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131-572: The Bell Rock Lighthouse , off the coast of Angus, Scotland , is the world's oldest surviving sea-washed lighthouse . It was built between 1807 and 1810 by Robert Stevenson on the Bell Rock (also known as Inchcape ) in the North Sea , 11 miles (18 km) east of the Firth of Tay . Standing 35 metres (115 ft) tall, its light is visible from 35 statute miles (56 km) inland. The masonry work on which

262-431: A fortnight later his youngest daughter Janet also died of this disease. Rennie wrote Stevenson a consoling letter. During this final period of construction the lighthouse became something of a tourist attraction. Many people were anxious to see the completion of the tallest off-shore lighthouse in the world. In this final season, while the men were staying in the beacon house, a 7-hour storm struck. Worker Charles Henderson

393-566: A Jewish (Mosaic Law-based) observation of the Sabbath and manner of rest. Christian practice of following Sabbath after the manner of the Hebrews declined, prompting Tertullian to note "to [us] Sabbaths are strange" and unobserved. Even as late as the 4th century, Judaizing was still sometimes a problem within the Church, but by this time it was repudiated strongly as heresy. Sunday was another work day in

524-453: A blacksmith so that the pickaxes used to cut the foundations could be re-sharpened on site). Stevenson did not want to use black powder as it might have damaged the rock on which the lighthouse was to stand. The workers set sail for the rock on 17 August 1807, and would be away for two months. While initially some workers had been reluctant to agree to work even on the Sabbath in order to complete

655-460: A buoy ring and drowned. As he had been the primary breadwinner for his family, Stevenson offered the now-vacant position to his younger brother, Alexander Scott, who accepted. In September 1808 John Bonnyman, a stonemason, had to have a finger amputated following an accident with the beam crane on the Rock; as recompense for this mishap he was later appointed one of the first lighthouse keepers. Stevenson

786-479: A civic institution established by human authority, which provided an occasion for bodily rest and public worship. Another Protestant, John Wesley , stated "This 'handwriting of ordinances' our Lord did blot out, take away, and nail to His cross. But the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, and enforced by the prophets, He did not take away. ... The moral law stands on an entirely different foundation from

917-442: A day of the week but now by the upholding of that to which it pointed: the gospel of the [Kingdom of God]. Much of Western Christianity came to view Sunday as a transference of Sabbath observance to the first day, identifying Sunday with a first-day "Christian Sabbath". While first-day Sabbatarian practice declined during the 18th century, leaving few modern followers, its concern for stricter Sunday observances did have influence in

1048-647: A day or any other span, but the Church leads the individual to holiness in different ways, and recognizes the need for economy and for rest. Activities such as sleep, relaxation, and recreation become a matter of balance and proper handling, and acceptance of God's mercy. St. Basil the Great expresses thanks for this in a prayer often said by Orthodox Christians in the morning, after rising: "You do we bless, O Most High God and Lord of mercy, ... Who has given unto us sleep for rest from our infirmity, and for repose of our much-toiling flesh." In recognition of God's gifts, therefore,

1179-509: A few hours a day at low tide , it lies just below the surface of the sea. By the turn of the 19th century, it was estimated that, in a typical winter, as many as six ships were wrecked on the rock. (In one storm, seventy ships had been lost off the east coast of Scotland.) In 1799, the Masters of Trinity House in Leith (who oversaw most of the shipping issues on the eastern coast) determined to build

1310-513: A frivolous " weekend " mentality. Lutheran founder Martin Luther stated "I wonder exceedingly how it came to be imputed to me that I should reject the law of Ten Commandments. ...Whosoever abrogates the law must of necessity abrogate sin also." The Lutheran Augsburg Confession , speaking of changes made by Roman Catholic pontiffs, states: "They refer to the Sabbath-day as having been changed into

1441-457: A further two Sycamore helicopters, an RAF rescue launch and three lifeboats searched the area, recovering the body of XG501's navigator; the body of the pilot was not recovered. The lighthouse was damaged, including the loss of its light, but its keepers were uninjured. Owing to bad weather, the lighthouse could not be repaired until after 20 December, when conditions permitted the delivery of supplies. Scottish musician Alastair McDonald re-worded

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1572-422: A light on the Bell Rock, due to the high numbers of losses. They commissioned Scottish engineer Robert Stevenson to devise a design for a lighthouse on the Bell Rock, but the proposal was shelved due to concerns about cost, the relatively radical nature of the proposed design and Stevenson's relative youth. The cost would be borne by the east coast towns (as it was not only Dundee ships being lost). However, after

1703-462: A majority language in the Highlands and Hebrides until the 19th century. Angus Council are planning to raise the status of Gaelic in the county by adopting a series of measures, including bilingual road signage, communications, vehicle livery and staffing. Angus Council is the local authority for the area. The first election to Angus District Council was held in 1974, initially operating as

1834-500: A mile to the North of the town. These burials included pottery urns, a pair of silver discs and a gold armlet. Iron Age archaeology is also well represented, for example in the souterrain nearby Warddykes cemetery and at West Grange of Conan, as well as the better-known examples at Carlungie and Ardestie. The county is traditionally associated with the Pictish territory of Circin , which

1965-406: A mixture of Judaism and Christianity. They united baptism with the observance of all the rites of Judaism, circumcision excepted. We may perhaps recognize a branch of the older Judaizing sects." Cardinal Hergenrother says that they stood in intimate relation with Emperor Michael II (AD 821-829), and testifies that they observed Sabbath. As late as the 11th century Cardinal Humbert still referred to

2096-482: A number of villages immediately north of Dundee were transferred to an enlarged City of Dundee district, and Kettins was transferred to Perth and Kinross . Angus District Council was a lower-tier district level authority subordinate to the Tayside Regional Council . A lieutenancy area covering the same area as the new district was created at the same time. Further local government reforms in 1996 under

2227-508: A reinterpretation of the meaning of the Sabbath in the light of Christian law, emphases of practice, and values. In the Latin Church , Sunday is kept in commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus and celebrated with the Eucharist . The Lord's Day is considered both the first day and the "eighth day" of the week , symbolizing both first creation and new creation (2174). Roman Catholics view

2358-403: A sea-winching exercise at the Bell Rock lighthouse. At approximately 10:00, the helicopter's tail rotor struck the anemometer on the top of the lighthouse, and as a result the aircraft crashed into the sea. The incident was witnessed by the crew of a second helicopter that immediately transmitted a distress call and flew to the scene of the crash. In response to the distress signal, four aircraft,

2489-577: A shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the change to council areas which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control since 1975 has been as follows: The council's civic head is the Provost of Angus. There have been seven Provosts since its establishment in 1996 – Frances Duncan, Bill Middleton, Ruth Leslie-Melville, Helen Oswald, Alex King, Ronnie Proctor and Brian Boyd. The role of provost

2620-479: A sign of the way that Christians were called to permanently devote themselves to God, and an eschatological symbol. One such interpretation of Hebrews states that seventh-day Sabbath is no longer relevant as a regular, literal day of rest, but instead is a symbolic metaphor for the eternal salvation "rest" that Christians enjoy in Christ, which was in turn prefigured by the promised land of Canaan. The NT indicates that

2751-506: A significant presence in Montrose in the east of the county. Angus was historically a province , and later a sheriffdom and county (called Forfarshire or the County of Forfar until 1928), bordering Kincardineshire to the north-east, Aberdeenshire to the north and Perthshire to the west; southwards it faced Fife across the Firth of Tay . The county included Dundee until 1894, when it

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2882-490: A special role for the faithful. Many parishes and monasteries will serve the Divine Liturgy on both Saturday morning and Sunday morning. The church never allows strict fasting on any Saturday (except Holy Saturday ) or Sunday, and the fasting rules on those Saturdays and Sundays which fall during one of the fasting seasons (such as Great Lent , Apostles' Fast , etc.) are always relaxed to some degree. During Great Lent, when

3013-459: A traditional song called The Mermaid's Tale , and set the scene on Bell Rock instead of the Eddystone light . The first verse runs: Arbroath musician Ian Lamb also slightly reworked the melody for the traditional song "Come All Ye Tramps and Hawkers" and wrote "The Bell Rock Light" to mark the lighthouse's bicentenary in 2011. The first verse runs: R. M. Ballantyne 's novel The Lighthouse (1865)

3144-446: A whole day as Sabbath, advocating for rest during any weekly complete 24-hour period and favoring rest from Saturday sunset to Sunday sunset, but regarding corporate worship as "an essential part of God's Sabbath reclamation." Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Lutheran and Eastern Catholic Churches distinguish between the Sabbath (Saturday) and the Lord's Day (Sunday), and both continue to play

3275-467: Is a moral requirement along with the other nine. Thus in the West, Sunday rest became more closely associated with a Christian application of the Sabbath, a development towards the idea of a "Christian Sabbath" rather than a Hebrew one. Sunday worship and Sunday rest combined powerfully to relate to Sabbath commandment precepts. Seventh-day Sabbath was observed at least sporadically by a minority of groups during

3406-484: Is a small airport at Dundee, which at present operates flights to London and Belfast. Arbroath is the largest town in the modern county, followed by Forfar , the county town and administrative centre, and Montrose . Largest settlements by population: 23,500 14,120 11,730 11,310 8,860 7,230 6,060 Sabbath in Christianity Early Christians , at first mainly Jewish , observed

3537-519: Is always celebrated, joining the participants on earth with those who offer the worship in God's kingdom, and hence joining the first day to the eighth day , wherein the communion of the whole Church with Christ is fully realized. As such, it is never surpassed as a time for the Orthodox to assemble in worship. The Church affirms its authority to appoint the time of this feast (and all observances) as deriving from

3668-632: Is an area of rich history from Pictish times onwards. Notable historic sites in addition to Arbroath Abbey include Glamis Castle , Arbroath Signal Tower museum and the Bell Rock Lighthouse , described as one of the Seven Wonders of the Industrial World . Angus was one of the ancient provinces of Scotland, under the authority of the Mormaer or Earl of Angus . From at least the thirteenth century

3799-404: Is at liberty to consider even this day to be holy or not holy, as he happens to be persuaded in his own mind." "That the Sabbath is of lasting obligation", writes Clarke, "may be reasonable concluded from its institution and from its typical references. All allow that the Sabbath is a type of rest in glory which remains for the people of God. Now, all types are intended to continue in full force till

3930-735: Is being made here to the Jewish institutions, and especially their festivals; such as the passover, pentecost, feast of tabernacles, new moons, jubilee, &c." Jewish Christians continued to think of these special days and festivals to be of moral obligation. In contrast, the Gentile Christians had never been trained to observe these special days related to the Jewish ceremonial law and therefore had no inclination nor desire to observe them. Furthermore, those who had been instrumental in their conversion enforced no such requirement upon them. In consequence, they paid no religious regard to these special days of

4061-477: Is centred on the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse. Angus, Scotland Angus ( Scots : Angus ; Scottish Gaelic : Aonghas ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland , and a lieutenancy area . The council area borders Aberdeenshire , Dundee City and Perth and Kinross . Main industries include agriculture and fishing . Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has

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4192-608: Is divided into 8 wards: Council meetings are generally held at Forfar Town and County Hall at The Cross in the centre of Forfar. In 2007 the council moved its main offices to a new building called Angus House on Silvie Way in the Orchardbank Business Park on the outskirts of Forfar. The council also has offices in Arbroath . Previously the council's main offices had been at County Buildings , on Market Street in Forfar. When

4323-612: Is first recorded as one of the provinces of Scotland in 937, when Dubacan , the Mormaer of Angus , is recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba as having died at the Battle of Brunanburh . The signing of the Declaration of Arbroath at Arbroath Abbey in 1320 marked Scotland's establishment as an independent nation. Partly on this basis, Angus is marketed as the birthplace of Scotland. It

4454-563: Is largely ceremonial in Angus. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council . The leaders since 1996 have been: Following the 2022 election and subsequent by-elections and changes of allegiance up to April 2024, the composition of the council was: Two of the independent councillors form part of the council's administration with the SNP. The next election is due in 2027. Election results since 1995 have been as follows: Angus

4585-468: Is my last day in this wearisome life, when I shall keep the Sabbath after my troublesome labours. At midnight this Sunday, as Scripture saith, 'I shall go the way of my fathers'" and he then dies that night. The identification of this Sabbath day as a Saturday in the narrative is clear in the context, because Columba is recorded as seeing an angel at the Mass on the previous Sunday and the narrative claims he dies in

4716-559: Is now commonly identified as Friday sunset to Saturday night when three stars are first visible in the night sky. The Sabbath continued to be observed on the seventh day in the early Christian church. To this day, the liturgical day continues to be observed in line with the Hebrew reckoning in the church calendars in Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy . In the Latin Church , "the liturgical day runs from midnight to midnight. However,

4847-636: Is prohibited as well. Seeking to uphold the Lord's Day Act in French Quebec , the Catholic Sunday League was formed in 1923 to promote First-day Sabbatarian restrictions in the province, especially against movie theaters. In 1998 Pope John Paul II wrote an apostolic letter Dies Domini , "on keeping the Lord's day holy". He encouraged Catholics to remember the importance of keeping Sunday holy, urging that it not lose its meaning by being blended with

4978-585: Is represented by two MPs for the UK Parliament . Angus is represented by two constituency MSPs for the Scottish Parliament . In addition to the two constituency MSPs, Angus is also represented by seven MSPs for the North East Scotland electoral region. The Edinburgh-Aberdeen railway line runs along the coast, through Dundee and the towns of Monifieth, Carnoustie, Arbroath and Montrose. There

5109-613: Is spoken by 0.45% of the Angus population. This, similar to other lowland areas, is lower than the national average of 1.16%. These figures are self-reported and are not broken down into levels of fluency. Meanwhile, the 2011 census found that 38.4% of the population in Angus can speak Scots , above the Scottish average of 30.1%. This puts Angus as the council area with the sixth highest proficiency in Scots, behind only Shetland , Orkney , Moray , Aberdeenshire , and East Ayrshire . Historically,

5240-468: Is sufficient latitude allowed; all may be fully satisfied. "Our translators have added the word "alike" in verse 5. This word, according to Clarke, "should not be added; nor it is acknowledged by any [manuscript] or ancient version." By adding the word "alike", they "make the text say what [we can be] sure was never intended, viz. that there is no distinction of days, not even the Sabbath: and that every Christian

5371-684: Is there now, after that, according to the will of God, Jesus Christ the Son of God has been born without sin, of a virgin sprung from the stock of Abraham." With more clarification, Andrews also states: "Not only does he (Justin) declare that the Jews were commanded to keep the sabbath because of their wickedness, but in chapter nineteen he denies that any Sabbath existed before Moses. Thus, after naming Adam, Abel, Enoch, Lot, and Melchizedek, he says: "Moreover, all those righteous men already mentioned, though they kept no Sabbaths were pleasing to God." But though he thus denies

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5502-558: Is thought to have encompassed Angus and the Mearns . Bordering it were the kingdoms of Cé (Mar and Buchan) to the North, Fotla (Atholl) to the West, and Fib (Fife) to the South. The most visible remnants of the Pictish age are the numerous sculptured stones that can be found throughout Angus. Of particular note are the collections found at Aberlemno , St Vigeans , Kirriemuir and Monifieth . Angus

5633-595: The Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), in the Calvinist theological tradition. Paragraphs 7 and 8 of Chapter 21 ( Of Religious Worship, and the Sabbath Day ) read: The confession holds that not only is work forbidden on Sunday, but also "works, words, and thoughts" about "worldly employments and recreations". Instead, the whole day should be taken up with "public and private exercises of [one's] worship, and in

5764-702: The Apostles and practiced in the Coptic Orthodox Church much earlier. In response to colonial pressure by missionaries of the Catholic Church in the 1500s, the emperor Saint Gelawdewos wrote his Confession , an apologia of traditional beliefs and practices including observation of the Sabbath and a theological defense of the Miaphysitism of Oriental Orthodoxy . In it, he cites the Didascalia and distances

5895-659: The Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians , contrasts the Jewish Shabbat practices with the Christian life which includes the Lord's Day: Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner, and rejoice in days of idleness. [...] But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner, rejoicing in meditation on the law, not in relaxation of the body, admiring the workmanship of God, and not eating things prepared

6026-457: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 . Angus County Council was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 , which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts . A new Angus district was created covering most of the pre-1975 county, with the exceptions being that Monifieth and

6157-423: The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the regions and districts created in 1975 abolished and replaced with council areas providing all local government services. Angus district became one of the new council areas, taking on the functions of the abolished Tayside Regional Council. The council area regained Monifieth and the villages north of Dundee as part of the same reforms. The Angus lieutenancy area

6288-645: The Lord's Day as the First-day Christian Sabbath is binding: It has been argued by some that such as narrow view of the Christian Sabbath is overturned by St. Paul's letter to the Romans in which he writes: "One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not

6419-494: The Neolithic period . Material taken from postholes from an enclosure at Douglasmuir, near Friockheim , about five miles north of Arbroath has been radiocarbon dated to around 3500 BC. The function of the enclosure is unknown, but may have been for agriculture or for ceremonial purposes. Bronze Age archaeology is to be found in abundance in the area. Examples include the short-cist burials found near West Newbigging, about

6550-651: The New Covenant fulfilled the laws of Sabbath, the Ten Commandments , and the Law of Moses , which are thus considered not to be binding moral laws, and sometimes considered abolished or abrogated . While Sunday is often observed as the day of Christian assembly and worship, in accordance with church tradition, Sabbath commandments are dissociated from this practice. Non-Sabbatarian Christians also cite 2 Corinthians 3:2–3, in which believers are compared to "a letter from Christ,

6681-558: The Presbyterian and Congregationalist , as well as Methodist and Baptist Churches, enshrined first-day (Sunday) Sabbatarian views in their confessions of faith, observing the Lord's Day as the Christian Sabbath. While practices differ among Christian denominations, common First-day Sabbatarian (Sunday Sabbatarian) practices include attending morning and evening church services on Sundays, receiving catechesis in Sunday School on

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6812-530: The Reformed Churches founded by John Calvin teaches that the moral law as contained in the Ten Commandments is binding for Christians and that it instructs Christians how to live in service to God in gratitude for His grace shown in redeeming mankind. Likewise, Martin Luther , in his work against the Antinomians , rejected the idea of the abolition of the Ten Commandments. They also viewed Sunday rest as

6943-553: The Russian Orthodox Church Sunday is always observed with an all-night vigil on Saturday night, and in all of the Eastern Churches it is amplified with special hymns which are chanted only on Sunday. If a feast day falls on a Sunday it is always combined with the hymns for Sunday (unless it is a Lord's Great Feast ). Saturday is celebrated as a sort of afterfeast for the previous Sunday, on which several of

7074-525: The Sidlaws ) bordering the sea; this area is well populated, with the larger towns. In between lies Strathmore ( the Great Valley ), which is a fertile agricultural area noted for the growing of potatoes, soft fruit and the raising of Aberdeen Angus cattle. Montrose in the north east of the county is notable for its tidal basin and wildlife. Angus's coast is fairly regular, the most prominent features being

7205-483: The topography is mountainous. This is the area of the Grampian Mountains , Mounth hills and Five Glens of Angus , which is sparsely populated and where the main industry is hill farming . Glas Maol – the highest point in Angus at 1,068 m (3,504 ft) – can be found here, on the tripoint boundary with Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. To the south and east the topography consists of rolling hills (such as

7336-736: The 11th century, in countries the most diverse, and the most remote from each other, in Italy, France, and even in the Harz districts in Germany." Likewise, also, "traces of Sabbath-keepers are found in the times of Gregory I, Gregory VII, and in the 12th century in Lombardy." The Sabbath is considered holy in the Oriental Orthodox churches, both Sunday (the "Christian Sabbath") and Saturday (the "Old Sabbath"). The Orthodox Tewahedo churches are known for celebrating

7467-437: The 2001 census, the population of Angus was recorded as 108,400. 20.14% were under the age of 16, 63.15% were between 16 and 65 and 18.05% were aged 65 or above. Of the 16 to 74 age group, 32.84% had no formal qualifications, 27.08% were educated to 'O' Grade/Standard Grade level, 14.38% to Higher level, 7.64% to HND or equivalent level and 18.06% to degree level. The most recent available census results (2001) show that Gaelic

7598-517: The Banff-registered cargo vessel Rosecraig that ran aground in fog on the evening of 21 September 1908, and sank. Her seven crew members were saved. The lighthouse on the rock had been ordered to switch its lights off during the First World War for fear of assisting German U-boats in their operations, and the light was only turned on by special permission. On 28 October 1915 while in view of

7729-423: The Christian "will not be commanded to leave idle one day of rest, who is constantly keeping sabbath", and Tertullian (early 3rd century) argued "that we still more ought to observe a sabbath from all servile work always, and not only every seventh-day, but through all time". This early metaphorical interpretation of Sabbath applied it to the entire Christian life. Ignatius , cautioning against " Judaizing " in

7860-431: The Christian observance of the seventh-day Sabbath from the Jewish observance, explicitly stating "we do not honour it as the Jews do... but we so honour it that we celebrate thereon the Eucharist and have love-feasts, even as our Fathers the Apostles have taught us in the Didascalia". Protestant reformers, beginning in the 16th century, brought new interpretations of Christian law to the West. The Heidelberg Catechism of

7991-422: The Church welcomes and supports civil laws that provide a day away from labor, which then become opportunities for Christians to pray, rest, and engage in acts of mercy. In grace do Christians respond, remembering both the example of the Sabbath rest, and Christ's lordship. In 1831, Joseph Smith published a revelation commanding his related movement, the formative Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) , to go to

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8122-528: The Eucharist itself made it the commonest early observance whenever Christians gathered for worship. In many places and times as late as the 4th century, they did continue to gather weekly on the Sabbath, often in addition to the Lord's Day, celebrating the Eucharist on both days. No disapproval of Sabbath observance of the Christian festival was expressed at the early church councils that dealt with Judaizing . The Council of Laodicea (363-364), for example, mandated only that Sabbath Eucharists must be observed in

8253-430: The God that made the heavens and the earth. And what an absurdity to deny that that memorial was set up when the creative work was done, and to affirm that twenty-five hundred years intervened between the work and the memorial!" A common theme in criticism Hebrew Shabbat rest was idleness, found not to be in the Christian spirit of rest. Irenaeus (late 2nd century), also citing continuous Sabbath observance, wrote that

8384-418: The Industrial World . According to legend, Bell Rock got its name because, in the 14th century, the Abbot of Arbroath had had a warning bell installed on it, which was stolen a year later by a Dutch pirate. (This legend is immortalised in " The Inchcape Rock ", a poem by the 19th-century poet Robert Southey .) Before the construction of the lighthouse, the rock had caused many shipwrecks because, except for

8515-421: The Jewish institution. "The converted Gentile", writes Clarke, "esteemeth every day—considers that all time is the Lord's and that each day should be devoted to the glory of God; and that those festivals are not binding on him." Accordingly, it is concluded that "With respect to the propriety or non-propriety of keeping the [Jewish special days and] festivals, 'Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind'; there

8646-436: The Lord's Day, contrary to the Decalogue, as it seems. Neither is there any example whereof they make more than concerning the changing of the Sabbath-day. Great, say they, is the power of the Church, since it has dispensed with one of the Ten Commandments!" Lutheran church historian Augustus Neander states "The festival of Sunday, like all other festivals, was always only a human ordinance". Lutheran writer Marva Dawn keeps

8777-406: The Lord's Day, taking the Lord's Day off from servile labour, not eating at restaurants on Sundays, not Sunday shopping , not using public transportation on the Lord's Day, as well as not participating in sporting events that are held on Sundays ; Christians who are Sunday Sabbatarians often engage in works of mercy on the Lord's Day, such as evangelism , as well as visiting prisoners at jails and

8908-426: The Middle Ages. In the early church in Ireland, there is evidence that a sabbath-rest on Saturday may have been kept along with Mass on Sunday as the Lord's Day. It appears that many of the canon laws in Ireland from that period were derived from parts of the laws of Moses. In Adomnan of Iona's biography of St Columba it describes Columba's death by having Columba say on a Saturday, "Today is truly my sabbath, for it

9039-465: The Nazarenes as a Sabbath-keeping Christian body existing at that time. But in the 10th and 11th centuries, there was a great extension of sects from the East to the West. Neander states that the corruption of the clergy furnished a most important vantage-ground on which to attack the dominant church. The abstemious life of these Christians, the simplicity and earnestness of their preaching and teaching, had their effect. "Thus we find them emerging at once in

9170-399: The Roman Empire. On March 7, 321, however, Roman Emperor Constantine I issued a civil decree making Sunday a day of rest from labor, stating: All judges and city people and the craftsmen shall rest upon the venerable day of the sun. Country people, however, may freely attend to the cultivation of the fields, because it frequently happens that no other days are better adapted for planting

9301-423: The Sabbath and the Mosaic Law both remain as a teacher, reminding Christians to worship in holiness, but now according to grace, in Christian observations and Sunday worship. The grace received in baptism binds the Church to Christ, who has given his people the freedom to seek him directly in relationship, not to pursue whatever suits one's fancy. The goal of that freedom is always union with Christ in theosis , and

9432-440: The Sabbath was a Jewish institution, absolutely unknown to good men before the time of Moses, and of no authority whatever since the death of Christ." He identifies this through Justin's writings: "Do you see that the elements are not idle, and keep no Sabbaths? Remain as you were born. For if there was no need of circumcision before Abraham, or of the observance of Sabbaths, of feasts and sacrifices, before Moses; no more need of them

9563-570: The Sabbath was enjoined as a temporary sign to Israel to teach it of human sinfulness, no longer needed after Christ came without sin. He rejected the need to keep a literal seventh-day Sabbath, arguing instead that "the new law requires you to keep the sabbath constantly." However, Justin Martyr believe the Sabbath has only attributed to Moses and the Israelites. According to J.N Andrews, a historian, and theologian, he mentions, "In his (Justin) estimation,

9694-616: The Sabbath, a practice defended in the Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia in the 1300s by Ewostatewos ([ዮስጣቴዎስ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) , Ancient Greek : Ευστάθιος , romanized :  Eustathios ) but deriving from the Apostolic Constitutions and the Canons of the Apostles , an early Christian text invoking the authority of

9825-609: The Sabbath, following the admonition by the Heidelberg Catechism's author Zacharaias Ursinus that "To keep holy the Sabbath, is not to spend the day in slothfulness and idleness". Though first-day Sabbatarian practice declined in the 18th century, the First Great Awakening in the 19th century led to a greater concern for strict Sunday observance. The founding of the Day One Christian Ministries in 1831

9956-501: The Sabbatic institution before the time of Moses he presently makes this statement concerning the Jews: “And you were commanded to keep Sabbaths, that you might retain the memorial of God. For his word makes this announcement, saying. ‘That ye may know that I am God who redeemed you.’”[Eze.20:12.]. On these statements from Justin Martyr, J.N Andrews concludes "The Sabbath is indeed the memorial of

10087-461: The West, shaping the origin of the Christian Sabbath. The term no longer applies to a specific set of practices, but tends to be used to describe the general establishment of Sunday worship and rest observances within Christianity. It does not necessarily imply the displacement of the Sabbath itself, which is often recognized as remaining on Saturday. As such, the Christian Sabbath generally represents

10218-438: The antitype, or thing signified, take place; consequently, the Sabbath will continue in force till the consummation of all things" ( Commentary , 6:151). Non-Sabbatarians who affirm that Sabbath-keeping remains for God's people frequently regard this as present weeklong spiritual rest or future heavenly rest rather than as physical weekly rest. For instance, Irenaeus saw Sabbath rest from secular affairs for one day each week as

10349-500: The area formed the basis for a shire (the area administered by a sheriff ) based in Forfar: the Sheriff of Forfar . Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. The older territory called Angus was therefore gradually eclipsed in legal importance by the shire of Forfar (or Forfarshire) which covered

10480-527: The authority given to the apostles and passed to the bishops through the laying-on of hands , for the sake of the governance of the Church on earth, and under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. It does not treat Sunday worship as a transference of Sabbath worship, but identifies the Sabbath, still on Saturday, as a Biblical "type", a precursor, realized fully only after Christ's fulfillment of the Mosaic Law. Thus,

10611-462: The bishop of Caesarea Maritima about AD 314, stated that for Christians, "the sabbath had been transferred to Sunday". According to Socrates of Constantinople and Sozomen , most of the early Church (excluding Rome and Alexandria ) observed the seventh day Sabbath in Easter. While the Lord's Day observance of the Eucharist was established separately from the Jewish Shabbat, the centrality of

10742-403: The carpenter Francis Watt . Stevenson's written account of the work gave little or no credit to Rennie, and questions about "[t]he apportionment of responsibility for this work led to prolonged disputes between their respective descendants, but it is now certain that while Stevenson designed the lighthouse in the main, Rennie's role too was significant." In 1807, Stevenson hired 60 men (including

10873-503: The celebration of Sundays and of Solemnities begins already on the evening of the previous day". In non-liturgical matters, the canon law of the Latin Church defines a day as beginning at midnight. Jewish Christians continued to observe Shabbat but met together at the end of the day, on a Saturday evening. In the gospels, the women are described as coming to the empty tomb Greek : εις μια των σαββατων , lit.   'toward

11004-504: The celebration of the Liturgy is forbidden on weekdays, there is always Liturgy on Saturday as well as Sunday. The church also has a special cycle of Bible readings ( Epistle and Gospel ) for Saturdays and Sundays which is different from the cycle of readings allotted to weekdays. However, the Lord's Day, being a celebration of the Resurrection, is clearly given more emphasis. For instance, in

11135-532: The ceremonial or ritual law. ... Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind and in all ages." Sabbatarianism arose and spread among both the continental and English Protestants during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Puritans of England and Scotland brought a new rigorism into the observance of the Christian Lord's Day in reaction to the customary Sunday observance of the time, which they regarded as lax. They appealed to Sabbath ordinances with

11266-430: The county council resolved to use the name 'Angus' for the area rather than the 'County of Forfar'. The council petitioned the government to officially change the name too. The government responded by directing all departments to use Angus, but noted that the legal name would remain Forfar until such time as it could be changed by statute. The statutory change of name from Forfar to Angus eventually took place in 1947 under

11397-476: The county council was established in 1890 the name County Buildings was used for the Forfar Sheriff Court , built 1871, which was the council's first meeting place. The council later moved its main offices into the adjoining converted former prison of 1843, which subsequently became known as County Buildings instead. County Buildings continued to serve as the headquarters of the county council until 1975 and

11528-434: The county's main courthouse, which also served as the meeting place for the commissioners of supply. Robert Haldane-Duncan, 3rd Earl of Camperdown , a Liberal peer, was appointed the first chairman of the county council. The 1889 Act also led to a review of boundaries, with exclaves being transferred to a county they actually bordered, and parishes which straddled more than one county being adjusted such that each parish

11659-439: The day before, nor using lukewarm drinks, and walking within a prescribed space, nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them. And after the observance of the Sabbath, let every friend of Christ keep the Lord's [Day, Dominicam ] as a festival, the resurrection-day, the queen and chief of all the days. The 2nd and 3rd centuries solidified the early church's emphasis upon Sunday worship and its rejection of

11790-410: The day for Christian rest where possible, without ascribing to it any of the regulation of Mosaic Law, and indeed anathematizing Hebrew observance on the Sabbath. The civil law and its effects made possible a pattern in Church life that has been imitated throughout the centuries in many places and cultures, wherever possible. Augustine of Hippo followed the early patristic writers in spiritualizing

11921-475: The day, to the Lord he doth not regard it." It is a mistake to suppose that the Apostle has the Sabbath in mind when writing these words. Such an erroneous supposition would be a wrenching of his words and meaning out of context. It must first be remembered that he is writing to a church whose members are made up of both Jewish and Gentile converts. Reliable Bible expositors, such as Adam Clarke , agree that "Reference

12052-518: The dominant language in Angus was Pictish until the sixth to seventh centuries AD when the area became progressively gaelicised, with Pictish extinct by the mid-ninth century. Gaelic/ Middle Irish began to retreat from lowland areas in the late-eleventh century and was absent from the Eastern lowlands by the fourteenth century. It was replaced there by Middle Scots , the contemporary local South Northern dialect of Modern Scots , while Gaelic persisted as

12183-536: The duties of necessity and mercy". Strict Sunday Sabbatarianism is sometimes called "Puritan Sabbath", which may be contrasted with "Continental Sabbath". The latter follows the reformed confessions of faith of Continental Europe such as the Heidelberg Catechism , which emphasize rest and worship on the Lord's Day, but do not explicitly forbid recreational activities. However, in practice, many continental Reformed Christians also abstain from recreation on

12314-589: The first [day] of the Sabbath';, although it is often translated "on the first day of the week". This is made clear in Acts 20:7 when Paul continued his message "until midnight" and a young man went to sleep and fell out of the window. Christians celebrate on Sunday because it is the day on which Jesus had risen from the dead and on which the Holy Spirit had come to the apostles. Although Christians meeting for worship on

12445-455: The first day as a day for assembly for worship. In the spirit of the Sabbath, Catholics ought to observe a day of rest from servile work, which also becomes "a day of protest against the servitude of work and the worship of money." This day is traditionally observed on Sunday in conjunction with the Lord's Day. A summation of Catholic teaching is "Do what we can to observe the sabbatical rest on Sundays and Holy Days, hear Holy Mass, and take

12576-417: The first day of the week (Sunday for Gentiles) dates back to Acts and is historically mentioned around 115 AD, Constantine's edict was the start of many more Christians observing only Sunday and not the Sabbath. Patristic writings attest that by the second century, it had become commonplace to celebrate the Eucharist in a corporate day of worship on the first day. A Church Father , Eusebius , who became

12707-490: The functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The county's five largest burghs , being Arbroath , Brechin , Dundee , Forfar , and Montrose , were deemed capable of managing their own affairs and so were excluded from the administrative area of the county council. The county council held its first official meeting on 22 May 1890 at the County Buildings (now known as Forfar Sheriff Court),

12838-426: The grain in the furrows or the vines in trenches. So that the advantage given by heavenly providence may not for the occasion of a short time perish. While established only in civil law rather than religious principle, the Church welcomed the development as a means by which Christians could the more easily attend Sunday worship and observe Christian rest. At Laodicea also, the Church encouraged Christians to make use of

12969-420: The headlands of Scurdie Ness and Buddon Ness . The main bodies of water in the county are Loch Lee , Loch Brandy , Carlochy , Loch Wharral , Den of Ogil Reservoir , Loch of Forfar , Loch Fithie , Rescobie Loch , Balgavies Loch , Crombie Reservoir , Monikie Reservoirs , Long Loch , Lundie Loch , Loch of Kinnordy , Loch of Lintrathen , Backwater Reservoir , Auchintaple Loch , Loch Shandra . In

13100-525: The house of prayer, offer up their sacraments, rest from their labors, and pay their devotions on the Lord's day (D&C 59:9–12). Latter Day Saints believe this means performing no labor that would keep them from giving their full attention to spiritual matters (Ex. 20:10). LDS prophets have described this as meaning they should not shop, hunt, fish, attend sports events, or participate in similar activities on that day. Elder Spencer W. Kimball wrote in his The Miracle of Forgiveness that mere idle lounging on

13231-481: The hymns from the previous Sunday are repeated. In part, Eastern Christians continue to celebrate Saturday as Sabbath because of its role in the history of salvation: it was on a Saturday that Jesus "rested" in the cave tomb after the Passion . For this reason also, Saturday is a day for general commemoration of the departed , and special requiem hymns are often chanted on this day. Orthodox Christians make time to help

13362-467: The idea that only the Bible can bind men's consciences on whether or how they will take a break from work, or to impose an obligation to meet at a particular time. Their influential reasoning spread to other denominations also, and it is primarily through their influence that "Sabbath" has become the colloquial equivalent of "Lord's Day" or "Sunday". Sunday Sabbatarianism is enshrined in its most mature expression,

13493-542: The light. The lighthouse previously operated in tandem with a shore station, the Bell Rock Signal Tower, built in 1813 at the mouth of Arbroath harbour. Today this building houses the Signal Tower Museum , a visitor centre that offers a detailed history of the lighthouse. Because of the engineering challenges that were overcome to build the lighthouse, it has been described as one of the Seven Wonders of

13624-439: The lighthouse and appointed Stevenson as chief assistant. The design was based on the earlier Eddystone Lighthouse , which had been designed by John Smeaton , and which Stevenson had visited and studied in detail in 1801—it too was built on an offshore reef using interlocking stones. But the Bell Rock lighthouse also contained several newer features, such as the rotating lights alternating between red and white that were designed by

13755-439: The lighthouse on time and on budget, in the end, all but four of the workers agreed to do it, and even those four (who were stonemasons) eventually also worked on Sundays. Because the rock was covered by water for 20 hours each day (up to 12 feet (3.7 m) of water at high tide), the men lived at first on a ship moored 1 mile (2 km) off the rock, requiring the workers to row out to the rock and back in boats each day, which

13886-406: The lighthouse out of Cairngall granite. In early 1808, work at the rock resumed. The beacon house barracks was completed and the first three courses of stone for the lighthouse were laid. In the whole of this second season only 80 hours of building work took place on the rock. During this time, while the beacon house barracks were still under construction, a young worker was knocked unconscious by

14017-530: The lighthouse rests was constructed to such a high standard that it has not been replaced or adapted in 200 years. The lamps and reflectors were replaced in 1843; the original ones are now in the lighthouse at Cape Bonavista , Newfoundland, where they are currently on display. The working of the lighthouse has been automated since 24 October 1988. The Northern Lighthouse Board , which has had its headquarters at 84 George Street in Edinburgh since 1832, remotely monitors

14148-468: The lighthouse, HMS  Argyll under the command of Captain James Tancred sent a signal requesting the light to be turned on. The ship proceeded on its course believing the signal had been received, but it had not and the light was not switched on. Soon afterwards, Argyll ran aground, suffering extensive damage to much of the hull. Two destroyers— HMS  Hornet and HMS  Jackal —assisted in

14279-517: The maintenance of that union all the time, throughout this life and into the next, which is sometimes described as the "sanctification of time". Grace therefore never permits of whatever is sinful or unhelpful to salvation, such as laziness or hedonistic revelry. Rather, it becomes a stricter guide for behavior than any legal code, even the Mosaic, and disciplines the believer in some degree of ascetic endeavor. Orthodoxy recognizes no mandated time for rest,

14410-468: The meaning of the Sabbath commandment , referring it to eschatological rest rather than observance of a literal day. Such writing, however, did serve to deepen the idea of Christian rest on Sunday, and its practice increased in prominence throughout the early Middle Ages . Thomas Aquinas taught that the Decalogue is an expression of natural law which binds all men, and therefore the Sabbath commandment

14541-582: The ministry of the Spirit be even more glorious? ... And if what was fading away came with glory, how much greater is the glory of that which lasts!" This is interpreted as teaching that New Covenant Christians are not bound by the Mosaic Law, and that Sabbath-keeping is not required. Further, because "love is the fulfillment of the law", the new-covenant "law" is considered to be based entirely upon love and to rescind Sabbath requirements. Methodist theologian Joseph D. McPherson criticizes these views, and teaches that

14672-453: The poor and needy as well on this day. Orthodox Sunday worship is not a direct Sabbath observance. The Eastern Orthodox Church observes the first day (liturgical Sunday, beginning Saturday evening) as a weekly feast, the remembrance of Christ's resurrection, and a mini- Pascha . As such, it tends to hold the first place within a week's observances, sharing that place only with other major feasts which occur from time to time. The Divine Liturgy

14803-464: The principal builders, Michael Wishart, was caught beneath a crane when it collapsed, and his feet were severely injured, preventing him from working further on the project. He asked Stevenson if he could be appointed lighthouse keeper and he ultimately took up a position as assistant keeper in 1811. Work stopped on 22 August 1809, by which time a large part of the tower had been completed. In January 1810, Stevenson's twins died of whooping cough , and

14934-478: The rescue of her crew. Despite the damage, there were no fatalities among her crew. After all valuable items onboard had been salvaged, including her 6-inch (150 mm) guns, she was blown up by the naval salvage team. In 1970, her two large propellers were recovered by divers and sold for scrap. On 15 December 1955, RAF Bristol Sycamore helicopter XG501, crewed by Flight Sergeant P. A. Beart and Sergeant E. F. Hall, departed from RAF Leuchars at 09:35 to perform

15065-423: The result of our ministry, written ... not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts"; this interpretation states that Christians accordingly no longer follow the Ten Commandments with dead orthodoxy ("tablets of stone"), but follow a new law written upon "tablets of human hearts". In 3:7–11 we read that "if the ministry that brought death, which was engraved in letters on stone, came with glory ..., will not

15196-552: The sabbath followed its own channel and found its goal in Christ's redemptive work. It is true to the NT to say that the Mosaic Sabbath as a legal and weekly matter was a temporary symbol of a more fundamental and comprehensive salvation, epitomized by and grounded in God's own creation Sabbath, and brought to fulfillment (in already–not yet fashion) in Christ's redemptive work. Believers are indeed to "keep Sabbath", no longer by observance of

15327-530: The same area. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the English term 'county' came to be used interchangeably with the older term 'shire'. Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 , taking most of

15458-453: The same manner as those on the first day. Neander has suggested that Sabbath Eucharists in many places were kept "as a feast in commemoration of the Creation." The issues about Hebrew practices that continued into the 2nd century tended to relate mostly to the Sabbath. Justin Martyr , who attended worship on the first day, wrote about the cessation of Hebrew Sabbath observance and stated that

15589-524: The same week, on the Sabbath day at the end of the week, during the 'Lord's night' (referring to Saturday night-Sunday morning). An Eastern body of Christian Sabbath-keepers mentioned from the 8th century to the 12th is called Athenians ("touch-not") because they abstained from uncleanness and intoxicating drinks, called Athinginians in Neander: "This sect, which had its principal seat in the city of Armorion, in upper Phrygia, where many Jews resided, sprung out of

15720-473: The seventh-day (Saturday) Sabbath with prayer and rest . At the beginning of the second century the Church Father Ignatius of Antioch approved non-observance of the Sabbath. The now majority practice of Christians is to observe Sunday , called the Lord's Day , rather than the Jewish seventh-day Sabbath as a day of rest and worship. In line with ideas of the 16th and 17th-century Puritans ,

15851-511: The sick at hospitals and nursing homes. Beginning about the 17th century, a few groups of Restorationist Christians, mostly Seventh-day Sabbatarians , formed communities that practiced the keeping of the Sabbath on Saturdays. The Hebrew Shabbat , the seventh day of the week, is "Saturday" but in the Hebrew calendar a new day begins at sunset (or, by custom, about 20 minutes earlier) and not at midnight. The Shabbat therefore coincides with what

15982-841: The successor Angus District Council from 1975 to 1996. County Buildings continues to be used as secondary offices by the modern Angus Council. As of 2018 Angus is divided into 25 community council areas and all apart from Friockheim district have an active council. The areas are: Aberlemno ; Auchterhouse ; Carnoustie ; City of Brechin & District ; Ferryden & Craig ; Friockheim & District ; Glamis ; Hillside, Dun, & Logie Pert ; Inverarity ; Inveresk ; Kirriemuir ; Kirriemuir Landward East ; Kirriemuir Landward West ; Letham & District ; Lunanhead & District ; Monifieth ; Monikie & Newbigging ; Montrose ; Muirhead , Birkhill and Liff ; Murroes & Wellbank ; Newtyle & Eassie ; Royal Burgh of Arbroath ; Royal Burgh of Forfar ; Strathmartine ; and Tealing . Angus

16113-645: The time to rest your minds and bodies." The 1917 Code of Canon Law ¶1248 stipulated that "On feast days of precept, Mass is to be heard; there is an abstinence from servile work, legal acts, and likewise, unless there is a special indult or legitimate customs provide otherwise, from public trade, shopping, and other public buying and selling." Examples of servile works forbidden under this injunction include "plowing, sowing, harvesting, sewing, cobbling, tailoring, printing, masonry works" and "all works in mines and factories"; commercial activity, such as "marketing, fairs, buying and selling, public auctions, shopping in stores"

16244-482: The warship HMS  York was wrecked on the rock in 1804 (and all aboard perished)—causing a furore in Parliament—Stevenson sent his design to the renowned engineer John Rennie . Rennie approved the design and cost estimate, which led to the passage of legislation in 1806 approving the proposal and enabling construction to begin. The Northern Lighthouse Board awarded Rennie the contract to design and build

16375-399: Was adjusted to match the new council area in 1996. The Lord Lieutenant of Angus is appointed by the monarch. The boundaries of the historic county of Angus (as it was prior to the removal of Dundee in 1894) are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being a registration county . Angus can be split into three geographic areas. To the north and west,

16506-512: Was entirely in a single county. There were several such changes affecting the boundaries of Forfarshire. Dundee was subsequently made a county of itself in 1894, also removing the city from Forfarshire for judicial and lieutenancy purposes. Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar and Montrose were brought within the administrative area of the county council in 1930, although Arbroath was classed as a large burgh , allowing its council to continue to deliver most local government functions itself. In May 1928

16637-402: Was frustrated by a visit from Rennie, in 1809, whom he saw as interfering with his work. As a strategy to ward off further visits, he wrote Rennie a total of 82 letters, asking detailed questions about a large range of construction issues (including what type of window putty and locks to use). Rennie replied in detail to every letter, but Stevenson largely ignored the replies. In June 1809 one of

16768-509: Was influenced by the teaching of Daniel Wilson. Many Christian theologians believe that Sabbath observance is not binding for Christians today, citing for instance Colossians 2:16–17. Some Christian non-Sabbatarians advocate physical Sabbath rest on any chosen day of the week, and some advocate Sabbath as a symbolic metaphor for rest in Christ; the concept of Lord's Day is usually treated as synonymous with "Sabbath". This non-Sabbatarian interpretation usually states that Jesus's obedience and

16899-403: Was lost, and his body was never found. Work was finally completed after having consumed about 2500 granite stones, all drawn by one horse, Bassey. Ultimately, the project came in 50 per cent above the original estimate of £42,000 ( 2009: £2,490,000 ) budget. Since the construction of the lighthouse the only recorded shipwrecks have been that of HMS Argyll during wartime blackouts in 1915 and

17030-520: Was made a county of a city . The pre-1894 boundaries of Angus continue to be used as a registration county . Between 1975 and 1996 Angus was a lower-tier district within the Tayside region. The district took on its modern form and powers in 1996, since when the local authority has been Angus Council . The name "Angus" indicates the territory of the eighth-century Pictish king, Óengus I . The area that now comprises Angus has been occupied since at least

17161-420: Was time-consuming, and at one point, one of the boats went adrift and was lost. So the workers’ first task was to build a beacon house on tall wooden struts on the reef surrounding the rock, with places for up to 15 men, so that workers would have a place to stay on site. The foundations and beacon legs were raised during the first season. Then, in the winter, work at the rock was paused as stonemasons cut rocks for

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