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115-462: The village is located on 660,000 square meters (7,100,000 sq ft) of land which connects with the Olympic Forest and Stadium. It is also connected to two media villages which can host up to 7,000 media personnel. The village was designed to accommodate over 16,000 athletes while providing ample space for both the athletes' social and athletic needs. Of the $ 42 billion Beijing spent on hosting

230-527: A People's Liberation Army commander well known in China for his involvement in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes , as one of 1,200 torchbearers have been controversial, with India launching a diplomatic boycott of the Games as a result. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in the qualifying process for curling and women's ice hockey due to the cancellation of tournaments in 2020. Qualification for curling

345-505: A Turkic ethnic group native to Xinjiang . They are distinct from the Han Chinese , the predominant ethnic group in China. Uyghurs are the second-largest predominantly Muslim ethnicity in China, after the Hui , and Sunni Islam is an important aspect of Uyghur identity. The Uyghur language has around 10 million speakers and is shared with other minority groups in the region. Both Uyghurs and

460-529: A propaganda campaign to defend its actions in Xinjiang. China initially denied the existence of the Xinjiang internment camps and attempted to cover up their existence. In 2018, after widespread reporting forced it to admit that the Xinjiang internment camps exist, the Chinese government initiated a campaign to portray the camps as humane and to deny that human rights abuses occurred in Xinjiang. In 2020 and 2021,

575-538: A "monolingual, monocultural model", which in turn helped to embed and strengthen an oppositional Uyghur identity. Attempts by the Chinese state to encourage economic development in the region by exploiting natural resources led to ethnic tension and discontent within Xinjiang over the region's lack of autonomy. In April 1990, a violent uprising in Barin , near Kashgar, was suppressed by the People's Liberation Army (PLA), involving

690-440: A Chinese government-backed propaganda campaign on Twitter and YouTube involving more than 5000 videos analysed. The videos showed Uyghurs in Xinjiang denying abuses and scolding foreign officials and multinational corporations who had questioned China's human rights record in the province. Some of the videos' accounts were removed on YouTube as part of YouTube's efforts to combat spam and influence operations. In October 2022,

805-600: A PLA crackdown on protesters resulting in at least nine deaths in what became known as the Ghulja incident . The Ürümqi bus bombings later that month killed nine people and injured 68, with Uyghur exile groups claiming responsibility. In March 1997, a bus bomb killed two people, with responsibility claimed by Uyghur separatists and the Turkey -based "Organisation for East Turkistan Freedom". The July 2009 Ürümqi riots , which resulted in over one hundred deaths, broke out in response to

920-418: A border control should be implemented to insure the person's arrest". In 2017, 73% of foreign journalists in China reported being restricted or prohibited from reporting in Xinjiang, up from 42% in 2016. Alleged "re-education" efforts began in 2014 and were expanded in 2017. Chen ordered that the camps "be managed like the military and defended like a prison". At this time, internment camps were built for

1035-690: A case brought to the International Criminal Court was dismissed because the crimes alleged appeared to have been "committed solely by nationals of China within the territory of China, a State which is not a party to the Statute ", meaning the ICC could not investigate them. In January 2021, the United States Department of State declared China's actions as genocide, and legislatures in several countries have passed non-binding motions doing

1150-406: A chair and received electric shocks . It was her third time being sent to a camp since 2015. Tursun told reporters that she remembered interrogators tell her "Being a Uighur is a crime." Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying stated that Tursun was taken into custody by police on "suspicion of inciting ethnic hatred and discrimination" for a period lasting 20 days and denied that Tursun

1265-453: A flexible language policy nationally. Despite a positive response among party officials and minority groups, the Chinese government viewed this policy as unsuccessful and from the mid-1980s its official pluralistic language policy became increasingly subordinate to a covert policy of minority assimilation motivated by geopolitical concerns. Consequently, and in Xinjiang particularly, multilingualism and cultural pluralism were restricted to favor

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1380-716: A joint project by the Central Academy of Fine Arts and Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology . The torch relay started on 18 October 2021 in Greece. On 20 October 2021, it was announced that the local leg would start on 2 February and end on 4 February 2022 during the Opening Ceremonies. The local leg only visited two cities: Beijing and Zhangjiakou . Activists staged a protest at the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece. The inclusion and television appearance of Qi Fabao,

1495-490: A large number of deaths. Writing in 1998, political scientist Barry Sautman considered policies designed to reduce inequality between Han Chinese and ethnic minorities in Xinjiang unsuccessful at eliminating conflicts because they were shaped by the "paternalistic and hierarchical approach to ethnic relations adopted by the Chinese government". In February 1997, a police roundup and execution of suspected "separatists" during Ramadan led to large demonstrations, which led to

1610-418: A meeting with their chief so that the police could show up and arrest everyone, while on other occasions the police would go door-to-door with rifles and pull all the residents from their homes overnight. Once the police had arrested people, they would interrogate and beat every man, woman, and child over age 14 "until they kneel on the floor crying." Researchers and organizations have made various estimates of

1725-537: A new mixed team event in short track speed skating . In biathlon , a single mixed relay was proposed by the International Biathlon Union (IBU) to complement the four-person mixed relay that featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Also, the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF) proposed a new team event, but there was no plan to introduce a four-woman bobsleigh event despite

1840-461: A part of the Chinese government's strategy to govern Xinjiang through the detention of ethnic minorities en masse . According to Adrian Zenz , a researcher on the camps, the mass internments peaked in 2018 and have abated since then, with officials shifting focus towards forced labor programs. In September 2023, Amnesty International said that they were "witnessing more and more arbitrary detention", but that detained individuals were being moved from

1955-440: A pretext for cultural suppression and human rights abuses. In 2021, Shirzat Bawudun , the former head of the Xinjiang department of justice, and Sattar Sawut , the former head of the Xinjiang education department, were sentenced to death with two years reprieve on terrorism and separatism charges. Three other educators and two textbook editors were given lesser sentences. Especially since 2016, internment camps have been

2070-677: A protocol adopted for the 2020 Summer Olympics before they were moved behind closed doors , the IOC also announced that only residents of the People's Republic of China would be permitted to attend the Games as spectators. On 23 December 2021, the United States' National Hockey League (NHL) and its labor union, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), announced that they had agreed to withdraw their players' participation in

2185-478: A record 109 events across 15 disciplines, with big air freestyle skiing and women's monobob making their Olympic debuts as medal events, as well as several new mixed competitions. A total of 2,871 athletes representing 91 teams competed in the Games, with Haiti and Saudi Arabia making their Winter Olympic debut. Beijing's hosting of the Games was subject to various concerns and controversies including those related to human rights violations in China , such as

2300-407: A record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports. There are seven new medal events, including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob , mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and the mixed relay in short track speed skating. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each discipline. In October 2016,

2415-560: A residential area. Due to this, for the 2022 Winter Olympics , there was a need to build another Olympic Village on a smaller scale. These new buildings are located in the southern area of Olympic Green at area of the former hockey and archery fields on the neighbour area of the National Olympic Sports Center . 40°00′27.71″N 116°22′47.60″E  /  40.0076972°N 116.3798889°E  / 40.0076972; 116.3798889 This 2008 Olympics -related article

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2530-659: A result of the westward expansion of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty during the 1700s, which also saw the conquests of Tibet and Mongolia . Xinjiang was a peripheral part of the Qing empire and briefly regained independence during the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) . The Uyghur population participated in the Dzungar genocide , resulting in the Qianlong emperor granting them permission to resettle in

2645-712: A secret meeting of CCP leadership was held in Beijing to find a solution to the problem, which would become known as the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism . In May 2014, China publicly launched the campaign in Xinjiang in response to growing tensions between the Han Chinese and the Uyghur populations of Xinjiang. In announcing the campaign, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping stated that "practice has proved that our party's ruling strategy in Xinjiang

2760-563: A specific country. Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision. After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 to reduce the penalty WADA had placed on Russia. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate in the Olympics and other international events, but for two years, the team cannot use

2875-643: A spiral of repression and unrest. In April 2010, after the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, Zhang Chunxian replaced the former CCP secretary Wang Lequan , who had been behind religious policies in Xinjiang for 14 years. Following the unrest, party theorists began to call for implementing a more monocultural society with a single "state-race" which would allow China to become "a new type of superpower". Policies to further this goal were first implemented by Zhang Chunxian. Following an attack in Yunnan Province , Xi Jinping told

2990-710: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Beijing location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( Chinese : 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2022 ( 北京 2022), were an international winter multi-sport event held from 4 to 20 February 2022 in Beijing , China, and surrounding areas with competition in selected events beginning 2 February 2022. It

3105-509: Is correct and must be maintained in the long run". In 2016, there was a brief window of opportunity for Uyghurs with passports to leave China; many did so but had to leave relatives and children without passports behind. Many of these families have not been reunited. Following guidance from Beijing, CCP leadership in Xinjiang commenced a " People's War " against the "Three Evil Forces" of separatism, terrorism, and extremism. They deployed two hundred thousand party cadres to Xinjiang and launched

3220-522: Is not possible in Norway because the government doesn't own or control "all advertising space throughout Oslo" and has no authority to give a foreign private organization exclusive use of a city and the private property within it. Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy; Slate described the IOC as a "notoriously ridiculous organization run by grifters and hereditary aristocrats." Ole Berget, deputy minister in

3335-552: The 2008 Summer Olympics , Beijing became the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The venues for the Games were concentrated around Beijing, its suburb Yanqing District , and Zhangjiakou , with some events (including the ceremonies and curling) repurposing venues originally built for Beijing 2008 (such as Beijing National Stadium and the Beijing National Aquatics Centre ). The Games featured

3450-669: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute documented a number of CCP-backed Uyghur influencers in Xinjiang posting propaganda videos on Chinese and Western social media which pushed back against abuse allegations. Some of the influencers' accounts were suspended on Twitter for alleged inauthenticity. On October 30, 2023, the Chinese embassy in France posted a photo on X comparing the buildings in Xinjiang, which were standing intact, with buildings in Gaza that had been destroyed in

3565-561: The Chinese government has committed a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in Xinjiang which has often been characterized as persecution or as genocide . There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention , torture , mass surveillance , cultural and religious persecution, family separation , forced labor , sexual violence , and violations of reproductive rights . In 2014,

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3680-487: The Civil Servant-Family Pair Up program. Xi was dissatisfied with the initial results of the People's War and replaced Zhang Chunxian with Chen Quanguo in 2016. Following his appointment Chen oversaw the recruitment of tens of thousands of additional police officers and the division of society into three categories: trusted, average, and untrustworthy. He instructed his subordinates to "Take this crackdown as

3795-590: The International Ski Federation (FIS) announced plans to begin permitting women's competitions in Nordic combined , to contest the discipline at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing. In November 2017, a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion: a ski jumping mixed team competition and men's and women's big air in freestyle skiing . At their May 2018 Congress at

3910-755: The Israel-Hamas war . East Turkestan Government in Exile leader Salih Hudayar and Uyghur lawyer Rayhan Asat criticized the photo as propaganda and argued that China's crackdown was more pervasive than the situation in Gaza. China has used the global " war on terror " of the 2000s to frame "separatist" and ethnic unrest as acts of Islamist terrorism to legitimize its policies in Xinjiang. Scholars such as Sean Roberts and David Tobin have described Islamophobia and fear of terrorism as discourses that have been used within China to justify repressive policies targeting Uyghurs, arguing that violence against Uyghurs should be seen in

4025-519: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs to dispel allegations of abuse are closed to foreign journalists and feature pre-recorded questions as well as pre-recorded monologues from people in Xinjiang, including relatives of witnesses. Chinese government propaganda attacks have also targeted international journalists covering human rights abuses in Xinjiang. After providing coverage critical of Chinese government abuses in Xinjiang, BBC News reporter John Sudworth

4140-615: The Norwegian parliament had stated their intention to decline the application. In the days before the decision, Norwegian media had revealed the IOC's "diva-like demands for luxury treatment" for the IOC members themselves, such as special lanes on all roads only to be used by IOC members and cocktail reception at the Royal Palace with drinks paid for by the royal family. The IOC also "demanded control over all advertising space throughout Oslo" to be used exclusively by IOC's sponsors, something that

4255-482: The Omicron variant in Beijing, it was announced that ticket sales to the general public were cancelled, and that limited numbers of spectators would be admitted by invitation only. These, therefore, became the second Olympics in a row that were closed to the general public. In the lead-up to the Games, organizers stated that they had aimed for at least 30% capacity at each venue, divided equally between spectators from within

4370-605: The Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA planned to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics , but they were not permitted to compete in team sports. WADA Compliance Review Committee head Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use " Olympic Athletes from Russia " (OAR) again, as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes cannot be portrayed as representing

4485-648: The Shaoguan incident , a violent dispute between Uyghur and Han Chinese factory workers. Following the riots, Uyghur terrorists killed dozens of Han Chinese in coordinated attacks from 2009 to 2016. These included the September 2009 Xinjiang unrest , the 2011 Hotan attack , the 2014 Kunming attack , the April 2014 Ürümqi attack , and the May 2014 Ürümqi attack . The attacks were conducted by Uyghur separatists, with some orchestrated by

4600-618: The Turkistan Islamic Party (a UN-designated terrorist organization, formerly called the East Turkistan Islamic Movement). During the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics , the Chinese state began to emphasize weiwen (stability maintenance) which led to an intensification of repression across the country. Some within the Party warned that increased action to combat instability which might not even exist could lead to

4715-533: The Water Cube , was the venue for Curling competition. In the 2022 Winter Olympics, the National Aquatics Center became the first Olympic venue to incorporate a curling track in the swimming pool. The Shougang Big Air (首钢滑雪大跳台中心 Shǒugāng Huáxuě Dàtiàotái Zhōngxīn /shoh-gung hwaa-sshwair daa-tyao-teye jong-sshin/) was a newly constructed site for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The Shougang Big Air hosted

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4830-468: The Xinjiang autonomous region ( cross-country , and the first Chinese cross-country skier to win a medal in an ISF event). For the first time in Olympic history, the final torchbearers did not light a cauldron: instead, they fitted the torch into the centre of a large stylised snowflake , constructed from placards bearing the names of the delegations competing in the Games. Three similar snowflakes were also erected as public flames, with one outside of

4945-460: The administration of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Xi Jinping launched the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism , which involved surveillance and restrictions in Xinjiang. Beginning in 2017, under Xinjiang CCP Secretary Chen Quanguo , the government incarcerated over an estimated one million Uyghurs without legal process in internment camps officially described as "vocational education and training centers", in

5060-507: The forced assimilation of Xinjiang, as ethnocide or cultural genocide , or as genocide. Those accusing China of genocide point to intentional acts they say violate Article II of the Genocide Convention , which prohibits "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part," a "racial or religious group" including "causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group" and "measures intended to prevent births within

5175-469: The freestyle skiing and snowboarding events. The Wukesong Sports Centre (五棵松体育馆 Wǔkēsōng Tǐyùguǎn /woo-ker-song tee-yoo-gwan/) was under an 8-month renovation for the 2022 Winter Olympics. In February 2022, the Wukesong Sports Centre hosted the 2022 Winter Olympics Men's and Women's ice hockey tournaments. The National Indoor Stadium (国家体育馆 Guójiā Tǐyùguǎn /gwor-jyaa tee-yoo-gwan/)

5290-555: The persecution of Uyghurs in China , which led to calls for a boycott of the games. Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in Tokyo, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the implementation of health and safety protocols, and, for the second Games in a row, the Games being closed to the public (with selected events open to invited guests at a reduced capacity). Norway finished at

5405-437: The "broad definition of terrorism and vague references to extremism" used by Chinese legislation, noting that there were numerous reports of detention of large numbers of ethnic Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities on the "pretext of countering terrorism". In 2019, the editorial board of The Wall Street Journal , Sam Brownback , and Nathan Sales each said that the Chinese government consistently misused "counterterrorism" as

5520-517: The "closed loop" (including dignitaries, delegations, and the press), and invited guests from outside of it (including local residents, school students, winter sports enthusiasts, and marketing partners). At least 150,000 spectators from outside the "closed loop" were expected to attend. Spectators were only present at events held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou; all events in Yanqing were held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Everyone present at

5635-566: The 2008 Summer Olympics, $ 1.827 billion went to the Olympic Village. Safety was of extreme importance to athletes as well as their home countries. During the Olympics, extreme humidity and pollution were a problem, with the Czech team taking their own air measurements to ensure the health and safety of their athletes. After the Olympics, apartments on the Olympic Green have been transformed into

5750-509: The 2015–16 winter season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. In 2016, it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists, an increase of 30% from the previous season, during the first snow season after winning the Olympic bid. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted thirty-six competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of twenty-three skiing camps have also been set up, attracting

5865-666: The 2022 Winter Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, would take place. Five ice events were held at the Olympic Green , the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center , which had been some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics . The Big Air snowboarding and freestyle skiing events were held in a former industrial area in Shijingshan District , at Western Hills area. Since

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5980-632: The Beijing Zone, the Zhangjiakou Zone, and the Yanging Zone. Venues in the Beijing Zone exist in different conditions; some were recently constructed exclusively for the 2022 games, while the rest were renovated from the 2008 Summer Olympics or other existing sites. The Beijing Zone of the 2022 Winter Olympics consisted of six competition venues and was where the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, for both

6095-707: The Capital Gymnasium, was a venue adapted from the 2008 Summer Olympics and was reconstructed for short-track speed skating and figure skating competitions in the 2022 Winter Olympics. Yanqing District is a suburban district localized at the Beijing 's far north. Competitions for luge , skeleton , bobsleigh and alpine skiing were held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in the West Dazhuangke village of Zhangshanying in Yanqing District , northwest of

6210-485: The Capital International Airport due to its smaller size and the fact that it is closer to the city center and Olympic Green and has specific isolation areas and a better health protocols. The original estimated budget for the Games was US$ 3.9 billion, less than one-tenth of the $ 43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics. Although there were reports that the games might cost more than US$ 38.5 billion,

6325-538: The Costa Navarino resort in Messenia , Greece , the FIS submitted several additional events for consideration, including a proposal to make telemark skiing an Olympic discipline for the first time in Beijing, with proposed competitions to include the men's and women's parallel sprint and a mixed team parallel sprint. The Congress also approved to submit the aerials mixed team event, and several new snowboarding events:

6440-520: The Finance Ministry, said "the IOC's arrogance was an argument held high by a lot of people." The country's largest newspaper commented that "Norway is a rich country, but we don't want to spend money on wrong things, like satisfying the crazy demands from IOC apparatchiks. These insane demands that they should be treated like the king of Saudi Arabia just won't fly with the Norwegian public." Beijing

6555-510: The Games' men's hockey tournament, citing concerns over COVID-19 and the need to make up games that had been postponed due to COVID-19 outbreak As part of their latest collective agreement with the NHLPA, the NHL had agreed to accommodate a break for the Olympics and player participation for the first time since 2014. On 17 January 2022, amid increasing lockdowns across China and the first detected case of

6670-589: The Games, IOC president Thomas Bach instructed athletes to "show how the world would look like, if we all respect the same rules and each other", and pledged that "there [would] be no discrimination for any reason whatsoever." The final seven torchbearers reflected multiple decades of Chinese athletes, beginning with the 1950s, and concluding with two skiers competing in the Games—21 year-old skier Zhao Jiawen from Shanxi (the first Chinese athlete to compete in Nordic combined ), and 20-year-old Dinigeer Yilamujiang from

6785-483: The Games, including athletes, staff, and attendees, were required to use the My2022 mobile app as part of the biosecurity protocols, which was used for submissions of customs declarations and health records for travel to the Games, daily health self-reporting, and records of COVID-19 vaccination and testing. The app also provided news and information relating to the Games, and messaging functions. Concerns were raised about

6900-431: The Games; all athletes were required to remain within the bio-secure bubble (referred to as a "closed-loop management system") for the duration of their participation, which included daily COVID-19 testing , and only being allowed to travel to and from Games-related venues. Unless they are fully- vaccinated or have a valid medical exemption, all athletes were required to quarantine for 21 days upon their arrival. Mirroring

7015-406: The Russian name, flag, or anthem and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team." The ruling does allow for team uniforms to display "Russia" on the uniform as well as the use of the Russian flag colors within the uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation. Persecution of Uyghurs in China Since 2014,

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7130-405: The addition of six new events, including natural track luge (men's and women's singles), a women's doubles competition on the artificial track, and sprint events (men, women, and doubles) on the artificial track. The International Skating Union (ISU) continued to campaign for the addition of synchronized skating as a new event within the discipline of figure skating . The ISU also proposed

7245-404: The camps into Chinese "formal prisons" . As of April 2024 , the Uyghur Human Rights Project estimated that China had imprisoned 449,000 Uyghurs or about one in 17. In 2021, CNN published an interview with a former Xinjiang police officer identified as "Jiang", who said that, when the police planned to raid a Uyghur village, they would sometimes arrange for the entire village to gather for

7360-613: The camps. Russian-American scholar Gene Bunin created the Xinjiang Victims Database which had documented 12,050 victims in April 2021, and 225 deaths for those serving official prison sentences as of November 2023. The database drew ridicule online after it included photos of Hong Kong actors Andy Lau and Chow Yun-fat in a list of police officers allegedly responsible for the crackdowns. Rights groups and others have reported that Uyghurs living in Xinjiang have been subject to torture by authorities. A former Chinese police detective, exiled in Europe, revealed to CNN in 2021 details of

7475-414: The committee were more careful, with Human Rights Watch estimating at least tens of thousands and Amnesty International estimating tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of detainees. In September 2020, a Chinese government white paper stated that an average of 1.29 million workers went through "vocational training" per year between 2014 and 2019, though it does not specify how many of the people received

7590-508: The context of Chinese colonialism , rather than exclusively as a part of an anti-terrorism campaign. According to academic David Tobin, since 2012, "Chinese education about Uyghurs tends to frame Uyghur identities as racialised, culturally external existential threats to be defeated by state violence or teaching them to be Chinese." Arienne Dwyer has written that the US war on terror gave China an opportunity to characterise and "conflate" Uyghur nationalism with terrorism, particularity through

7705-483: The end of 2009, the Beijing Olympic Village apartments on the Olympic Green had been transformed into a residential area. There was therefore a need to build another Olympic Village on a smaller scale for the Winter Olympics. These new buildings are located in the southern area of Olympic Green on the neighbourhood of the National Olympic Sports Center and will serves as Chinese Olympic Committee residential complex for those athletes who will undergo training sessions at

7820-533: The existence and scope of human rights violations occurring within Xinjiang. Douyin presents its users with Chinese state propaganda pertaining to the human rights abuses in Xinjiang. Between July 2019 and early August 2019, CCP -owned tabloid the Global Times paid Twitter to promote tweets that denied that the Chinese government was committing human rights abuses in Xinjiang; Twitter later banned advertising from state-controlled media outlets on August 19 after removing large numbers of pro-Beijing bots from

7935-528: The expense required to operate them. Although no comprehensive independent surveys of such centers have been performed as of October 2022, spot checks by journalists have found such sites converted or abandoned. In 2022, a Washington Post reporter checked a dozen sites previously identified as reeducation centers and found "[m]ost of them appeared to be empty or converted, with several sites labeled as coronavirus quarantine facilities, teachers' schools and vocational schools." The Chinese government has engaged in

8050-428: The final official budget was US$ 2.24 billion and turning a profit of $ 52 million, of which the International Olympic Committee (IOC) donated $ 10.4 million of that surplus to the Chinese Olympic Committee (COC) to help with the development of sport in China. The opening ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 4 February 2022 at Beijing National Stadium . Amid the political controversies and tensions impacting

8165-399: The former territories of Dzungaria . The region was semi-autonomous during the Republic of China 's Warlord Era (1916–1928), with parts controlled by the Kumul Khanate , the Ma Clique and later the warlord Jin Shuren . In 1933, the breakaway First East Turkestan Republic was established in the Kumul Rebellion , but was conquered the following year by warlord Sheng Shicai with

8280-727: The group". In a 2022 assessment by the UN Human Rights Office , the United Nations (UN) stated that China's policies and actions in the Xinjiang region may be crimes against humanity , though did not use the term genocide. In 2020, 39 UN member states issued statements to the United Nations Human Rights Council criticizing China's policies, while 45 countries supported China's "deradicalization measures in Xinjiang" and opposed "the politicization of human rights issues and double standards". In December 2020,

8395-602: The help of Soviet aid . In 1944, the Ili Rebellion led to the establishment of the Second East Turkestan Republic , which was dependent on the Soviet Union until it was absorbed into the People's Republic of China in 1949. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the Chinese government sponsored a mass migration of Han Chinese to Xinjiang and introduced policies designed to suppress cultural identity and religion in

8510-402: The high costs or the lack of local support and funding for hosting the Games. The Oslo bid , considered the clear frontrunner, was canceled in the wake of a series of revelations about the IOC's demands for luxury treatment of IOC members that strongly turned public opinion and the parliamentary majority against the bid. The city withdrew its application for government funding after a majority of

8625-594: The housing of students of the "re-education" programs, most of whom were Uyghurs. The Chinese government did not acknowledge their existence until 2018 and called them "vocational education and training centers". From 2019, the government began referring to them as "vocational training centers". The camps tripled in size from 2018 to 2019 despite the Chinese government stating that most of the detainees had been released. The use of these centers appears to have ended in 2019 following international pressure. Academic Kerry Brown attributes their closures beginning in late 2019 to

8740-526: The increases in the size and scope of detention in the region and public reporting on the stories of Uyghur exiles with family in internment camps. In July 2019, Zenz wrote in a paper published by the Journal of Political Risk that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been extrajudicially detained, which he described as being "an equivalent to just under one in six adult members of a Turkic and predominantly Muslim minority group in Xinjiang." In November 2019, Zenz estimated that

8855-754: The largest mass internment of an ethnic-religious minority group since World War II . China began to wind down the camps in 2019, and Amnesty International states that detainees have been increasingly transferred to the penal system . In addition to mass detention, government policies have included forced labor and factory work, suppression of Uyghur religious practices , political indoctrination , forced sterilization , forced contraception , and forced abortion . An estimated 16,000 mosques have been razed or damaged, and hundreds of thousands of children have been forcibly separated from their parents and sent to boarding schools . Chinese government statistics reported that from 2015 to 2018, birth rates in

8970-474: The leader of the World Cup ranking, and Russian skeletonist Nikita Tregubov , silver medalist of the 2018 Winter Olympics. The new Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway opened in late 2019, starting from Beijing North railway station and ending at Zhangjiakou railway station . It was built for speeds of up to 350 km/h (220 mph); with this new road system, the travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou

9085-503: The men and women's snowboard cross team event; a mixed team alpine parallel event; the men's and women's parallel special slalom; and a mixed team parallel special slalom event. The individual parallel special slalom events were featured at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , but were dropped from the Olympic program in 2018 to make way for the snowboarding big air competitions. The International Luge Federation (FIL) proposed

9200-577: The mixed relay in short track speed skating. Women's Nordic combined was not added; Nordic combined remains the only Winter Olympic sport only contested by men. On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with lab data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of

9315-496: The most recalcitrant prisoners – usually young, religious males – to high-security prisons in Xinjiang or inner China. Other camp 'graduates' have been sent into securitized forced labour. Those who remain outside the camps have been terrified into religious and cultural self-censorship through the threat of internment." American researcher Ethan Gutmann estimated in December 2020 that 5 to 10 percent of detainees had died each year in

9430-563: The mostly Uyghur regions of Hotan and Kashgar fell by more than 60%. In the same period, the birth rate of the whole country decreased by 9.69%. Chinese authorities according to CNN acknowledged that birth rates dropped by almost a third in 2018 in Xinjiang, but denied reports of forced sterilization. Birth rates in Xinjiang fell a further 24% in 2019, compared to a nationwide decrease of 4.2%. The Chinese government denies having committed human rights abuses in Xinjiang. International reactions have varied, with its actions being described as

9545-494: The nearby venues. The Beijing National Stadium was an iconic venue in the Beijing Zone, and it is also known as the Bird's Nest (鸟巢; Niǎocháo ). The Beijing National Stadium was the site that hosted the Opening and Closing Ceremonies for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but it was no longer a venue for any competition in 2022. The National Aquatics Center ( 国家游泳中心 Guójiā Yóuyǒng Zhōngxīn /gwor-jyaa yoh-yong jong-sshin/), also known as

9660-539: The number of Xinjiang internment camp detainees. In 2018, United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination vice chairperson Gay McDougall indicated that around 1 million Uyghurs were being held in internment camps. While McDougall did not cite sources for her statement, it was consistent with a report submitted to the committee by the Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders . Other estimates submitted to

9775-580: The number of internment camps in Xinjiang had surpassed 1,000. In July 2020, Zenz wrote in Foreign Policy that his estimate had increased since November 2019, estimating that a total of 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities had been extrajudicially detained in what he described as "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust", arguing that the Chinese Government

9890-633: The participation of 3,800 youths. All the venues construction started in November 2016 and was finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events. The design for the Games' medals was unveiled on 26 October 2021. The concept is based on the 2008 Summer Olympics medals and Chinese astronomy and astrology as the games were held coinciding with the Chinese New Year festivities. The uniforms for medal presenters at medal ceremonies were unveiled in January 2022. The uniforms have been designed in

10005-455: The politburo "We should unite the people to build a copper and iron wall against terrorism", and "Make terrorists like rats scurrying across the street, with everybody shouting, 'Beat them! ' " In April 2014, Xi traveled to Xinjiang and told police in Kashgar that "We must be as harsh as them, and show absolutely no mercy." A suicide bombing occurred in Ürümqi on the last day of his visit. In 2014,

10120-545: The predominantly Han government lay claim to Xinjiang. This prompted an ethnic conflict featuring resistance and sporadic violence as Uyghurs sought greater autonomy. Sinologists Anna Hayes and Michael Clarke have described Xinjiang as undergoing a process of transition as the Chinese government attempted to transform it from a frontier region to an "integral" province of a unitary Chinese state. Historically, certain Chinese dynasties exerted control over parts of modern-day Xinjiang. The region fully came under Chinese rule as

10235-624: The propaganda campaign expanded due to rising international backlash against government policies, with the Chinese government worrying that it no longer had control of the narrative. Chinese authorities have responded to allegations of abuse by Uyghur women by mounting character attacks. This included the disclosure of confidential medical and personal information in an attempt to slander witnesses and undermine their testimony. The goal of these attacks appeared to be to silence further criticism, rather than to refute specific claims made by critics. Presentations given by Xinjiang's publicity department and

10350-532: The recommendation from the federation's executive board to propose such an event in the interests of gender equality. In July 2018, the IOC announced changes to the program for the 2022 Winter Olympics as part of a goal to increase the participation of women, and appeal to younger audiences. Seven new medal events were added (expanding the total program to 109 events), including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob , mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and

10465-658: The region. During this period, Uyghur independence organizations emerged with some support from the Soviet Union, with the East Turkestan People's Party being the largest in 1968. During the 1970s, the Soviets supported the United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan (URFET) against the Han Chinese. During the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping , the PRC pursued a new policy of cultural liberalization in Xinjiang and adopted

10580-787: The same, including the House of Commons of Canada , the Dutch parliament , the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , the Seimas of Lithuania , and the French National Assembly . Other parliaments, such as those in New Zealand , Belgium , and the Czech Republic condemned the Chinese government's treatment of Uyghurs as "severe human rights abuses" or crimes against humanity . Uyghurs are

10695-435: The security of the My2022 app and how information collected by it would be used, so several delegations advised their athletes to bring burner phones and laptops for the duration of the games. Because of the strict COVID-19 protocol, some top athletes, considered to be medal contenders, were not able to travel to China after having tested positive, even if asymptomatic. The cases included Austrian ski jumper Marita Kramer ,

10810-400: The social network. In April 2021, the Chinese government released 5 propaganda videos titled, "Xinjiang is a Wonderful Land", and released a musical titled "The Wings of Songs" which portrayed Xinjiang as harmonious and peaceful. The Wings of Songs portrays "a rural idyll of ethnic cohesion devoid of repression, mass surveillance" and without Islam. In June 2021, ProPublica documented

10925-559: The stadium lit by a volunteer, one in Yanqing District lit by speed skater Yu Jongjun , and the third in Zhangjiakou lit by skier Wang Wezhuo . The closing ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics was held at Beijing National Stadium on 20 February 2022; it included a cultural presentation, closing remarks, and the formal handover to Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo as hosts of the 2026 Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics included

11040-490: The strategic location, it would be the main focus for the arrival and entry of delegations on Chinese soil. Chinese officials had hoped that this airport would replace Beijing Capital International Airport as the country's main hub for arrivals and departures between its opening and the Winter Games and reduce the international and domestic demands of the older airport. This airport replaced the old Beijing Nanyuan Airport which

11155-497: The systematic torture of Uyghurs in detention camps in Xinjiang, acts in which he had participated, and the fear of his own arrest had he dissented while in China. Mihrigul Tursun , a young Uyghur mother, said that she was "tortured and subjected to other brutal conditions." In 2018, Tursun gave an interview during which she described her experience while at the camps; she was drugged, interrogated for days without sleep, subjected to intrusive medical examinations, and strapped in

11270-473: The top of the medal table for the second successive Winter Olympics, winning a total of 37 medals, of which 16 were gold, setting a new record for the largest number of gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics. The host nation China finished fourth with nine gold medals and also eleventh place by total medals won, marking its most successful performance in Winter Olympics history. The bidding calendar

11385-589: The top project", and "to preempt the enemy, to strike at the outset". Following a meeting with Xi in Beijing, Chen Quanguo held a rally in Ürümqi with ten thousand troops, helicopters, and armored vehicles. As they paraded, he announced a "smashing, obliterating offensive," and declared that they would "bury the corpses of terrorists and terror gangs in the vast sea of the People's War." He ordered them to "Round up everyone who should be rounded up," and by April 2017 mass arrests had begun. New bans and regulations were implemented on April 1, 2017. Abnormally long beards and

11500-400: The training in camps or how many times they went through training. Adrian Zenz stated that this "gives us a possible scope of coercive labor" occurring in Xinjiang. There have been multiple reports that mass deaths have occurred inside the camps. In March 2019, Adrian Zenz told the United Nations that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been detained in camps, saying that the number accounted for

11615-717: The urban area of Beijing, 90 kilometres (56 miles) away from the city center of Beijing and 17.5 kilometres (10.9 miles) away from the town of Yanqing , using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region. All other skiing events were held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli District , Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province . It is 220 km (140 mi) from downtown Beijing and 130 km (81 mi) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area . The ski resort earned over ¥ 1.54 billion (US$ 237.77 million) in tourism during

11730-504: The use of state-run media . Dwyer argues that the influence of fundamentalist forms of Islam such as Salafism within Xinjiang is overstated by China as it is tempered by Uyghur Sufism . In December 2015, the Associated Press reported that China had effectively expelled Ursula Gauthier , a French journalist, "for questioning the official line equating ethnic violence in the western Muslim region with global terrorism". Gauthier, who

11845-404: The wearing of veils in public were both banned. Not watching state-run television or listening to radio broadcasts, refusing to abide by family planning policies, or refusing to allow one's children to attend state-run schools were all prohibited. In 2017, China's Ministry of Public Security began to procure race-based monitoring systems which could reportedly identify whether or not an individual

11960-434: Was Uyghur. Despite its questionable accuracy, this allowed a "Uyghur alarm" to be added to surveillance systems. Enhanced border controls were also implemented with guilt being presumed in the absence of evidence Zhu Hailun, Communist Party secretary of Kashgar, signed off on a bulletin in 2017 that presumed guilt in persons from Xinjing who had travelled abroad. According to Zhu, "If suspected terrorism cannot be ruled out, then

12075-526: Was announced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in October 2012, with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan), and Beijing (China), as the final candidates. Several bid cities withdrew their bids during the process, citing

12190-428: Was based on placement in the 2021 World Curling Championships and an Olympic Qualification Event that completed the field (in place of points earned across the 2020 and 2021 World Curling Championships). The IIHF based its qualification for the women's tournament upon existing IIHF World Rankings , without holding the 2020 Women's World Championship . On 29 September 2021, the IOC announced biosecurity protocols for

12305-576: Was decreased to around 50 minutes. A dedicated train for the Winter Olympics began to run on this line in January 2022, featuring a mobile television studio that supports live broadcast on the train. On 31 December 2021, the Beijing Subway reached the planned 783 km (487 mi) at the bid book. Planned before the city was awarded the rights to the Games, the Beijing Daxing International Airport opened in 2019, and due to

12420-594: Was engaging in policies in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. According to 2020 study by Joanne Smith Finley, "political re-education involves coercive Sinicization, deaths in the camps through malnutrition, unsanitary conditions, withheld medical care, and violence (beatings); rape of male and female prisoners; and, since the end of 2018, transfers of

12535-448: Was ever detained in an internment camp. Another past detainee, Kayrat Samarkand, described wearing "what they called 'iron clothes,' a suit made of metal that weighed over 50 pounds [23 kg]... It forced my arms and legs into an outstretched position. I couldn't move at all, and my back was in terrible pain...They made people wear this thing to break their spirits. After 12 hours, I became so soft, quiet and lawful." Waterboarding

12650-506: Was out of date and was on the list of the most dangerous airports in the world because of its location and since its opening, it has been sharing the local and international demands of the city and the country with the older Beijing Capital International Airport . However, according to the COVID-19 pandemic security protocol manual issued by BOCWOG and International Olympic Committee, all foreign delegations could only enter and leave Beijing via

12765-503: Was selected as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia. In February 2021, Beijing announced that the 26 venues (including training venues) for these sports would be running on entirely renewable energy . There were three different clusters of venues designed and constructed for the 2022 Winter Olympics, each respectively known as

12880-521: Was subjected to a campaign of propaganda and harassment by Chinese state-affiliated and CCP-affiliated media. The public attacks resulted in Sudworth and his wife Yvonne Murray , who reports for Raidió Teilifís Éireann , fleeing China for Taiwan fearing for their safety. The Chinese government has used social media as a part of its propaganda campaign. The government purchased Facebook advertisements to spread propaganda designed to incite doubt on

12995-590: Was the 24th edition of the Winter Olympic Games . Beijing was selected as host city on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia, marking its second time hosting the Olympics, and the last of three consecutive Olympics hosted in East Asia following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Having previously hosted

13110-536: Was the first foreign journalist forced to leave China since 2012, was subject to what the AP described as an "abusive and intimidating campaign" by Chinese state media that accused her of "having hurt the feelings of the Chinese people " and that a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman accused her of emboldening terrorism. In August 2018, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decried

13225-433: Was the second venue for the ice hockey tournament for the 2022 Winter Olympics, besides the Wukesong Sports Centre. The National Speed Skating Oval (国家速滑馆 Guójiā Sùhuáguǎn /gwor-jyaa soo-hwaa-gwan/) has the nickname "Ice Ribbon" due to its exterior design. The National Speed Skating Oval was the venue for speed skating in the 2022 Winter Olympics. The Capital Indoor Stadium (首都体育馆 Shǒudū Tǐyùguǎn), also known as

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