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30-544: During the 1900-1901 excavation season in Egypt, John Garstang examined sites north of Abydos for the Egyptian Research Account, covering the land between the villages of Alawniyeh and Bet Khallaf (Bayt Khallāf), including the modern settlements of El Mahasna (Al Maḩāsinah); Bet Allam; Maslahet Harum; Bet; and Ilg.  The expedition camp was based near the walled village of Maslahet-Harun, south of El Mahasna. Between

60-618: A 3rd from Oxford in 1899, Garstang joined the team of Flinders Petrie at Abydos . He excavated various sites in the vicinity, including the discovery of the great tombs at Beit Khallaf in 1901. In 1902 he carried out his first independent excavation in Egypt at Reqaqnah . The excavation was funded by an excavation committee, a group of wealthy donors who in turn would receive a selection of objects from Garstang's excavations in exchange for their patronage. Like Petrie before him, Garstang would continue to use Excavation Committees to fund his excavations for most of his career. In 1902, Garstang

90-510: A reasonable result. Ribchester was a large fort, about 6 acres (24,000 m ), garrisoned by cavalry; in a similar fort at Chesters , on Hadrian's Wall , the Principia measured 85 × 125 feet (38 m): in the 'North Camp' at Camelon , another fort of much the same size (nearly 6 acres), they measured 92 × 120 feet (37 m). The most famous artifact discovered in Ribchester, and dating from

120-548: A small hole underneath the mastaba, and the bones were scattered and offering vessels were 'strewn about in confusion'. The second largest tomb, K2, was of a similar design to K1, contained human remains and a small fragment inscribed with the name of 'Hen-nekht' or 'sa-nekht' ( Sanakht ). 26°19′N 31°47′E  /  26.317°N 31.783°E  / 26.317; 31.783 The Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool hold photographic materials from John Garstang's excavation at Beit Khallaf. The catalogue

150-649: Is available online on the Archives Hub website. John Garstang John Garstang (5 May 1876 – 12 September 1956) was a British archaeologist of the Ancient Near East , especially Egypt , Sudan , Anatolia and the southern Levant . He was the younger brother of Professor Walter Garstang , FRS, a marine biologist and zoologist. Garstang is considered a pioneer in the development of scientific practices in archaeology as he kept detailed records of his excavations with extensive photographic records, which

180-454: Is the usual provision): the colonnade seemed to have been twice rebuilt. Beyond that are fainter traces of the Inner Court which, however, lies mostly underneath a churchyard: the only fairly clear feature is a room (A on plan) which seems to have stood on the right side of the Inner Court, as at Chesters and Ambleside . Behind this, probably, stood the usual five office rooms. If we carry

210-834: The Director of the Department of Antiquities in the British Mandate of Palestine between 1920–26, and excavated at Ashkelon , 1920–21. He was also the Head of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem , 1919–26. He also carried out a major excavation of Jericho from 1930–36, funded by Sir Charles Marston. He taught at the Egyptology section of the Faculty of Arts when this

240-614: The Garstang Museum of Archaeology, to celebrate the centenary of the foundation of the Institute. From 1907–41, Garstang was the first professorship in the methods and practice of archaeology at the university. On behalf of the institute, Garstang excavated sites in Egypt, Sudan and the Near East up to the out break of World War I . Some of his assistant excavators include E. Harold Jones , English artist and illustrator. He served as

270-425: The Principia about twenty feet further back, which would be a full allowance for these rooms with their walling, the end of the whole structure will line with the ends of the granaries found some years ago. This, or something very like it, is what we should naturally expect. We then obtain a structure measuring 81 × 112 feet (34 m), the latter dimension including a verandah 8 feet (2.4 m) wide. This again seems

300-443: The Principia fronted — in normal fashion — the main street of the fort (gravel laid on cobbles) running from the north to the south gate. But, abnormally, the frontage was formed by a verandah or colonnade: the only parallel which I can quote is from Caersws , where excavations in 1909 revealed a similar verandah in front of the Principia. Next to the verandah stood the usual Outer Court with a colonnade round it and two wells in it (one

330-499: The Roman fort, including ones dedicated to the Matres and Moguns. Several funerary inscriptions have been recovered including one dedicated to a decurion. Several antiquarians recorded their visits to Ribchester, including John Leyland , William Camden , and William Stukeley . Excavations began in the nineteenth century, with those undertaken by Thomas May and Donald Atkinson recovering

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360-522: The Roman period, is the Ribchester Helmet , an elaborate Roman cavalry helmet. The helmet was discovered, part of the Ribchester Hoard , in the summer of 1796 by the son of Joseph Walton, a clogmaker . The boy found the items buried in a hollow, about 10 feet below the surface, on some waste land by the side of a road leading to Ribchester Church , and near a river bed. In addition to the helmet,

390-658: The age of 79 years." Garstang's posthumous monograph The Geography of the Hittite Empire was completed with the help of his sister R. Garstang and his colleague Oliver Gurney after John was disabled by illness in 1953. Gurney's wife, Diane Grazebrook, provided the maps. Garstang excavated at various sites in his career, including: Many of Garstang's excavations were never fully published in his lifetime and have subsequently been published by other authors after his death: Bremetennacum Bremetennacum , ( [brɛmɛˈteːnːakʊm] ), or Bremetennacum Veteranorum ,

420-461: The archaeologists, the Ermine Street Guard were also present; they reenacted the construction of a turf rampart using authentic Roman tools. The University of Central Lancashire undertook excavations during the 2010s in the area of the north gate of the auxiliary Roman fort. In 1993, the first episode of Time Team that was recorded excavated the back garden of 2 Church Street in which

450-519: The campaigns of Petillius Cerialis around AD 72/3. This was replaced by a stone fort in the 2nd century. For most of its existence the fort was garrisoned by Sarmatian auxiliaries , first stationed in Britain by Marcus Aurelius in 175. Prior to that it is suggested that the fort was garrisoned by the Ala II Asturum from Spain, but there is some uncertainty about this. Pottery evidence indicates that

480-413: The end of January 1901, it was decided to investigate a large brick structures standing in the desert near the village of Bet Khallaf (site K), which Garstang discovered to be the site several mastaba tombs dating from the 3rd Dynasty . Based upon a seal impression discovered in tomb K1 inscribed with the name of king Neter-khet ( Netjerkhet or Djoser ), Garstang believed the tomb was the burial place of

510-464: The fort was occupied for most of the 4th century until the end of the Roman period. The first fort was built in timber in AD 72/73 by Legio XX Valeria Victrix . The fort was renovated in the late 1st century AD and was rebuilt in stone in the early 2nd century. During the life of the fort, a village grew up around it. A fort remained at Ribchester until the 4th century AD and its remains can still be seen around

540-558: The hoard included a number of patera , pieces of a vase, a bust of Minerva , fragments of two basins, several plates and some other items that Townley thought had religious uses. The finds were thought to have survived so well because they were covered in sand. Evidence for diet was recovered during the excavations in the vicus. Fish include smelt, salmon, eel, grey mullet and plaice/flounder. Animal bones consisted of cattle, sheep/goat and pig. Several flavourings were found, including coriander and dill. Several altars were discovered from

570-484: The king (though he is more usually believed to have been buried in the step pyramid in the Saqqara necropolis, Egypt), but it is now generally believed that it is more likely that they were private tombs of the same period. Another inscription discovered in tomb K2 lead Garstang to the assumption that it was the tomb of Hen-nekht ( Sa-nekht ), thought to be the predecessor of Nejterkhet. Garstang also discovered smaller tombs at

600-411: The outline of the fort. The granaries were excavated in 1908, including the discovery of a layer of charred cereal grain. The Manchester Classical Association excavated part of the Principia in 1913, reported by Haverfield in 1914. Private excavations were undertaken in 1967 of a bath house. Excavations were undertaken in 1980 in the vicus. Ribchester featured in series one of Time Team . Along with

630-730: The present village. A report on Roman remains at Ribchester was published by Francis Haverfield in Roman Britain in 1914 : In the spring of 1913 a small school-building was pulled down at Ribchester, and the Manchester Classical Association was able to resume its examination of the Principia (praetorium) of the Roman fort, above a part of which this building had stood. The work was carried out by Prof. W. B. Anderson , of Manchester University , and Mr. D. Atkinson, Research Fellow of Reading College, and, though limited in extent,

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660-430: The site which he believed to be the tombs of servants of Netjerkhet. The largest tomb, K1, rises 8 metres above the desert and covers an area of over 3800 square meters. A two metre thick outer wall holds the filling with sand and stone and huge brickwork are made around pits and corners. The burial shaft lies 25 metres below the surface at the bottom of a stairway which was blocked by six massive stones. The ceiling above

690-445: The stairway was constructed of descending barrel vaults supported by mud brick arches and are thought to be the oldest known vaults in Egypt. Nearly 800 cylindrical alabaster vases were removed from the stairway, including some with mud caps sealed with the name of 'Neter-Khet' ( Netjerikhet ). The burial chamber comprised 18 chambers leading out from a central passage. Unfortunately the burial has been disturbed by plunderers who had dug

720-403: The villages of Alawniyeh and Bet Allam they discovered traces of a prehistoric cemetery (site L) which had almost been completely plundered.  Between Maslahet Harum and El Mahasna they excavated the site of a prehistoric settlement (site M S) and a necropolis dating from the 4th-11th Dynasty (site M). They also examined a nearby site (site N) containing burials dating from the same period. By

750-551: Was a Roman fort on the site of the present day village of Ribchester in Lancashire , England ( grid reference SD650350 ). (Misspellings in ancient geographical texts include Bremetonnacum , Bremetenracum or Bresnetenacum .) The site is a Scheduled Monument . The site guarded a crossing-point of the River Ribble . The first known Roman activity was the building of a timber fort , believed to have been constructed during

780-596: Was a comparatively rare practice in early 20th-century archaeology. John Garstang was born in Blackburn on 5 May 1876, the sixth child of Walter and Matilda Garstang. He was educated at Blackburn Grammar School and in 1895 he obtained a scholarship for Jesus College, Oxford to study mathematics. While at Oxford, Garstang became interested in archaeology and conducted excavations at Ribchester . Encouraged to take up archaeology, Garstang excavated other Romano-British sites during his vacations from Oxford. After gaining

810-564: Was also appointed the honorary reader in Egyptian archaeology at the University of Liverpool . In 1904, Garstang founded the Institute of Archaeology , which was affiliated with the university. Largely funded by private benefactors, the Institute contained both a library and a museum, intended to support the work of the staff and the teaching of its students. In 2004, this museum was officially renamed

840-630: Was established in the 1920s. One of his students was Pahor Labib , late Director of the Coptic Museum , Cairo. From 1936 to the outbreak of World War II , Garstang excavated Yümük Tepe near Mersin . Garstang returned to Turkey after the War, and finished the excavation in 1948. In 1948, Garstang founded the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara , assisted by other Anatolian archaeologists including Winifred Lamb , and acted as its first director (he

870-639: Was succeeded by Seton Lloyd ). Garstang married Marie Louise Berges , from France, in 1907. Over the years, Marie travelled extensively with him. "When in England, they lived in Formby , near Liverpool, where Marie died in 1949. He died some years later, in Beirut , on the return journey from a holiday cruise. It was 1956 and he was eighty years old. They had two children, John Berges Garstang who died in 1965, aged 57 years, and Meroe Fleming (born Garstang), who died in 1994 at

900-446: Was very successful. The first discovery of the Principia is due to Miss Greenall, who about 1905 was building a house close to the school and took care that certain remains found by her builders should be duly noted: excavations in 1906-07, however, left the size and extent of these remains somewhat uncertain and resulted in what we now know to be an incorrect plan. The work done last spring (1913) makes it plain (see illustration) that

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