendeleben is the highest point on the Seward Peninsula east of the Kigluaik Mountains . According to the geologists who studied contiguous areas in 1900, the metamorphic schists of

222-618: Is Kagamiike Pond as well as many on the volcanic island of Miyake-jima , Izu Islands (Furumio, Mi'ike, Mizutamari, Shinmio). Koranga Maar and Numundo Maar are in Papua New Guinea . Kawah Masemo maar is on Mount Sempu volcano in Indonesia. The San Pablo Volcanic Field in the Province of Laguna on the island of Luzon in the Philippines contains maars. The Newer Volcanics Province in

259-1065: The Butajiri - Silti -Volcanic Field, Ethiopia, the Bayuda Volcanic Field in the Sudan and Lake Nyos in the Oku Volcanic Field in Cameroon). In Saudi Arabia the Al Wahbah crater formed as a result of a maar eruption. In Japan there are maars in the Kirishima - Yaku volcanic field in the Kirishima-Yaku National Park on Kyushu . These include the several maars of the Ibusuki volcanic field such as Lake Unagi . On Honshu in Myōkō-Togakushi Renzan National Park there

296-633: The Eifel region of Germany (where they were originally described), and in other geologically young volcanic regions of Earth. Elsewhere in Europe, La Vestide du Pal, a maar in the Ardèche department of France, is easily visible from the ground or air. Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole, in southern New Mexico near El Paso, Texas , are maars. The Crocodile Lake in Los Baños in the Philippines, though originally thought to be

333-546: The Kigluaik (or Sawtooth) Mountains. The highest point in the range and the peninsula is the peak of 4,714 ft (1,437 m) Mount Osborn . Other mountain ranges on the Seward Peninsula include the Bendeleben Mountains , Darby Mountains , and York Mountains . The Bendeleben Mountains exhibit evidence of recent faulting in the late Cenozoic, with the majority of tectonic deformation and mountain formation occurring in

370-489: The Koyuk , Kuzitrin , Niukluk , Fish , Tubuktilik , Kiwalik , Buckland and Agiupuk rivers. These play a vital role in the subsistence lifestyles of many peninsula residents and ease travel, hunting, and fishing. Most peninsula rivers have at least a small yearly run of several varieties of salmon , as well as Dolly Varden trout , Arctic grayling , whitefish of various species, northern pike , and burbot . Most rivers on

407-769: The Province of Ciudad Real . Active maars were commonplace in Fife and Lothian , Scotland during the Carboniferous period. The location of one such maar was Elie Ness. Active maar volcanoes are mainly known outside Europe. In the US there are numerous maar areas, such as in Alaska ( Ukinrek maars , Nunivak in the Bering Sea ); in Washington ( Battle Ground Lake ); in Oregon ( Fort Rock basin with

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444-835: The Swabian Jura and the Albvorland (the Swabian Volcano) there are maar-forming volcanoes. Because the over 350 eruption points were only active in the Upper Miocene 17 to 11 million years ago, all the maars, apart from the dry maar, Randecker Maar and the Molach, are only detectable geologically. In the Ore Mountains near Hammerunterwiesenthal , the Hammerunterwiesenthal Maar formed about 30 million years ago during

481-569: The Trail Creek Caves and Cape Espenberg in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve as well as Cape Denbigh to the south have provided insight into the timeline of prehistorical migrations from Asia to the Seward Peninsula. Most of the peninsula is in the Nome Census Area , but part is in the Northwest Arctic Borough . These are the communities on the Seward Peninsula, with 2005 state population estimates: Other locations on

518-508: The Bendeleben Mountains were considered distinct from the other schists of the region and were therefore given a name and assigned to a more or less definite stratigraphic position. In 1908, the senior writer of this report made a cross section of the range along the western margin of the area, and in 1909 the party had the opportunity of studying the section north and west. of Death Valley, where rocks previously considered as belonging to

555-711: The Cretaceous, which is attributed to regional tectonic block rotation of the Bering plate in the Arctic. The Lost Jim Lava Flow north of Kuzitrin Lake is a lava field formed roughly 1,000 to 2,000 years ago, which covers roughly 88 sq mi (230 km ). Several geothermal hot springs are located throughout the peninsula, including Serpentine Hot Springs , Pilgrim Hot Springs , Granite Mountain, Elim, Clear Creek and Lava Creek. The Seward Peninsula has several rivers. The largest include

592-544: The Eifel and Volcanic Eifel there are numerous dry maars: The following volcanic features are often colloquially referred to as a "maar" or "maar lake", although they are not, strictly speaking, maars: In Germany there are also several maars outside of the Eifel. A well-known example is the Messel pit , a former maar lake near Messel in the county of Darmstadt-Dieburg and which is known for its well preserved fossils . In addition in

629-689: The Kigluaik group are exposed. About the head of the Fish River , the mountains are chiefly granitic, but along their flanks and sometimes extending through them in belts of varying breadth which mark the passes are areas of schistose sediments. Similar to the Kigluaik Mountains, the Bendeleban Mountains are rugged, with sharply cut valleys, and many glacial cirques. On the southern side of the Bendeleben Mountains, scattered spruce trees are reported in

666-691: The Oligocene; the maar measures 2 kilometres from east to west and 1.4 kilometres from north to south. The Chaîne des Puys in France contains numerous maars; Lake Albano in the Alban Mountains is a complex maar, and there is also a submarine maar ( Kolumbo ) near Santorini in Greece. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field in Spain contains numerous maars; a typical example being the maar of Hoya del Mortero at Poblete in

703-415: The Seward Peninsula freeze in mid-October; spring break-up usually occurs in mid- to late May. The Seward Peninsula is the westernmost limit of distribution for the black spruce , Picea mariana , a dominant overstory species of the region. Alaska's reindeer herding was concentrated on the Seward Peninsula ever since the first shipment of reindeer were imported there from eastern Siberia in 1892. It

740-602: The Seward Peninsula include the mining towns of Council , Solomon , Candle, Haycock and Taylor. While still frequented by locals of neighboring communities, there are no longer year round residents in these locations. There was a United States Coast Guard LORAN station at Port Clarence . The U.S. Air Force operates a radar station at the "Tin City" site, 7 mi (11 km) southeast of Wales. The Seward Peninsula has several distinct geologic features. The Devil Mountain Lakes on

777-553: The States of South Australia and Victoria , Australia, has numerous maars, such as Mount Gambier , Mount Schank and Tower Hill , whose complex system of nested maars is enclosed by one of the largest maars in the world. Foulden Maar in Otago , New Zealand , is an important fossil site, but there are many more maars in New Zealand. As already mentioned these include Lake Pupuke , but

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814-687: The explosive reaction that occurs when magma comes into contact with permafrost . Hydromagmatic eruptions are increasingly explosive when the ratio of water to magma is low. Since permafrost melts slowly, it provides a steady source of water to the eruption while keeping the water to magma ratio low. This produces the prolonged, explosive eruptions that created these large maars. Examples of the Seward Peninsula maars include North Killeak Maar, South Killeak Maar, Devil Mountain Maar and Whitefish Maar. Maars occur in western North America, Patagonia in South America,

851-420: The geological sciences such as the term tuff ring or maar-diatreme volcanoes. These last are volcanoes produced by explosive eruptions that cut deeply into the country rock with the maar being " the crater cut into the ground and surrounded by an ejecta ring ". A 2011 geological clarification of a maar is " Maar volcanoes are distinguished from other small volcanoes in having craters with their floor lying below

888-461: The hollow. The largest known maars are found at Espenberg on the Seward Peninsula in northwest Alaska. These maars range in size from 4 to 8 km (2.5 to 5.0 mi) in diameter and a depth up to 300 m (980 ft). These eruptions occurred in a period of about 100,000 years, with the youngest (the Devil Mountain Maar) occurring about 17,500 years ago. Their large size is due to

925-419: The lake may no longer exist. Since maar lakes are formed after initially ground or subsurface water interacts with a magma intrusion to create an explosion crater, the name came to be used for the crater type as well. The present definition of the term relates to both its common and scientific discourse use in language over two centuries. Depending upon context there may be other descriptors available to use in

962-621: The latter is the Eckfelder Maar . Near Steffeln is the Eichholzmaar (also called the Gussweiher ) which has dried out during the last century and is being renaturalised into a maar. In some cases the underlying rock is so porous that maar lakes are unable to form. After winters of heavy snow and rainfall many dry maars fill partially and temporarily with water; others contain small bogs or often artificial ponds that, however, only occupy part of

999-729: The maars of Big Hole , Hole-in-the-Ground , Table Rock ); in Death Valley National Park , California ( Ubehebe Crater ); in Nevada ( Soda Lakes ); as well as the maars of the White Rock Canyon , Mount Taylor , the Potrillo volcanic fields ( Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole ), and Zuñi Salt Lake in New Mexico. In Central Mexico, the Tarascan volcanic field contains several maars in

1036-685: The mainland of the Americas, is on the western tip. The cape is only 51 mi (82 km) from Cape Dezhnev , the closest point on the Russian mainland. In August 2011 Russia announced an ambitious project to construct a rail tunnel under the Bering Strait, linking the Seward Peninsula in Alaska with the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia. If completed, the project would cost an estimated US$ 65 billion and would be

1073-468: The northern portion of the peninsula are the largest maar lakes in the world and part of the Espenberg volcanic field . They were formed over 21,000 years ago as the result of an underground steam explosion. The Killeak Lakes and White Fish Lake are also volcanic maar lakes of notable size on the northern Seward Peninsula. Four mountain ranges line the southern side of the peninsula, the most prominent being

1110-426: The pre-eruptive surface ". Maar lakes , also referred to simply as maars , occur when groundwater or precipitation fills the funnel-shaped and usually round hollow of the maar depression formed by volcanic explosions. Examples of these types of maar are the three maars at Daun in the Eifel mountains of Germany . A dry maar results when a maar lake dries out, becomes aggraded or silted up . An example of

1147-534: The south side of the Bendeleben Mountains than it does on the north. Seward Peninsula The Seward Peninsula is a remnant of the Bering land bridge , a roughly thousand-mile-wide swath of land connecting Siberia with mainland Alaska during the Pleistocene Ice Age . This land bridge aided in the migration of humans, as well as plant and animal species, from Asia to North America. Excavations at sites such as

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1184-655: The states of Michoacán and Guanajuato . In Nicaragua is the maar of Laguna de Xiloa, part of the Apoyeque volcano. From South America, there are known maars in Chile (e.g. Cerro Overo and Cerro Tujle in northern Chile). Jayu Khota is a maar in Bolivia . The maar of Birket Ram lies on the Golan Heights ; further south maars occur in Africa ( Bilate Volcanic Field and Haro Maja in

1221-741: The underlying diatreme , as well as chunks of ancient crystalline rocks blasted upward from great depths. Maars in Canada are found in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field of east-central British Columbia and in kimberlite fields throughout Canada. Another field of maars is found in the Pali-Aike Volcanic Field in Patagonia , South America. and in the Sudanese Bayuda Volcanic Field . The Auckland volcanic field in

1258-700: The urban area of Auckland , New Zealand, has several maars, including the readily accessible Lake Pupuke in the North Shore suburb of Takapuna . Arizona 's Meteor Crater was for many years thought to be a maar of volcanic origin but it is now known to be an impact crater . In the Volcanic Eifel there are about 75 maars. Both lake-filled and dry maars are typical, though the latter are more common. The last eruptions took place at least 11,000 years ago, and many maars are older, as evidenced by their heavy erosion and less obvious shapes and volcanic features. In

1295-425: The valley of the Niukluk River as far west as Libby River , which rises on the west side of Mount Bendeleben. Eastward, spruce grows along all the streams. On the northern side of the Bendeleben Mountains, spruce is found in the valley of the Koyuk River , west to the vicinity of Timber Creek on the south, and to the tributaries heading toward Kiwalik Mountain on the north. Spruce extends considerably farther west on

1332-569: The world's longest tunnel at 64 mi (103 km) long. The peninsula was named after William H. Seward , the United States Secretary of State who negotiated the Purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. 65°20′N 164°15′W  /  65.333°N 164.250°W  / 65.333; -164.250 Maar A maar is a broad, low- relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma ). A maar characteristically fills with water to form

1369-410: Was believed that migrating caribou could be prevented from mingling with the domesticated reindeer on the Peninsula because of the geography of the peninsula, thereby avoiding loss of reindeer that might wander off with caribou. However, in 1997 the domesticated reindeer joined the Western Arctic Caribou Herd on their summer migration and disappeared. Cape Prince of Wales , the westernmost point on

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