Misplaced Pages

#402597

85-607: From 2017 until his death in October 2022, the center was led by director Ash Carter , former U.S. Secretary of Defense and co-director Eric Rosenbach , a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense. Its current executive director is Natalie Colbert. The current director is Meghan O'Sullivan . The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs is the hub of Harvard Kennedy School's research, teaching, and training in international security and diplomacy, environmental and resource issues, and science and technology policy. A core tenet of

170-712: A Rhodes Scholar and studied at the University of Oxford . He received his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in theoretical physics on Hard processes in perturbative QCD in 1979 and was supervised by Christopher Llewellyn Smith . He was a member of St John's College, Oxford . Carter was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow research associate in theoretical physics at Rockefeller University from 1979 to 1980, studying time-reversal invariance and dynamical symmetry breaking . He coauthored two papers on CP violations in B meson decays with A. I. Sanda , which were used as one of theoretical basis to build B factories . Carter

255-697: A heart attack at his home in Boston, on October 24, 2022, at age 68. Carter received the Ten Outstanding Young Americans award from the United States Junior Chamber in 1987. For his service to national security, Carter was awarded the DOD's highest civilian medal, the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service , five times. For critical liaison efforts with the chairman of

340-806: A BA in sociology . She attended an executive training program at the Harvard Kennedy School . Cantrell returned to New Orleans in 1999, settling in the Broadmoor neighborhood. In 2003, she joined the board of the Broadmoor Improvement Association and became president of the association in 2004. After the 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina , the Broadmoor neighborhood flooded severely and remained mostly deserted for months afterward. In early 2006,

425-515: A Philadelphia car wash, he was fired for "wise-mouthing the owner." Carter was educated at Highland Elementary School (class of 1966) and at Abington Senior High School (class of 1972) in Abington. In high school, he was a wrestler, lacrosse player, cross-country runner, and president of the Honor Society. He was inducted into Abington Senior High School's Hall of Fame in 1989. Carter attended

510-585: A closed briefing for the Senate Foreign Affairs Committee. Some senators eventually voted in favor of the deal; others opposed, but all appreciated having a clear and comprehensive analysis of the agreement to guide their vote.” Recognizing that climate change is happening faster in the Arctic than anywhere else in the world and determining that it required further study, the Belfer Center created

595-524: A concise review of the complex agreement and the accompanying UN Security Council Resolution 2231, the Belfer Center compiled and published The Iran Nuclear Deal: A Definitive Guide and distributed it to all members of Congress. Led by Gary Samore , then Executive Director for Research at the Center, the team of experts who prepared the guide included Democrats, Republicans, independents, and internationals. Samore said in 2024, “I remember passing out copies at

680-525: A former Belfer Center director, is connected worldwide with “ soft power ,” a term he coined in the late 1980s and refined in his books, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (1990), and Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (2004). Soft power, Nye wrote, “depends on the currency of attraction rather than force or payoffs; soft power depends in part on how we frame our own objectives.” Leaders from China to Europe often cite

765-443: A former municipal judge, with 60% of the vote. She is the first woman to lead New Orleans in its 300-year history, as well as the first mayor not born in the city since Vic Schiro . Cantrell was inaugurated as mayor on May 7, 2018, the first woman to hold the position in the city's history. Once in office, she established a new Office of Youth and Families, with the goal of creating a strategic plan to address families in crisis in

850-575: A groundswell of new research and corrected the conventional wisdom: Interdependence has costs as well as benefits. During the Cold War, Harvard biochemist Paul M. Doty was deeply concerned about the tense relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. Doty collaborated with Soviet scientists who shared his worries about the potential for nuclear escalation. In the early 1970s, Doty recognized

935-419: A growing emphasis on the militarization of space. Its researchers also delved into the security implications of competition over energy resources, highlighted by a U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored workshop on energy and security. Additionally, they began exploring the challenges and opportunities presented by technological advancements. The Belfer Center played a pivotal role in efforts to dismantle and secure

SECTION 10

#1732844684403

1020-529: A lawsuit against four opioid manufacturers and distributors. During the 2019 session of the Louisiana Legislature , Cantrell negotiated the Fair Share Agreement with Governor John Bel Edwards and city, state, and tourism officials. The agreement secured $ 50 million in upfront funding for the city's infrastructure needs as well as $ 26 million in annual recurring revenue for the city. Following

1105-631: A more secure, peaceful world. In 2012, the Stanton Foundation provided funds for a paid Wikipedian in residence at the Belfer Center. This became controversial due to links between the Belfer Center and the Stanton Foundation (the directors of each are a married couple) and public concerns about conflict-of-interest editing on Misplaced Pages . The center is organized into subgroups with specific areas of focus. A 2021 investigative report by student group Fossil Fuel Divest Harvard found that many of

1190-580: A move that was objected to by residents because of its proposed placement in Central City, New Orleans . Instead, the shelter was moved to the downtown site of the former VA Hospital . In 2017, Cantrell introduced legislation with at-large council member Jason Williams to register and inspect rental units in the city. As a member of the Criminal Justice Committee, Cantrell participated in efforts to install crime cameras in her district, assess

1275-428: A new chief of police for New Orleans. On September 11, 2023, after some criticism about a lack of transparency in the search, the mayor announced the hiring of Anne Kirkpatrick . In September 2024, a 25-count grand jury indictment alleged that Cantrell had taken bribes from Randy Farrell, a private contractor, in exchange for firing Jen Cecil, a top city permitting official. Cantrell is listed as "Public Official 1" in

1360-684: A petition was filed to recall Mayor Cantrell by a political opponent and perennial political candidate, Belden Batiste. Recall organizers submitted roughly 67,000 signatures, but officials at the Orleans Parish Registrar's office found that only 27,243 were legitimate, well below the recall threshold. Of the 67,000, a batch of 32,421 was submitted after the petition deadline, but during a legal gray area where they might have been counted. But registrar officials said all but 24 of those 32,421 were photocopies of previously submitted signatures. In August 2023, New Orleans city leaders voted to transfer

1445-768: A report for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace advocating use or threat of force to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons . Carter had supported diplomacy with Iran and written about methods of containing a nuclear-armed Tehran. Carter was a supporter of the 2003 invasion of Iraq , as well as an advocate of "preventative" invasions of North Korea and Iran . In response to increased tension in Ukraine , Carter considered deployment of ground-launched cruise missiles in Europe that could pre-emptively destroy Russian weapons. In January 2021, Carter, alongside all of

1530-403: A significant gap in academic offerings—universities were not providing courses on arms control and international security, crucial for preparing future experts in these fields. Motivated by this, Doty envisioned a program at Harvard dedicated to research and education in arms control and related issues at the intersection of science and international affairs. In 1973, Doty subsequently founded

1615-684: A six-month effort to write a recovery plan for the neighborhood. Cantrell worked full time to implement Broadmoor's recovery plan from 2006 through 2012. She and fellow residents formed the Broadmoor School Board, overseeing the reopening and renovation of the Andrew H. Wilson school. She served as a founding board member of the Broadmoor Development Corporation, a community development corporation that provided case management and other social services for returning residents. She

1700-571: Is William Stanley Carter Jr., a World War II veteran, United States Navy neurologist and psychiatrist, and department chairman at Abington Memorial Hospital for 30 years. His mother is Anne Baldwin Carter, an English teacher. He has three siblings, including children's book author Cynthia DeFelice . As a child he was nicknamed Ash and Stoobie. Carter was raised in Abington, Pennsylvania , on Wheatsheaf Lane. At age eleven, working at his first job at

1785-579: Is an American politician serving as the Mayor of New Orleans , Louisiana since May 7, 2018. A Democrat , Cantrell is the first woman to hold the office. Before becoming mayor, Cantrell represented District B on the New Orleans City Council from 2012 to 2018. Cantrell was born as LaToya Wilder in Compton . She moved to New Orleans in 1990 to attend Xavier University of Louisiana , where she earned

SECTION 20

#1732844684403

1870-821: The Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School . Carter began his career as a physicist . After a brief experience as an analyst for the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment , he switched careers to public policy. He joined the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1984 and became chair of the International & Global Affairs faculty. Carter served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy during President Clinton's first term , from 1993 to 1996, responsible for policy regarding

1955-771: The Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1988 to 1990, and director of the center from 1990 to 1993. At the Kennedy School, he became chair of the International and Global Affairs faculty and Ford Foundation Professor of Science and International Affairs. He concurrently was co-director of the Preventive Defense Project of Harvard and Stanford Universities. From 1993 to 1996, Carter served as assistant secretary of defense for international security policy during President Bill Clinton's first term. He

2040-703: The International Security Program , the oldest and largest of our fellowship cohorts. Center faculty, fellows, and staff have been called to serve in administrations within the United States and internationally. Among those in the current Biden administration are Jake Sullivan , National Security Advisor, Nicholas Burns , Ambassador to China; Samantha Power , Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); and Bonnie Jenkins , Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs. Former fellows serving in government and policy-related research centers in other parts of

2125-734: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the geographic combatant commanders, he was awarded the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award in 2013 and the Defense Intelligence Medal for his contributions to intelligence. In addition to authoring numerous articles, scientific publications, government studies, and Congressional testimonies, Carter co-edited and co-authored 11 books: LaToya Cantrell LaToya Cantrell ( née Wilder ; born April 3, 1972)

2210-695: The University of Edinburgh in Scotland in 1975. In 1976, Carter completed his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in his double-major of physics and medieval history at Yale College , summa cum laude , Phi Beta Kappa . His senior thesis, "Quarks, Charm and the Psi Particle", was published in Yale Scientific in 1975. He was also an experimental research associate at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1975 (where he worked on quark research) and at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1976. Carter then became

2295-510: The 'Shift to Asia' initiative of President Obama was a priority that would not be affected by the budget sequestration in 2013 . Carter noted that The Shift to Asia was principally an economic matter with new security implications. India, Australia, and New Zealand were mentioned as forthcoming security partners. His Pentagon arms-control responsibilities included matters involving the START II , ABM , CFE, and other arms-control treaties. Carter

2380-602: The 9/11 Commission) published an article on "catastrophic terrorism" in Foreign Affairs . From 1998 to 2000, he was deputy to William J. Perry at the North Korea Policy Review and traveled with him to Pyongyang . In 2001–02, he served on the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, and advised on the creation of the Department of Homeland Security . Carter

2465-518: The Arctic Initiative in 2017. Since its launch, the Initiative has established itself as a pivotal player in tackling the challenges of Arctic climate change and its implications for the rest of the world. One of the specific areas our Arctic Initiative team is tackling is permafrost thaw, which is accelerating global warming and requiring much greater reductions in human emissions to stabilize

2550-685: The Arctic, student-oriented Arctic Innovation Labs, and workshops that specifically focus on Indigenous youth. Professor Graham Allison , who heads the Avoiding Great Power Wars Project, met in March 2024 with China’s President Xi Jinping . Allison’s primary purpose in meeting with Xi was to discuss how to avoid a war that neither country would survive. President Xi and his team had expressed special interest in Allison’s book Destined for War: Can

2635-613: The Belfer Center as the Program for Science and International Affairs within Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Following a grant from the Ford Foundation soon after, the program was re-established as the Center for Science and International Affairs, becoming the first permanent research center at the newly formed School of Government. Throughout the early 1980s, the Belfer Center intensified its focus on arms control and disarmament, with

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-465: The Belfer Center’s mission is to educate and train the next generation of experts and leaders in science and international affairs. In the decades since the Center's inception, more than 1000 fellows, graduating students, faculty and staff have moved on to influential positions in government, academia, and other sectors in the U.S. and abroad.  A significant portion of Belfer Center alums stem from

2805-511: The Bring New Orleans Back Commission, a blue-ribbon panel convened by then-mayor Ray Nagin , released a recovery plan that called for Broadmoor and five other New Orleans neighborhoods to be converted into greenspace. In her role as president of the association, Cantrell worked with residents and local religious leaders to organize opposition to the panel's recommendation. She also helped enlist returning Broadmoor residents in

2890-525: The Broadmoor Art and Wellness Center. In 2012, Cantrell declared her candidacy for the New Orleans City Council seat vacated when former District B representative Stacy Head won an election to an at-large position. After the November election, candidate Dana Kaplan and Cantrell advanced to a December runoff, which Cantrell won with 54 percent of the vote. Cantrell served out the balance of Head's term, and

2975-526: The Center's Broadmoor Project: New Orleans Recovery. The Project was launched in 2006 to work with residents of New Orleans’ hard-hit Broadmoor community to design and implement a strategy for their post-Katrina recovery. Graduate students from the Kennedy School and other parts of Harvard put their governance and planning skills into action. They trained and assisted Broadmoor residents in preparing plans to rebuild their community, tracking displaced residents, and writing funding proposals. The Project helped bring

3060-657: The DOD Distinguished Public Service Medal . He had also received the CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award , and the Defense Intelligence Medal for his contributions to intelligence. Carter was author or co-author of eleven books and more than 100 articles on physics, technology, national security, and management. Ashton Baldwin Carter was born on September 24, 1954, in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. His father

3145-508: The Earth's temperature. In April 2022, we launched Permafrost Pathways , in conjunction with two other organizations, with the goal of informing and developing adaptation and mitigation strategies that address the local and global impacts of Arctic permafrost thaw. Along with its research and policy engagement, the Arctic Initiative is helping train the next generation of Arctic leaders. The Initiative has established Harvard Kennedy School courses on

3230-657: The Nuclear Arsenal in a Disintegrating Soviet Union (1991) became known simply as the “Harvard Report.” On November 19, U.S. Senators Sam Nunn (D) and Richard Lugar (R) invited then Center Director Ash Carter to give a briefing on the Harvard report and asked him to help draft legislation. With unprecedented speed, Congress passed the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 (Nunn-Lugar Act) on November 26, 1991, authorizing $ 400 million to help

3315-782: The People's Republic of China to halt its rapid island-building in the South China Sea . In October 2015, Carter condemned Russian air strikes against ISIL and other rebel groups in Syria . On October 8, 2015, Carter, speaking at a meeting of NATO defense ministers in Brussels, said he believed Russia would soon start paying the price for its military intervention in Syria in the form of reprisal attacks and casualties. A controversy arose in December 2015 when it

3400-666: The Russian invasion, further underscoring its pivotal role in global affairs. In 2023, the Belfer Center celebrated its 50th anniversary. The Belfer Center Board of Directors benefits from the experience of Harvard-affiliated scholars and senior-level staff, who guide their activities and mission to advance research, ideas, and leadership for a more secure, peaceful world. The Belfer Center has an international advisory board of prestigious senior business leaders and former government officials who care deeply about - and financially support - its mission to advance research, ideas, and leadership for

3485-720: The Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Policy Advisory Group; a consultant to the Defense Science Board; a member of the National Missile Defense White Team, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on International Security and Arms Control. He had testified frequently before the armed services, foreign relations, and homeland security committees of both houses of Congress. In addition to his public service, Carter

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-504: The Soviet Union move, disable, or destroy many of its nuclear weapons. Ash Carter , along with the Center’s Graham Allison , Elizabeth Sherwood (Randall), and Laura Holgate were later called to Washington to put the plan into action. Few topics in international politics are discussed as widely and intensely as the uses and expressions of power. Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor Joseph S. Nye , also

3655-463: The Tulane and Loyola university campuses. Cantrell was re-elected to office by a wide margin in November 2021, securing 65% of the vote. Her campaign focused on the city's status in 2020 as a COVID-19 hotspot and her efforts, which at times were unpopular, to stop the disease's spread. She also stressed the need for higher-paying jobs for city workers, better public health outcomes and new technologies for

3740-528: The U.S. Belfer Center experts informed U.S. congressional leaders with balanced assessments of the strengths and weaknesses of the 2015 Iran nuclear deal.  The 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) -- an agreement between Iran and the U.S., U.K., EU, China, France, Germany, and the Russian Federation -- was designed to place restrictions on Iran’s nuclear program and include monitoring of Iran’s nuclear activities. To provide Congress with

3825-410: The U.S. and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap ? which argues that “an irresistible rising China is on course to collide with an immovable America.” The likely result of this competition would be war, according to the historian Thucydides . The Belfer Center's Avoiding Great Power War Project conducted a major study on the competition between China and the U.S. over the past 20 years.  They study

3910-501: The U.S. and around the world. Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, which raised serious concerns about the security of the 2020 elections, the Belfer Center launched the Defending Digital Democracy Project (D3P) to identify and recommend strategies, tools, and technology to protect democratic processes and systems from cyber and information attacks. The Project prepared and trained election officials across

3995-438: The U.S. government and played leading roles on the 9/11 Commission. In 2015, President Barack Obama appointed Ash Carter the 25th U.S. Secretary of Defense. A leading voice in national and international security, Secretary Carter spent his career at the Belfer Center and in public service, where he leveraged his expertise at the intersection of science and technology, global strategy, and policy. His appointment underscored

4080-489: The Web of Science Journal Citation Reports. It has ranked in the top 5 every year since 1996, and has ranked 1st 10 times. The journal has published numerous articles that have played important roles in scholarly and policy debates since the journal’s inception. A recent example is “Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion” by Henry Farrell and Abraham L. Newman (Summer 2019). The article drove

4165-669: The approval of the Fair Share Agreement, New Orleans voters approved 3 of the 4 proposals Cantrell and the City Council put on the ballot in the 2019 general election. Voters approved a $ 500 million bond sale and a tax on short-term rental properties, as well the establishment of a Human Right Commission under the New Orleans Home Rule Charter. In December 2023, Cantrell signed into law new rules that would restrict students from converting single-family homes and duplexes into multi-student housing in neighborhoods in proximity to

4250-427: The ban of transgender officers in the military . In 2016, Carter opened all military occupations and positions to women without exception. This marked the first time in U.S. history that women with the appropriate qualifications would be allowed to serve in military roles such as infantry, armor, reconnaissance, and special operations units. For his service to national security, Carter had on five occasions been awarded

4335-506: The center was renamed as the Robert and Renée Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs in honor of Robert A. Belfer , founder of Belco Oil & Gas Corporation. Following the September 11th attacks, they became an immediate resource for terrorism-related information and analysis for policymakers and journalists. Belfer Center experts were appointed to high-level security positions in

SECTION 50

#1732844684403

4420-421: The center's climate initiatives were funded in part by fossil fuel companies, and that the center had allegedly taken several steps to cover up that fact. Ash Carter Ashton Baldwin Carter (September 24, 1954 – October 24, 2022) was an American government official and academic who served as the 25th United States secretary of defense from February 2015 to January 2017. He later served as director of

4505-464: The center's significant influence on U.S. defense and security policy. Drawing on their historical focus on mitigating global security threats through rigorous research and policy recommendations, the Belfer Center emerged as a necessary voice in shaping the understanding of the war in Ukraine. In October 2022, they hosted President Volodymyr Zelenskyy , marking one of his first U.S. engagements following

4590-414: The city. Cantrell also founded a Gun Violence Reduction Council, tasked with finding solutions to violent crime. Starting with a push to rededicate hotel taxes collected within the city for city use, Cantrell has focused on her #fairshare initiative to improve city infrastructure, public transportation, public parks, and green spaces. As part of that initiative, in October 2018 the City of New Orleans filed

4675-410: The community back to life and facilitated opportunities for Broadmoor leaders to enhance their skills through Kennedy School executive education programs, including LaToya Cantrell , who headed the Broadmoor Neighborhood Association and is now Mayor of New Orleans. The highly successful initiative has been recognized as a model for best practices in disaster recovery and emulated elsewhere throughout

4760-570: The country to secure their procedures and processes against attacks. D3P also helped shape election security legislation in 2018 and put many of its alumni into the cyber security space. D3P was led by Eric Rosenbach , along with Co-Directors Robby Mook and Matt Rhoades , former campaign managers for Hillary Clinton and Mitt Romney .  Through a series of playbooks and tabletop exercises designed for state and local election officials and political campaigns, D3P developed practical guidance to improve election security and integrity across

4845-490: The effectiveness of citywide anti-gun-violence campaigns, and address understaffing at the New Orleans Police Department . Cantrell declared her candidacy for mayor of New Orleans in March 2017 in a race to replace term-limited mayor Mitch Landrieu . An open primary was held on October 14 and included 18 candidates. Cantrell garnered the most votes, winning 39% of the total. In the November 18 runoff election, Cantrell defeated fellow Democratic opponent Desiree Charbonnet ,

4930-476: The establishment of defense and intelligence relationships with former Soviet countries in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its nuclear arsenal, and was chairman of NATO 's High Level Group. He was also responsible for the Counter proliferation Initiative, control of sensitive U.S. exports, and negotiations that led to the deployment of Russian troops as part of the Bosnia Peace Plan Implementation Force . From April 2009 to October 2011, Carter

5015-408: The former Soviet states, strategic affairs, and nuclear weapons. During President Obama's first term , he served first as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and then Deputy Secretary of Defense until December 2013. In February 2015, he replaced Chuck Hagel as Secretary of Defense and served until the end of the Obama administration. During his tenure, he ended

5100-555: The future of New Orleans. According to NOLA.com in 2017, Cantrell was found to be using tax-payer funded credit cards for personal expenses which she later repaid. "New Orleans mayoral candidate LaToya Cantrell and her staff used her office's taxpayer-financed credit cards to cover almost $ 4,350 in purchases she repaid from her campaign funds – sometimes years later, a review of her spending records show. Cantrell also charged to her City Council credit card $ 4,602 in meals and other expenses that she repaid with her own money after she entered

5185-470: The hazardous nuclear, chemical, and biological remnants of the Soviet Union. The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Act, a direct result of its work, became one of the most significant national security initiatives since World War II. Belfer supported the transition to a cooperative security order in the post-Cold War era, strengthened institutions within newly independent states, and worked to prevent nuclear terrorism. In 1997, following further endowment,

SECTION 60

#1732844684403

5270-404: The indictment, but has not been charged with a crime. Cantrell lives with her daughter RayAnn in New Orleans. In August 2023, the city announced the death of her husband, Jason, at 55. They had been married since 1999. In 2016, Cantrell was given a lifetime achievement award by the presidents of Tulane , Loyola and Xavier universities and the University of New Orleans for her service to

5355-496: The mayor's race." Cantrell has argued that her actions were not inappropriate given the council's regulations or policies on the use of campaign funds, personal money, and credit cards. She has suggested that the vagueness of the rules for the use of public money indicates a systemic problem that should be addressed. According to NOLA.com in 2020, several liens were filed against Cantrell, due to her and/or her immediate family owing upwards of $ 95,000 in back taxes. In August 2022,

5440-497: The military. From 1990 to 1993, Carter was chairman of the editorial board of International Security . Previously, he held positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment , and Rockefeller University . In 1997, Carter and former CIA director John M. Deutch co-chaired the Catastrophic Terrorism Study Group which urged greater attention to terrorism. In 1998, Carter, Deutch, and Philip Zelikow (later executive director of

5525-407: The negotiation of the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty , and the multibillion-dollar Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program and Project Sapphire that removed all nuclear weapons from Ukraine , Kazakhstan , and Belarus . Carter directed military planning during the 1994 crisis over North Korea 's nuclear weapons program. In addition, he was responsible for dealing with

5610-458: The other living former secretaries of defense, published a Washington Post op-ed piece opposing President Donald Trump 's summons for military involvement in overturning the 2020 election results, and urging for a peaceful transition of power. Carter was married to Stephanie DeLeeuw Carter. He had been previously married to Clayton Spencer , the eighth president of Bates College , with whom he had two children, Ava and Will. Carter died from

5695-427: The resumption of communication between their militaries. In 1976, Paul Doty and his team founded the journal International Security , the first academic journal to focus exclusively on international security. Since its founding, International Security has been one of the most cited scholarly journals in its field. International Security ranked 4th out of 96 international relations journals for Impact Factor in

5780-430: The term in their public narratives and policy strategies; it has become a feature in national strategies across several U.S. administrations. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina raised serious policy questions about how effective disaster recovery management is conducted. “Clearly, there was a leadership role in New Orleans for the Kennedy School,” said Doug Ahlers , then a Belfer Center Senior Fellow who conceptualized and led

5865-426: The threats posed by Iran were as serious as those posed by the ISIL forces. He said he was not in favor of increasing the rate of prisoner releases from Guantanamo Bay . Carter was approved unanimously on February 1, 2015, by the Senate Armed Services Committee. He was confirmed by the Senate on February 12 by a vote of 93–5 and sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on February 17. In May 2015, Carter warned

5950-409: The use of a city-owned luxury apartment used by Mayor LaToya Cantrell back on the market for rent to the public. The City Council endorsed an amendment to an ordinance that will relinquish the use of the Upper Pontalba Apartment to be leased at fair market value. As of January 2023, Cantrell's administration arranged to have the International Association of Chiefs of Police lead a national search for

6035-473: The world include Chrystia Freeland , Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Alvin Tan , Minister of State for Culture, Community and the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation; National Energy Authority; and Halla Logadóttir , Director-General of Iceland’s National Energy Authority. In the global academic arena, Center alumni sit on faculties and lead departments in prestigious and influential academic institutions and security-focused programs around

6120-563: The world. Following the coup attempt against Soviet leader and reformer Mikhail Gorbachev in August 1991, Belfer Center security experts shaped signature U.S. legislation to secure nuclear weapons following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Belfer Center experts produced the first comprehensive analysis of what could happen to the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons and how to control the fate of that arsenal. Soviet Nuclear Fission: Control of

6205-406: Was Deputy Secretary of Defense , serving as the DOD's chief operating officer, overseeing the department's annual budget and its three million civilian and military personnel, steering strategy and budget through sequester, and directing the reform of DOD's national security export controls. He was confirmed by Senate voice vote for both positions. In an April 4, 2013, speech, he affirmed that

6290-509: Was Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics , with responsibility for DOD's procurement reform and innovation agenda and completion of procurements such as the KC-46 tanker. He also led the development and production of thousands of mine-resistant ambush protected ( MRAP ) vehicles, and other acquisitions. He instituted "Better Buying Power," seeking smarter and leaner purchasing. From October 2011 to December 2013, Carter

6375-459: Was a senior partner at Global Technology Partners, focused on advising investment firms in technology and defense. He was a consultant to Goldman Sachs and Mitretek Systems on international affairs and technology matters, and spoke frequently to business and policy audiences. Carter served as an independent director on the General Electric board of directors from 2020 until his death. He

6460-772: Was also a member of the boards of directors of the Mitre Corporation and Mitretek Systems and the advisory boards of MIT Lincoln Laboratory and Draper Laboratory . Carter was also a member of the Aspen Strategy Group , the Council on Foreign Relations , the American Physical Society , the International Institute for Strategic Studies , and the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations . Carter

6545-707: Was also co-director of the Preventive Defense Project, which designs and promotes security policies aimed at preventing the emergence of major new threats to the United States. Carter had been a longtime member of the Defense Science Board and the Defense Policy Board , the principal advisory bodies to the Secretary of Defense. During the Bush administration, he was also a member of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice 's International Security Advisory Board; co-chair of

6630-751: Was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He was named as a Fellow in the American Physical Society (Forum on Physics & Society) in 2015. Carter served as an honorary director on the board of directors at the Atlantic Council . In April 2021, Carter joined Tanium Board of Directors. From 2021, he had been a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). In 2021, Carter joined Shield Capital's board of Strategic Advisors. Carter's views on Iran had been perceived as hawkish. In 2006, he authored

6715-534: Was involved with residents' efforts to reopen Broadmoor's Rosa F. Keller Library , which won a $ 2 million grant from the Carnegie Endowment . She created a partnership between the Broadmoor Improvement Association and Church of the Annunciation, which provided the neighborhood association with office space and hosted volunteer groups. She also formed a partnership between the Broadmoor Improvement Association and her home parish, Blessed Trinity Catholic Church, to open

6800-606: Was nominated by President Barack Obama to be the 25th United States secretary of defense on December 5, 2014. In his nomination hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee , he said he was "very much inclined" to increase U.S. military aid to Ukraine. Speaking on the Middle East, he said the U.S. must militarily ensure a "lasting defeat" of Islamic State (ISIL) forces in Iraq and Syria . He also opined that

6885-602: Was published in 2021 and 2022 as a four-part discussion paper series titled “The Great Rivalry: China vs. the U.S. in the 21st Century,” delving into the technology, military, economic, and diplomatic arenas. The ideas presented in the Great Rivalry publications have had extensive influence, including informing President Joe Biden ’s China policy and the U.S. negotiating agenda ahead of the November 2023 APEC Summit in San Francisco, in which Presidents Biden and Xi announced

6970-565: Was responsible for strategic affairs, including dealing with the threat of weapons of mass destruction elsewhere in the world, nuclear weapons policy (including overseeing the U.S. nuclear arsenal and missile defenses), the 1994 Nuclear Posture Review , the Agreed Framework signed in 1994 which froze North Korea 's plutonium -producing nuclear reactor program, the 1995 extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ,

7055-533: Was revealed that Carter had used a personal email account while conducting official business as Secretary of Defense. In January 2016, at Carter's direction, the Department of Defense opened all military roles to women, overriding a request by the Marine Corps to continue to exempt women from certain positions. In June 2016, Carter announced that transgender individuals would be allowed to join and openly serve in

7140-527: Was then a research fellow at the MIT Center for International Studies from 1982 to 1984, during which time he wrote a public report assessing that the Reagan-proposed " Star Wars " initiative could not protect the U.S. from a Soviet nuclear attack. Carter taught at Harvard University , as an assistant professor from 1984 to 1986, associate professor from 1986 to 1988, professor and associate director of

7225-478: Was unopposed for a full four-year term in 2014. As a council member, Cantrell focused on health, housing, and criminal-justice issues. She introduced a bill banning smoking at restaurants and bars within New Orleans, citing the health effects of secondhand smoke on service industry workers. The council unanimously passed the bill in 2015. Also in 2015, Cantrell began work to open a low-barrier homeless shelter ,

#402597