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63-506: Ferry services include weekly Friday departures and arrivals on the state-run Alaska Marine Highway System . There is also an additional summer ferry on alternating Saturdays. Alaska-bound ferries also stop in Prince Rupert, British Columbia , providing a direct link between the lower 48 states and northern British Columbia. The terminal offers regular passenger ferry access to the nearby San Juan Islands , operated by private companies. It

126-527: A 12-hour shift. In 2004, the MV Lituya was added to the fleet to make the 16.5-nautical-mile (30.6 km) trip between Ketchikan and Metlakatla in Southeast. With a design heavily influenced by oil rig supply vessels, she is unique among the fleet with an open car deck and limited passenger facilities. Costing only $ 9.5 million ($ 15 million today), her low fuel consumption and small crew complement make her

189-599: A 20-year lease with the city of Bellingham . Facing the need to increase capacity, both the Matanuska and Malaspina were stretched by 56 feet, beyond the capacity of some of the smaller harbors and leaving the Taku as the only AMHS ship in Southeast able to serve some of the smaller communities. To serve the smaller communities of Southeast, the AMHS ordered the MV LeConte in 1974 and

252-577: A converted LCT-Mark VI landing craft , christened the MV ; Chilkoot . They operated a weekly service from Tee Harbor (north of Juneau) to Haines and Skagway, connecting the territorial capital to the international road system. The Chilkoot Motorship Lines was purchased by the territorial government , and moved under the Territorial Board of Road Commissioners in 1951. In 1957, the MV Chillkoot

315-477: A high percentage of tourists in the summer, and provide service between Bellingham, Washington, or Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and Skagway, Alaska. Along the way, the ships stop in Ketchikan, Wrangell, Petersburg, Sitka, Juneau, and Haines. The smaller communities Kake and Hoonah are served by certain mainline sailings. During 2008, the five largest AMHS vessels were used on the Southeast mainline routes. These were

378-563: A length of 203 feet, its designation was changed to landing ship medium (LSM). The new variant could attain speeds of up to 12 knots and saw usage in the Pacific. 558 were built. The 225-foot LCT Mark 8, intended for service in the Pacific, was developed by the British in 1944. One hundred and eighty-six Mk.8s were ordered; however, when the war ended, most were cancelled and scrapped, or sold directly into civilian service. Only 31 entered service with

441-574: A seasonal, summer-only service, or cut entirely. 48°43′18″N 122°30′45″W  /  48.72167°N 122.51250°W  / 48.72167; -122.51250 Alaska Marine Highway System The Alaska Marine Highway ( AMH ) or the Alaska Marine Highway System ( AMHS ) is a ferry service operated by the U.S. state of Alaska . It has its headquarters in Ketchikan, Alaska . The Alaska Marine Highway System operates along

504-480: A tank deck set below the waterline. The tank deck swept up above the waterline near the bow before falling away again to the ramp. Engines were two Hall Scott Defender petrol engines of 500 hp each. The craft were arranged in four sections so they could be shipped to the Eastern Mediterranean as deck cargo on merchant ships. Thirty of these craft were ordered. The LCT Mark 2 was longer and wider than

567-509: A total of 32 terminals throughout Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. It is part of the National Highway System and receives federal highway funding. It is also the only method of transportation of vehicles between the state and the contiguous United States not requiring international customs and immigration. The Alaska Marine Highway System is a rare example in the U.S. of a shipping line offering regularly scheduled service for

630-499: A variety of weapons, with the British (40mm) QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" mounts being gradually replaced by the faster firing 20 mm Oerlikon cannon . The Bofors 40 mm was also widely used, and proved that the LCT was an excellent gunfire support vessel. Various machines guns were often mounted for self-defence from aircraft and small boats, often two to four in the .30-calibre (7.62 mm) and .50-calibre (12.7 mm), range depending on

693-623: Is home port for small cruise ships, whale watching boats and charter vessels. Beginning in September 2020, the terminal has also been home to a temporary ferry to Point Roberts , providing alternative access amid the COVID-19 pandemic and closure of the Canadian border. The cruise ship terminal is located adjacent to the Fairhaven train station , which is served by Amtrak 's regional Cascades service. It

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756-450: Is in two parts, separated by 130 metres (430 ft). This suggests the vessel was broken in two by the weather and the two halves remained afloat long enough to allow them to drift slightly apart. A Mark 1 Landing Craft, A6, has been visible a few meters from the shore of the archaeological site of Phalasarna , West Crete, since it was sunk in 1941 during the Battle of Crete . The history of

819-537: Is nearby on Harris Street. The Cruise Terminal includes a restaurant, short and long term parking, and vessel sewer pump-out. The terminal is accessed from Interstate 5 via State Route 11 . The proposed 2019 budget from the Alaskan state government includes $ 100 million in cuts to the Alaska Marine Highway system, representing a loss of 75% of current funding. With the cuts, the ferry system could be modified into

882-530: Is of this type. The Mark 4 had a much wider beam - 38 ft 9 in (11.81 m) - than the Mark 3. Built for use in the English Channel , it had a displacement of 586 tons and was powered by two 460 hp Paxman diesels. With a capacity of 350 tons, it could carry nine M4 Sherman or six Churchill tanks. Eight hundred and sixty-five Mk.4s were built, the largest LCT production in British yards. In addition to

945-594: Is the northernmost stop in the United States, with trains continuing to Vancouver , British Columbia, and south to Seattle , Portland, Oregon , and Eugene, Oregon . The building is owned by the Port of Bellingham and also serves as a Greyhound bus terminal. Whatcom Transportation Authority operates local buses between the terminal and other parts of Bellingham. Private airport shuttles offer scheduled service to Bellingham International Airport . A visitor information center

1008-532: The 17-pounder high velocity gun, specifically deployed to attack fortifications. Other variants included the Landing Craft Tank (Hospital) (LCT(H)) for casualty evacuation, and one LCT served as a floating bakery at Normandy. Some LCTs with specialised weaponry were used as floating anti-aircraft batteries . These were often manned by mixed army and navy crews. Others were modified after the war for uses such as dredging. Unlike most wartime landing craft,

1071-533: The Korean and Vietnam Wars . Let there be built great ships which can cast upon a beach, in any weather, large numbers of the heaviest tanks. In 1926, the first motor landing craft (MLC1) was built by the Royal Navy. It weighed 16 tons, with a draught of 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m), and was capable of about 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph). It was later developed into the landing craft mechanised . It

1134-617: The MV Aurora in 1978. These would be the last new ships built for the AMHS for 20 years, ending the initial construction of the AMHS. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound. The State of Alaska's on scene response was managed from the E.L. Bartlett, later relieved by the Aurora. Suction trucks were placed in the car-deck, temporarily converting

1197-657: The MV Tazlina was delivered in August 2018 by the Vigor Shipyard in Ketchikan, AK, and the MV Hubbard was launched in June 2023. All current vessels are named after Alaskan glaciers . In addition to the current fleet, the following vessels have been retired: The AMHS carries around 350,000 passengers and 100,000 vehicles every year. In their 2008 Annual Traffic Volume Report,

1260-465: The MV  Columbia , MV  Kennicott , MV  Malaspina , MV  Matanuska , and the MV  Taku . Day boat service was also provided on the North Lynn Canal route during the peak summer season by MV Malaspina. This route provides round-trip service between Juneau, Haines and Skagway. The day boat routes connect the smaller communities of Southeast Alaska with each other and with

1323-607: The Persian Gulf War ) over long distances, but can be delivered by Landing Craft Air Cushion . As of August 2007, at least one wartime LCT is still in use, the Mark 5 LCT-203 , now renamed Outer Island , and operating on Lake Superior as a dredge and construction barge. As of August 2016, the Mark 6 LCT-1433 was also in use as a fishing/merchant vessel in Kodiak, Alaska , having been renamed Cape Douglas . The British Mark 2, converted to LCT rocket LCT(2)(R) 147 served in

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1386-552: The Polish Navy amphibious forces, with BDS, later ODS prefixes. Production: Delivered: Nine hundred and sixty Mk.6s were built. One hundred and sixty Mk.5 and Mk.6 LCTs were provided as Lend-Lease to the Royal Navy, and a small number to the Soviet Union . Production: Delivered: The Mark 7 was an even larger LCT that could carry troops. In 1944, when the Mk.7 design reached

1449-633: The Vietnam War as harbor utility craft (YFU) as they no longer served in an amphibious assault role, but were used in harbor support roles such as transporting goods from supply ships; however, the YFU-71-class were 11 "Skilak" lighters purchased as ' commercial off-the-shelf ', and so were not originally LCUs. In 1964, NASA converted an LCT Mk.5 for astronaut recovery training as MV Retriever . Currently, tanks are mostly transported via Airlift or National Defense Reserve Fleet freighters (as during

1512-540: The AMHS is one of the top modes of transportation to the "Last Frontier". Service drops off significantly in winter. Vessels usually undergo overhauls and renovations during this period due to the decline in passenger and vehicle traffic (attributed to a lack of tourists). Together, these services cover the length of the Inside Passage . They connect at a number of locations. Landing craft tank The Landing Craft, Tank ( LCT ) (or tank landing craft , TLC )

1575-523: The AMHS with a significantly longer route system, and no new vessels to serve it. Faced with the lengthy construction time and cost of building a new vessel, the AMHS looked abroad to find a quicker solution. The Stena Britannica , just a year old, was purchased and rechristened the MV Wickersham . While the Wickersham was relatively inexpensive to purchase, and could be added to the system quickly, she

1638-407: The Alaska Marine Highway reported moving 340,412 passengers and 109,839 vehicles; equating to the highest passenger ridership in eight years and the highest vehicle ridership in sixteen. The Ferry is very popular with summer tourists (one of the primary reasons Bellingham and Prince Rupert are AMHS destinations). Tent cities commonly sprout up on the aft of mainline vessels, and for budget travellers,

1701-711: The Alaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian Islands. The MV Tustumena provides regular service between Kodiak, Port Lions, Seldovia and Homer. In 2008, between April and October, the MV Tustumena traveled out the Aleutian chain once a month to Unalaska/Dutch Harbor, stopping at Chignik, Sand Point, King Cove, False Pass, Akutan and Cold Bay. This trip is not made in the winter because of adverse weather conditions. In 2008 service in Prince William Sound to Valdez, Cordova and Whittier

1764-485: The LCT remained in active duty with the U.S. Navy after the war, and many LCTs were also loaned or given to the post-war navies of Allied countries. In early 1949, their designation was changed to landing ship utility (LSU), and changed again in late 1949 to landing craft utility (LCU) . New landing craft (the LCU 1466-, 1610-, 1627- , and 1646-classes) were also built to a modified Mark 5 design. Some were later reclassified during

1827-557: The MV Columbia , a sit-down restaurant are also offered. In July 2011 the Marine Highway began the bidding process to build the first of what they refer to as "Alaska-Class Vessels", made to travel shorter routes. They would not have staterooms available for passengers. One hundred-twenty million dollars were set aside for the project, and the future ships names were selected from a contest amongst Alaska students. The first ferry named

1890-583: The Mark 1, with three Napier Lion petrol engines replacing the Hall-Scotts as these were required for Coastal Forces craft. At 2,700 nautical miles (5,000 km; 3,100 mi), it had three times the range of its predecessor. Seventy-three Mk.2s were built. Increasing the beam of the Mk2 by 2 ft (0.61 m) allowed a much greater cargo capacity of lighter vehicles, where the Mk1 could only carry three Valentine tanks

1953-509: The Mark 2 could carry 7. The first craft were ordered in December 1940 and completed in March 1941. The craft was a little faster but three sets of running gear strained the supply position so later Mk2 had two Paxman diesel engines of 500 hp each. It was apparent now that LCTs would be required in huge numbers and ship builders would not have the capacity so structural steelwork firms were added to

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2016-690: The North Africa landings, then as a clandestine immigration ship post-war. She is now at the Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum in Haifa , Israel. The British Mark 3 LCT 7074 served in Normandy and was decommissioned in 1948 and presented to the Master Mariners' Club of Liverpool to be used as their club ship and renamed Landfall . Later converted to a floating nightclub, in the late 1990s

2079-622: The Royal Navy. Twelve were later transferred to the British Army; these were initially operated by the Royal Army Service Corps , then by the Royal Corps of Transport . Between 1958 and 1966, the other 19 ships were transferred to foreign navies or civilian companies, converted for other uses, or otherwise disposed of. An even larger LCT Mark 9 was considered in 1944, but the design was never finalised and none were built. The LCTs had

2142-465: The Southeast Alaska mainline communities (Ketchikan, Petersburg, Wrangell, Sitka, Juneau, Haines and Skagway) that serve as regional centers for commerce, government health services, and/or connections to other transportation systems. The day boat routes primarily serve local residents, and include Angoon, Hoonah, Kake, Metlakatla, Pelican, and Tenakee. In 2008, three AMHS vessels provided service on

2205-507: The U.S. for the invasion. The Landing Craft Tank (self-propelled) (LCT(SP)) carried self-propelled guns for fire support; in U.S. vessels these were 155 mm, while the British used M7 105 mm self-propelled guns and called them "Landing Craft Tank (High Explosive)" (LCT(HE)). A related variant was the British Landing Craft Tank (Concrete Buster) (LCT(CB)), which carried three British Sherman Firefly tanks fitted with

2268-614: The craft is used to trade between the UK and Italy; useful because of its ability to load and unload lorries on beaches rather than in the many Italian harbours destroyed in WW2. Hammond Innes' 1962 adventure novel Atlantic Fury describes the hasty late-season evacuation, on LCTs, of equipment and personnel from a military radar station on an island called Laerg (based on Hirta , in the St. Kilda Archipelago, about 40 miles west of Scotland's Outer Hebrides ), while

2331-550: The day boat routes. These were the MV  LeConte , the MV  Fairweather and the MV  Lituya . The MV Lituya is dedicated to providing day boat service between Ketchikan and Metlakatla. The Southeast System connects with the continental road system at Bellingham, Washington, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and in Alaska at Haines and Skagway. When the MV Kennicott , a vessel certified to operate in open waters, joined

2394-568: The ferry into a spill response vessel. The State of Alaska determined a new vessel was necessary, and the new vessel should be designed from the beginning to be able to take on a command and control role in the case of another disaster. Funded in part by settlement money from Exxon , the MV Kennicott joined the system in 1998. New construction since the Kennicott has focused on day boats, which can run their expected schedule and return home within

2457-481: The fleet in the summer 1998 the ferry system expanded to include regular cross-gulf sailings. Also known as "inter-tie trips", these sailings connect Southeastern Alaska with Southcentral and Southwest regions of the state. All cross-gulf trips include a stop at the port of Yakutat , a community unique in that it is served only on a cross-gulf route. During 2008, the AMHS provided Yakutat with 10 port calls. The Southwest system serves Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island,

2520-630: The following communities year-round: The following vessels, from smallest to largest, currently serve in the Alaska Marine Highway's fleet: Most Alaska Marine Highway System vessels are built for multiple-day voyages due to the large distances between ports. For example, it takes just under three days to travel from Bellingham to Skagway, and 18 hours for the Sitka to Juneau "milk run". Because of this, larger vessels (MV Tustumena and larger) come with staterooms, while all mainline vessels have solariums , showers, and lounges for sleeping. Hot food services and, on

2583-665: The increased beam, the Mark IV had a draught reduced to 3 ft 8in forward and 4 ft aft, allowing assault operations of much flatter beaches. The tank deck was brought above the waterline. Construction was somewhat flimsy and a number of these vessels broke their backs on uneven beaches or in heavy seas; nevertheless, the type gave excellent service. Later versions were stiffened and some made voyages to India. All of these vessels were built from prefabricated kits assembled in riverside yards, no ship builders were used in their construction. After World War II, eleven were used in 1950-1960 by

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2646-477: The last known Mark 4, LCT 728 , was rediscovered rotting at the Port of Poole alongside another unknown Mark 3, possibly LCT(4) 510 . They were used as barges in the 1950s. In 2020, the wreck of an LCT was discovered off Bardsey Island , Wales at a depth of 90 metres (300 ft). The vessel is thought to be LCT 326 , which disappeared on 31 January 1943 in heavy weather with the loss of all 14 crew. The wreck

2709-528: The most economical vessel in the fleet, giving the AMHS real-world data on the effectiveness of small, short-haul ferries in Southeast waters. In 2019, a labor strike involving over 400 members of the Inlandboatman's Union of the Pacific shut down the AMH for several days between July 24 and August 2. This strike, the first one the AMH had seen in 42 years, led to a $ 3.2 million loss in revenue and reimbursements and

2772-680: The operating country. Some models were fitted with a pair of 'Fast Aerial Mine' launchers near the bow. Several special purpose versions were created for use during the Normandy landings . The British created the Landing Craft Tank (Rocket) (LCT(R)) modified to fire salvoes of three-inch RP-3 rockets, while the Landing Craft Guns (Large) (LCG(L)) was armed with two QF 4.7 inch guns , eight Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns and two 2-pounder pom-poms . These ships did not beach; their mission

2835-472: The primary purpose of transportation of passengers rather than of leisure or entertainment. Voyages can last many days, but, in contrast to the luxury of a typical cruise line, cabins cost extra, and most food is served cafeteria-style . The forerunner to the Alaska Marine Highway was the Chilkoot Motorship Lines, founded in 1948 by Haines residents Steve Homer and Ray Gelotte. The company used

2898-441: The program to prefabricate the structure and former shipyards reopened to assemble the craft. Like the Mark 1 the Mark 2 was assembled in four sections to facilitate shipping to Eastern Mediterranean. At 192 feet (59 m) the Mark 3 was 32 feet (9.8 m) longer than the Mark 2. Although this meant extra weight, the vessel was slightly faster than the Mark 1. Two hundred and thirty-five Mk. 3s were built. The 32 ft section

2961-501: The south-central coast of the state, the eastern Aleutian Islands and the Inside Passage of Alaska and British Columbia , Canada. Ferries serve communities in Southeast Alaska that have no road access, and the vessels can transport people, freight, and vehicles. AMHS's 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of routes go as far south as Bellingham, Washington , in the contiguous United States and as far west as Unalaska/Dutch Harbor , with

3024-661: The state until 2004. In 1967, two events acted to severely restrict transportation to and from Southeast Alaska. A slide took out the Alaska Highway to the North, and BC Ferries MV Queen of Prince Rupert ran aground, severely limiting transfer passengers' ability to move between the AMHS Southern terminus of Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Seattle . Until this time, portions of the passage between Southeast Alaska and Washington State were classified as outside waters, and none of

3087-699: The vessel was acquired by the Warship Preservation Trust and was moored at Birkenhead . In January 2006, the Trust went into liquidation and the ship was left to rot, and by April 2010 had sunk at her berth. The craft was refloated in East Float on 16 October 2014 and moved to Portsmouth for renovation. LCT 7074's renovation was completed in summer 2020 and she was moved to her new home at The D-Day Story museum in Southsea on 24 August 2020. A D-Day veteran and

3150-432: The vessel, partly based on interviews of the captain, John Sutton, was investigated by Michael Bendon. Hammond Innes ' 1946 adventure novel Dead and Alive describes the recovery of an LCT that had been washed up and wrecked on a Cornish coastal inlet. This is probably meant to be a Mark 3 because it is said to have had a pair of Paxman engines with two shafts and had previously been fitted with Pom-poms. Once recovered,

3213-445: The vessels the AMHS operated in Southeast Alaska had the necessary ocean-going certification required to carry passengers on outside waters. Citing the need for a transportation link between Alaska and the rest of the United States, then governor Wally Hickel ordered the AMHS to send a vessel south to Seattle while putting a request to Congress to re-classify the route as inside waters. The federal government agreed to do so, which left

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3276-782: The winter months when traffic demand was significantly reduced and weather conditions worsened, the MV Chenega was moved to North Lynn Canal to replace the Fairweather for its overhaul period. The MV Tustumena also underwent a CIP project, leaving the MV Aurora to provide service between the ports. The Alaska Marine Highway's main hub is in Juneau , though administrative offices are in Ketchikan . Other smaller operational hubs include Cordova ( Prince William Sound ), Ketchikan (southern Panhandle ), and Kodiak (Southcentral Alaska). The AMHS serves

3339-505: Was added in May 1941 to the Mark 2 as a fifth building section, parallel sided. This meant the capacity went to 11 Valentines or 11 M4 Sherman medium tanks or 5 Churchill infantry tanks. 166 craft were built using two Paxman diesels, 71 were built in the winter of 1943-1944 to a slightly revised pattern using two Sterling Admiral petrol engines. These are usually referred to as Mark 3* or 7000 series as they had pennant numbers from 7000 upwards. LCT7074 , currently preserved in Portsmouth, UK,

3402-437: Was an amphibious assault craft for landing tanks on beachheads. They were initially developed by the Royal Navy and later by the United States Navy during World War II in a series of versions. Initially known as the "tank landing craft" (TLC) by the British, they later adopted the U.S. nomenclature "landing craft, tank" (LCT). The United States continued to build LCTs post-war, and used them under different designations in

3465-404: Was at the insistence of the British prime minister Winston Churchill in mid-1940 that the LCT was created. Its speed was 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) on engines delivering about 700 hp (520 kW). Designated the LCT Mark 1, 20 were ordered in July 1940 and a further 10 in October 1940. ) The first LCT Mark 1 was launched by Hawthorn Leslie , Hebburn on Tyne, in November 1940. It

3528-434: Was close-in gunfire support. The Landing Craft Tank (Armoured) (LCT(A)) was designed for use by the first wave and was equipped with additional armour protection for the crew stations and on the bows, while a heavy wooden ramp allowed the two forward tanks to fire forward. These were all U.S-built LCT Mk.5s, which had been provided under Lend-Lease to the British for Mediterranean operations, then "reverse lend-leased" back to

3591-401: Was designed to land three of the heaviest tanks (40t) then envisaged for the British Army in 2 ft 6ins of water on a 1:35 gradient beach. The load capacity was three 40-ton tanks, six 25-ton tanks or six 16-ton tanks. The forward draught was 3 feet forward and 5 feet 9 inches aft. They were designed on the same principle as a floating dock, with watertight side pontoons on each side joined by

3654-556: Was never re-flagged as an American ship, and so commercial operation between US ports of call was a violation of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (commonly known as the Jones Act ). Initially, the State of Alaska had felt they would be able to get a waiver of the Jones Act for the Wickersham, but that request was blocked, severely limiting the scheduling flexibility of the ship. While the Wickersham could pick up passengers in Washington State and deliver them to Alaska if there were an intermediary stop in Canada, moving passengers within Alaska

3717-448: Was not allowed. Additionally, as the Wickersham was not specifically built for Alaskan ports, she was limited as to which ports she could dock at. The AMHS ordered the new construction of the MV Columbia , which replaced the Wickersham on the mainline Seattle route in 1974. The southern terminus of the AMHS remained in Seattle until October 1989, when it moved to the Bellingham Cruise Terminal in Fairhaven, Washington , after signing

3780-399: Was provided by the MV Aurora . The MV Chenega provided additional service during the summer season, and the MV Kennicott provided supplemental service. AMHS also provided fifty-five stops in the village of Tatitlek and thirty-six stops in Chenega Bay. Tourist passengers add a significant percentage to the Prince William Sound traffic in the summer, especially between Valdez and Whittier. In

3843-399: Was replaced by the MV Chilkat , which remained a part of the system until being decommissioned in 1988. In 1959, the year Alaska became a state, voters approved an $ 18 million ($ 188 million today) bond package to improve the ferry system throughout the Southeast and Southcentral regions. The package included 4 new vessels and new docks throughout. The first of these new vessels built

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3906-436: Was resolved with federal mediation. The southeast AMHS route system is divided into two subsystems: the mainline routes which typically take more than one day for the ship to travel; and shorter routes where the vessels depart their home port in the morning, travel to destination ports and then return to their home port on the same day. The shorter routes are commonly referred to as "day boat" routes. The mainline routes carry

3969-434: Was the MV Malaspina , followed closely by the MV Matanuska and MV Taku . With 3 new ships, and a new name, the Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS) was born. The following year, the ocean-certified MV Tustumena was completed, the Chilkat moved to Prince William Sound , and the AMHS started service in Southcentral. In 1969, that service was expanded with the addition of the MV E.L. Bartlett , in service with

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